川西北高山/亚高山区6种典型土壤类型水文效应
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摘要
通过测定川西北高山/亚高山区6种典型土壤类型(亚高山草甸土、高原草甸土、暗棕壤、棕壤、黄棕壤、褐土)不同土层深度有机碳含量、容重、孔隙度、持水蓄水及渗透性能,揭示6种土壤类型孔隙度及水文效应差异及在垂直空间的变化规律,建立6种土壤类型渗透速率与时间关系的渗透模型.结果显示:(1)0-100 cm土层6种土壤类型有机碳含量均值表现为高原草甸土>亚高山草甸土>褐土>棕壤>黄棕壤>暗棕壤;不同土壤类型有机碳含量在相同土层差异显著(P <0.05),同一土壤类型随土层加深而减小;容重在0.87-1.79 g/cm~3之间,随土层加深容重增加;总孔隙度为37.6%-55.81%.(2)0-100 cm土层自然贮水量、最大持水量、非毛管持水量平均值亚高山草甸土最高;田间持水量、涵蓄降水量黄棕壤最高;随土层加深,最大持水量、毛管持水量、非毛管水量、田间持水量、涵蓄降水量增加.(3)6种土壤类型均表现为初渗速率大于稳渗速率,土壤类型间差异显著,渗透速率与时间呈幂函数关系,接近于考斯加柯夫公式.上述研究表明土壤类型的差异对孔隙特征和水文效应的作用显著,主要集中在土壤最大持水量、非毛管持水量及渗透速率方面;结果可为川西北地区不同土壤类型背景下生态环境恢复重建、生态系统水源涵养功能评价提供理论依据.(图2表5参26)
This study evaluates the differences in porosity, hydrological effect characteristics, and the changes in different layer of six soil types(cinnamon soil, yellow-brown soil, brown soil, dark brown soil, plateau meadow soil, subalpine meadow soil) in northwestern Sichuan alpine and subalpine mountains. The research was conducted by measuring the soil organic carbon content,bulk density, porosity, water storage and water permeability in different soil types and at different depths, and by creating a model for soil infiltration rate and time. The results showed that(1) the average organic carbon content of the six soil types in the 0-100 cm depth soil layer was ranked as follows: plateau meadow soil > subalpine meadow soil > cinnamon soil > brown soil >yellow-brown soil > dark brown soil. In the same soil layer, the organic carbon content of the six soil types differed significantly and decreased with depth. The bulk density of the six soil types ranged from 0.87-1.79 g/cm~3 and increased with depth. The total porosity of the different soil types ranged from 37.6%-55.81%.(2) The natural water storage, maximum water holding capacity and non-capillary water holding capacity in the 0-100 cm soil layer were highest in the subalpine meadow soil. The field water capacity and available soil water storage were highest in the yellow-brown soil. The maximum moisture capacity, capillary water holding capacity, non-capillary water holding capacity, field water capacity, and available soil water storage increased with depth.(3) According to the water infiltration model used in this study, the six soil types had an initial infiltration rate that was higher than the stable infiltration rate. The relationship between the infiltration rate and time could be described by the power function, which was close to the Kostiakov's equation. The differences in soil type significantly influenced the porosity and hydrological effects,especially on maximum moisture capacity, non-capillary water holding capacity and infiltration rate. These results could provide a theoretical basis for the restoration and reconstruction of ecological environments and the evaluation of water conservation functions of ecological systems in different soil types in Northwest Sichuan.
