青藏铁路西格段沿线不同植被恢复模式的生态效益
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摘要
在青藏铁路沿线进行植被恢复不仅可以促进沙质土壤理化性质的改善,同时植物的防风固沙功能对铁路的安全运营起到了重要作用,具有显著的生态和经济效益。通过对青藏铁路西格段沿线5种不同类型恢复模式下土壤及植被的调查,分析不同恢复措施对林下植物多样性以及土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明:人工林恢复模式的地上生物量和生产力因林龄和林分配置不同而不同,小叶杨(Populus simonii)-柽柳(Tamatix chinensis)林生产力最高(1.92 t·hm-2·a-1),其次为柽柳纯林(1.87 t·hm-2·a-1);各模式均增加了林下植物的多样性,其中:沙棘(Hippophaer hamnoides)-柠条(Caragana korshinskii)林内有6科8属8种植物,柽柳纯林有7科9属10种,但不同模式下优势种不同。5种恢复模式均提高了土壤水分含量;人工灌木林在改善土壤碱化程度上比乔木林效果更好:沙棘-柠条林和柽柳纯林表层(0～20 cm)土壤pH分别降低了1.05和0.75; 5种恢复模式均提高了土壤有机质含量,并且表现出由表层向深层逐渐减小的"表聚"现象,柽柳纯林土壤有机质增加最为明显:表层含量达12 g·kg-1,比恢复前增加了近1倍。这一研究结果为青藏铁路沿线的沙漠化防治和植被恢复中恢复模式的选择提供了理论依据。
Vegetation restoration along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway can not only improve soil physicochemical properties,but also plays an important role in the safety operation of the railway through the wind resistance and sand-fixing function of plants,with significant ecological and economic benefits. Through the investigation of soil and vegetation under five restoration modes along the Xining to Golmud section of Qinghai-Tibet Railway,we analyzed the effects of restoration modes on understory plant diversity and soil physicochemical properties. The results showed that the aboveground biomass and productivity of the plantations were different due to stand age and allocation. The highest productivity occurred in Populus simonii-Tamatix chinensis plantation( 1.92 t·hm-2·a-1),followed by T. chinensis plantation( 1.87 t·hm-2·a-1). All modes increased understory plant diversity,with eight species in the Hippophaer hamnoides-Caragana korshinskii plantation and ten species in the T. chinensis plantation. The dominant species were different among different modes. Soil moisture increased in all the five restoration modes. The effects of shrub plantation on improving soil alkalinity were better than other modes. In the plantation of H. hamnoides-C. korshinskii and T. chinensis,the pH of surface soil( 0-20 cm)decreased by 1.05 and 0. 75,respectively. All the five restoration modes increased soil organic matter content( SOM),with more enhancement in surface than deep soil. The SOM in the T.chinensis plantation increased most obviously,with the surface SOM content of 12 g·kg-1,which was nearly doubled compared with that before restoration. Our results provide theoretical basis for desertification control and the selection of restoration modes along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway.
Vegetation restoration along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway can not only improve soil physicochemical properties,but also plays an important role in the safety operation of the railway through the wind resistance and sand-fixing function of plants,with significant ecological and economic benefits. Through the investigation of soil and vegetation under five restoration modes along the Xining to Golmud section of Qinghai-Tibet Railway,we analyzed the effects of restoration modes on understory plant diversity and soil physicochemical properties. The results showed that the aboveground biomass and productivity of the plantations were different due to stand age and allocation. The highest productivity occurred in Populus simonii-Tamatix chinensis plantation( 1.92 t·hm-2·a-1),followed by T. chinensis plantation( 1.87 t·hm-2·a-1). All modes increased understory plant diversity,with eight species in the Hippophaer hamnoides-Caragana korshinskii plantation and ten species in the T. chinensis plantation. The dominant species were different among different modes. Soil moisture increased in all the five restoration modes. The effects of shrub plantation on improving soil alkalinity were better than other modes. In the plantation of H. hamnoides-C. korshinskii and T. chinensis,the pH of surface soil( 0-20 cm)decreased by 1.05 and 0. 75,respectively. All the five restoration modes increased soil organic matter content( SOM),with more enhancement in surface than deep soil. The SOM in the T.chinensis plantation increased most obviously,with the surface SOM content of 12 g·kg-1,which was nearly doubled compared with that before restoration. Our results provide theoretical basis for desertification control and the selection of restoration modes along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway.
引文
付晓燕,邢存旺,江大勇,等.2008.不同类型人工植被防风固沙效益的研究.河北林业科技,(3):1-3.
干友民,罗元佳,周家福,等.2009.川西北沙化草地生态恢复工程对沙地植被群落的影响.草业科学,26(6):51-56.
格日乐,高润红.2010.库布齐沙漠人工梭梭林地土壤储水量动态变化及其水分平衡分析.内蒙古农业大学学报:自然科学版,31(3):125-129.
何群,席欢,万婷.2017.不同植被恢复模式对红原沙化草地土壤理化性质的影响.四川环境,36(1):35-40.
胡莎莎,张毓涛,李吉玫,等.2012.新疆杨生物量空间分布特征研究.新疆农业科学,49(6):1059-1065.
康冰,刘世荣,蔡道雄,等.2010.南亚热带不同植被恢复模式下土壤理化性质.应用生态学报,21(10):2479-2486.
李丹,张勃,戴声佩,等.2011.民勤绿洲耕地荒地退耕还林地土壤肥力及物理特性比较研究.土壤,43(3):398-405.
李菊梅,王朝辉,李生秀.2003.有机质、全氮和可矿化氮在反映土壤供氮能力方面的意义.土壤学报,40(2):232-238.
李清雪,贾志清.2015.高寒沙地不同植被恢复类型土壤肥力质量差异及评价.土壤通报,46(5):1145-1154.
李少华,张立恒,王学全,等.2017.高寒灌木固沙区土壤性状与植被生长特征的相关分析.干旱区研究,34(6):1331-1337.
罗青红,宁虎森,陈启民.2016.准噶尔盆地南缘人工梭梭林土壤理化特性时空动态研究.水土保持研究,23(6):309-315.
彭佳佳,胡玉福,肖海华,等.2015.生态修复对川西北沙化草地土壤有机质和氮素的影响.干旱区资源与环境,29(5):149-153.
彭少麟.2000.恢复生态学与退化生态系统的恢复.中国科学院院刊,(3):188-192.
阮成江,李代琼.1999.黄土丘陵区沙棘地上部生物量估测模型.陕西林业科技,(2):6-10.
司朗明,刘彤,刘斌,等.2011.古尔班通古特沙漠西部梭梭种群退化原因的对比分析.生态学报,31(21):6460-6468.
宋娟丽,吴发启,姚军,等.2009.弃耕地植被恢复过程中土壤理化性质演变趋势研究.干旱地区农业研究,27(3):168-173.
索安宁,巨天珍,张俊华,等.2005.甘肃小陇山锐齿栎群落生物量动态研究.生态学杂志,24(4):377-381.
唐玉龙.2013.青藏铁路西格段戈壁风沙流防治体系研究.中国沙漠,33(1):72-76.
王礼先.2000.我国荒漠化土地成因及其防治对策.世界林业研究,13(6):32-37.
王锡来,蒋育华.2007.青藏铁路错那湖地段沙害成因及治理//王