This study evaluates the differences in porosity, hydrological effect characteristics, and the changes in different layer of six soil types(cinnamon soil, yellow-brown soil, brown soil, dark brown soil, plateau meadow soil, subalpine meadow soil) in northwestern Sichuan alpine and subalpine mountains. The research was conducted by measuring the soil organic carbon content,bulk density, porosity, water storage and water permeability in different soil types and at different depths, and by creating a model for soil infiltration rate and time. The results showed that(1) the average organic carbon content of the six soil types in the 0-100 cm depth soil layer was ranked as follows: plateau meadow soil > subalpine meadow soil > cinnamon soil > brown soil >yellow-brown soil > dark brown soil. In the same soil layer, the organic carbon content of the six soil types differed significantly and decreased with depth. The bulk density of the six soil types ranged from 0.87-1.79 g/cm~3 and increased with depth. The total porosity of the different soil types ranged from 37.6%-55.81%.(2) The natural water storage, maximum water holding capacity and non-capillary water holding capacity in the 0-100 cm soil layer were highest in the subalpine meadow soil. The field water capacity and available soil water storage were highest in the yellow-brown soil. The maximum moisture capacity, capillary water holding capacity, non-capillary water holding capacity, field water capacity, and available soil water storage increased with depth.(3) According to the water infiltration model used in this study, the six soil types had an initial infiltration rate that was higher than the stable infiltration rate. The relationship between the infiltration rate and time could be described by the power function, which was close to the Kostiakov's equation. The differences in soil type significantly influenced the porosity and hydrological effects,especially on maximum moisture capacity, non-capillary water holding capacity and infiltration rate. These results could provide a theoretical basis for the restoration and reconstruction of ecological environments and the evaluation of water conservation functions of ecological systems in different soil types in Northwest Sichuan.
引文
1赵建生,王永明,杨新兵.冀北山地森林土壤水文效应研究[J].水土保持研究,2013,20(3):201-205[Zhao JS,Wang YM,Yang XB.Study on hydrological effect of forest soil in mountain area of northern Hebei Province[J].Res Soil Water Conserv,2013,20(3):201-205]
2 Piayda A,Dubbert M,Siegwolf R,Cuntz M.,Werner C.Quantification of dynamic soil-vegetation feedbacks following an isotopically labelled precipitation pulse[J].Biogeosciences,2017,14(9):2293-2306
3 Buytaert W,Wyseure G,De Bièvre B,Deckers J.The effect of landuse changes on the hydrological behaviour of Histic Andosols in South Ecuador[J].Hydrol Process,2005,19(20):3985-3997
4 Hu XM,Xue M,Mcpherson RA.The importance of soil-type contrast in modulating august precipitation distribution near the Edwards Plateau and Balcones Escarpment in Texas[J].J Geophys Res,2017,122(20):10711-10728
5姜海燕,赵雨森,陈祥伟,李为海,朱万昌,吕文博.大兴安岭岭南几种主要森林类型土壤水文功能研究[J].水土保持学报,2007,21(3):149-153[Jiang HY,Zhao YS,Chen XW,Li WH,Zhu WC,LüWB.Study on soil hydrological function of several main forest types in south of the Five Ridges,Greater Khingan Range[J].J Soil Water Convers,2007,21(3):149-153]
6武启骞,王传宽,赵娟,窦佳.帽儿山2种森林类型凋落物和土壤水文效应[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(3):161-166[Wu QQ,Wang CK,Zhao J,Dou J.Hydrological effects of litter and soil in two forest types in Mt er Mountain[J].J Soil Water Convers,2015,29(3):161-166]
7张学龙,成彩霞,敬文茂,苗毓鑫,罗龙发.祁连山森林土壤的水文生态效应[J].甘肃林业科技,2007,32(2):5-9[Zhang XL,Cheng CX,Jin WM,Miao YT Luo LF.The hydrological and ecological effects of forest soil in Qilian Mountains[J].J Gansu For Sci Technol,2007,32(2):5-9]
8丛日亮,张金池,黄进,王如岩,王荣娟,陈莉莎.苏南丘陵区主要林分类型土壤水文效应[J].亚热带水土保持,2010,22(4):13-17[Cong RL,Zhang JC,Huang J,Wang RY,Wang RJ,Chen LS.Soil hydrological effect of the main forest types in the hilly region of South Jiangsu Province[J].Subtrop Soil Water Convers,2010,22(4):13-17]
9 Rachman A,Anderson SH,Gantzer CJ,Thompson AL.Influence of stiff-stemmed grass hedge systems on infiltration[J].Sol Sci Am J,2004,68(6):2000-2006
10许景伟,李传荣,夏江宝,刘立杰,王月海.黄河三角洲滩地不同林分类型的土壤水文特性[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(1):173-176[Xu JW,Li CR,Xia JB,Liu LJ,Wang YH.Soil hydrological characteristics of different forest types in the the Yellow River Delta[J].J Soil Water Convers,2009,23(1):173-176]
11刘瑞龙,杨万勤,吴福忠,谭波,王文君.川西亚高山/高山森林凋落物分解过程中土壤动物群落结构及其多样性动态[J].应用与环境生物学报,2014,20(3):499-507[Liu RL,Yang WQ,Wu FZ,Tan B,Wang WJ.Soil fauna community structure and diversity during foliar litter decomposition in the subalpine/alpine forests of western Sichuan[J].Chin J Appl Environ Biol,2014,20(3):499-507].
12周义贵,郝凯婕,李贤伟,范川,陈栎霖,王谢,王晓红.川西亚高山不同土地利用类型对土壤微生物量碳动态特征的影响[J].自然资源学报,2014,29(11):1944-1956[Wang YG,Hao KJ,Li XW,Fan C,Chen LL,Wang X,Wang XH.Effects of different land use types on dynamic characteristics of soil microbial biomass carbon in western Sichuan[J].J Nat Resour,2014,29(11):1944-1956]
13谭波,吴福忠,杨万勤,余胜,杨玉莲,王奥.冻融末期川西亚高山/高山森林土壤水解酶活性特征[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(5):1162-1168.[Tan B,Wu FZ,Yang WQ,Yu S,Yang YL,Wang A.Soil hydrolase characteristics in late soil-thawing period in subalpine/alpine forests of West Sichuan[J].Chin J Appl Ecol,2011,22(5):1162-1168]
14肖洒,吴福忠,杨万勤,常晨晖,李俊,王滨,曹艺.川西高山森林生态系统林下生物量及其随林窗的变化特征[J].生态环境学报,2014,23(9):1515-1519[Xiao S,Wu FZ,Yang WQ,Chang CH,Li J,Wang B,Cao Y.Understory biomass and its characteristics as affected by forest gap in the alpine forest ecosystem in west Sichuan[J].Ecol Environ,2014,23(9):1515-1519]
15张远东,刘世荣,罗传文,张国斌,马姜明.川西亚高山林区不同土地利用与土地覆盖的地被物及土壤持水特征[J].生态学报,2009,29(2):627-635[Zhang YD,Liu SR,Luo CW,Zhang GB,Ma JM.Water holding capacity of ground covers and soils in different land uses and land covers in subalpine region of western Sichuan,China[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2009,29(2):627-635]
16张远东,刘世荣,马姜明,史作民,刘兴良.川西亚高山桦木林的林地水文效应[J].生态学报,2005,25(11):2939-2946[Zhang YD,Liu SR,Ma JM,Shi ZM,Liu XL.Woodland hydrological effects of birch forests in sub-alpine region of western Sichuan,China[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2005,25(11):2939-2946]
17刘洋,张健,杨万勤,吴福忠,黄旭,闫帮国,文维全,胡开波.川西高山树线群落交错带地被物及土壤的水文效应[J].林业科学,2011,47(3):1-6[Liu Y,Zhang J,Yang WQ,Wu FZ,Huang X,Yan BG,Wen WQ,Hu KB.Ground coverage and soil hydrological action of alpine treeline ecotone in western Sichuan[J].Sci Silv Sin,2011,47(3):1-6]
18张万儒,杨光滢,屠星南.森林土壤分析方法[M].北京:中国标准出版社,2000[Zhang WR,Yang GY,Tu XN.Forest Soil Analysis Method[M].Beijing:China Standard Press,2000]
19田超,杨新兵,李军,鲁绍伟,刘阳,毕可姣.冀北山地不同海拔蒙古栎林枯落物和土壤水文效应[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(4):221-226[Tian C,Yang XB,Li J,Lu SW,Liu Y,Bi KJ.Hydrological effects of litter and soil in Quercus aquacu forests at different altitudes in northern Hebei[J].J Soil Water Convers,2011,25(4):221-226]
20 Vanani HR,Shayannejad M,Tudeshki ARS.Development of a new method for determination of infiltration coefficients in furrow irrigation with natural non-uniformity of slope[J].Sustain Water Res Manage,2017,3(2):163-169
21 Reynolds WD,Bowman BT,Drury CF.Indicators of good soil physical quality:density and storage parameters[J].Geoderma,2002,110(1):131-146
22庞梦丽,朱辰光,翟博超,屈宇.河北省太行山区3种人工水土保持林枯落物及土壤水文效应[J].水土保持通报,2017,37(1):51-56[Pang ML,Zhu CG,Zhai BC,Qu Y.Water-holding capacity of litter and soil in three kinds of soil and water conservation forests in Taihang Mountains of Hebei Province[J].Bull Soil Water Conserv,2017,37(1):51-56]
23鲁绍伟,陈波,潘青华,张玉平,李少宁.北京山地7种人工纯林枯落物及土壤水文效应[J].内蒙古农业大学学报(自然科学版),2013,34(5):53-59[Lu SW,Chen B,Pan QH,Zhang YP,Li SN.Hydrological effects of seven artificial pure forests litters and soil in mountains of Beijing[J].J Inner Mongolia Agric Univ(Nat Sci Ed),2013,34(5):53-59]
24 Mauritsen T,Stevens B.Missing iris effect as a possible cause of muted hydrological change and high climate sensitivity in models[J].Nat Geosci,2016,8(5):10.1038/ngeo2414
25柴亚凡,王恩姮,陈祥伟,王庆祥,周一杨.植被恢复模式对黑土贮水性能及水分入渗特征的影响[J].水土保持学报,2008,22(1):60-64[Chai YF,Wang EH,Chen XW,Wang QX,Zhou YY.Effect of vegetation restoration mode on water storage performance and water infiltration characteristics of black soil[J].J Soil Water Convers,2008,22(1):60-64]
26喻明美,谢正生.广州市白云山五种森林类型的土壤渗透性研究[J].水土保持研究,2011,18(1):153-156[Yu MM,Xie ZS.Study on soil permeability of five forest types in Guangzhou Baiyun Mountain[J].Res Soil Water Conserv,2011,18(1):153-156]
2 Piayda A,Dubbert M,Siegwolf R,Cuntz M.,Werner C.Quantification of dynamic soil-vegetation feedbacks following an isotopically labelled precipitation pulse[J].Biogeosciences,2017,14(9):2293-2306
3 Buytaert W,Wyseure G,De Bièvre B,Deckers J.The effect of landuse changes on the hydrological behaviour of Histic Andosols in South Ecuador[J].Hydrol Process,2005,19(20):3985-3997
4 Hu XM,Xue M,Mcpherson RA.The importance of soil-type contrast in modulating august precipitation distribution near the Edwards Plateau and Balcones Escarpment in Texas[J].J Geophys Res,2017,122(20):10711-10728
5姜海燕,赵雨森,陈祥伟,李为海,朱万昌,吕文博.大兴安岭岭南几种主要森林类型土壤水文功能研究[J].水土保持学报,2007,21(3):149-153[Jiang HY,Zhao YS,Chen XW,Li WH,Zhu WC,LüWB.Study on soil hydrological function of several main forest types in south of the Five Ridges,Greater Khingan Range[J].J Soil Water Convers,2007,21(3):149-153]
6武启骞,王传宽,赵娟,窦佳.帽儿山2种森林类型凋落物和土壤水文效应[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(3):161-166[Wu QQ,Wang CK,Zhao J,Dou J.Hydrological effects of litter and soil in two forest types in Mt er Mountain[J].J Soil Water Convers,2015,29(3):161-166]
7张学龙,成彩霞,敬文茂,苗毓鑫,罗龙发.祁连山森林土壤的水文生态效应[J].甘肃林业科技,2007,32(2):5-9[Zhang XL,Cheng CX,Jin WM,Miao YT Luo LF.The hydrological and ecological effects of forest soil in Qilian Mountains[J].J Gansu For Sci Technol,2007,32(2):5-9]
8丛日亮,张金池,黄进,王如岩,王荣娟,陈莉莎.苏南丘陵区主要林分类型土壤水文效应[J].亚热带水土保持,2010,22(4):13-17[Cong RL,Zhang JC,Huang J,Wang RY,Wang RJ,Chen LS.Soil hydrological effect of the main forest types in the hilly region of South Jiangsu Province[J].Subtrop Soil Water Convers,2010,22(4):13-17]
9 Rachman A,Anderson SH,Gantzer CJ,Thompson AL.Influence of stiff-stemmed grass hedge systems on infiltration[J].Sol Sci Am J,2004,68(6):2000-2006
10许景伟,李传荣,夏江宝,刘立杰,王月海.黄河三角洲滩地不同林分类型的土壤水文特性[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(1):173-176[Xu JW,Li CR,Xia JB,Liu LJ,Wang YH.Soil hydrological characteristics of different forest types in the the Yellow River Delta[J].J Soil Water Convers,2009,23(1):173-176]
11刘瑞龙,杨万勤,吴福忠,谭波,王文君.川西亚高山/高山森林凋落物分解过程中土壤动物群落结构及其多样性动态[J].应用与环境生物学报,2014,20(3):499-507[Liu RL,Yang WQ,Wu FZ,Tan B,Wang WJ.Soil fauna community structure and diversity during foliar litter decomposition in the subalpine/alpine forests of western Sichuan[J].Chin J Appl Environ Biol,2014,20(3):499-507].
12周义贵,郝凯婕,李贤伟,范川,陈栎霖,王谢,王晓红.川西亚高山不同土地利用类型对土壤微生物量碳动态特征的影响[J].自然资源学报,2014,29(11):1944-1956[Wang YG,Hao KJ,Li XW,Fan C,Chen LL,Wang X,Wang XH.Effects of different land use types on dynamic characteristics of soil microbial biomass carbon in western Sichuan[J].J Nat Resour,2014,29(11):1944-1956]
13谭波,吴福忠,杨万勤,余胜,杨玉莲,王奥.冻融末期川西亚高山/高山森林土壤水解酶活性特征[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(5):1162-1168.[Tan B,Wu FZ,Yang WQ,Yu S,Yang YL,Wang A.Soil hydrolase characteristics in late soil-thawing period in subalpine/alpine forests of West Sichuan[J].Chin J Appl Ecol,2011,22(5):1162-1168]
14肖洒,吴福忠,杨万勤,常晨晖,李俊,王滨,曹艺.川西高山森林生态系统林下生物量及其随林窗的变化特征[J].生态环境学报,2014,23(9):1515-1519[Xiao S,Wu FZ,Yang WQ,Chang CH,Li J,Wang B,Cao Y.Understory biomass and its characteristics as affected by forest gap in the alpine forest ecosystem in west Sichuan[J].Ecol Environ,2014,23(9):1515-1519]
15张远东,刘世荣,罗传文,张国斌,马姜明.川西亚高山林区不同土地利用与土地覆盖的地被物及土壤持水特征[J].生态学报,2009,29(2):627-635[Zhang YD,Liu SR,Luo CW,Zhang GB,Ma JM.Water holding capacity of ground covers and soils in different land uses and land covers in subalpine region of western Sichuan,China[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2009,29(2):627-635]
16张远东,刘世荣,马姜明,史作民,刘兴良.川西亚高山桦木林的林地水文效应[J].生态学报,2005,25(11):2939-2946[Zhang YD,Liu SR,Ma JM,Shi ZM,Liu XL.Woodland hydrological effects of birch forests in sub-alpine region of western Sichuan,China[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2005,25(11):2939-2946]
17刘洋,张健,杨万勤,吴福忠,黄旭,闫帮国,文维全,胡开波.川西高山树线群落交错带地被物及土壤的水文效应[J].林业科学,2011,47(3):1-6[Liu Y,Zhang J,Yang WQ,Wu FZ,Huang X,Yan BG,Wen WQ,Hu KB.Ground coverage and soil hydrological action of alpine treeline ecotone in western Sichuan[J].Sci Silv Sin,2011,47(3):1-6]
18张万儒,杨光滢,屠星南.森林土壤分析方法[M].北京:中国标准出版社,2000[Zhang WR,Yang GY,Tu XN.Forest Soil Analysis Method[M].Beijing:China Standard Press,2000]
19田超,杨新兵,李军,鲁绍伟,刘阳,毕可姣.冀北山地不同海拔蒙古栎林枯落物和土壤水文效应[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(4):221-226[Tian C,Yang XB,Li J,Lu SW,Liu Y,Bi KJ.Hydrological effects of litter and soil in Quercus aquacu forests at different altitudes in northern Hebei[J].J Soil Water Convers,2011,25(4):221-226]
20 Vanani HR,Shayannejad M,Tudeshki ARS.Development of a new method for determination of infiltration coefficients in furrow irrigation with natural non-uniformity of slope[J].Sustain Water Res Manage,2017,3(2):163-169
21 Reynolds WD,Bowman BT,Drury CF.Indicators of good soil physical quality:density and storage parameters[J].Geoderma,2002,110(1):131-146
22庞梦丽,朱辰光,翟博超,屈宇.河北省太行山区3种人工水土保持林枯落物及土壤水文效应[J].水土保持通报,2017,37(1):51-56[Pang ML,Zhu CG,Zhai BC,Qu Y.Water-holding capacity of litter and soil in three kinds of soil and water conservation forests in Taihang Mountains of Hebei Province[J].Bull Soil Water Conserv,2017,37(1):51-56]
23鲁绍伟,陈波,潘青华,张玉平,李少宁.北京山地7种人工纯林枯落物及土壤水文效应[J].内蒙古农业大学学报(自然科学版),2013,34(5):53-59[Lu SW,Chen B,Pan QH,Zhang YP,Li SN.Hydrological effects of seven artificial pure forests litters and soil in mountains of Beijing[J].J Inner Mongolia Agric Univ(Nat Sci Ed),2013,34(5):53-59]
24 Mauritsen T,Stevens B.Missing iris effect as a possible cause of muted hydrological change and high climate sensitivity in models[J].Nat Geosci,2016,8(5):10.1038/ngeo2414
25柴亚凡,王恩姮,陈祥伟,王庆祥,周一杨.植被恢复模式对黑土贮水性能及水分入渗特征的影响[J].水土保持学报,2008,22(1):60-64[Chai YF,Wang EH,Chen XW,Wang QX,Zhou YY.Effect of vegetation restoration mode on water storage performance and water infiltration characteristics of black soil[J].J Soil Water Convers,2008,22(1):60-64]
26喻明美,谢正生.广州市白云山五种森林类型的土壤渗透性研究[J].水土保持研究,2011,18(1):153-156[Yu MM,Xie ZS.Study on soil permeability of five forest types in Guangzhou Baiyun Mountain[J].Res Soil Water Conserv,2011,18(1):153-156]
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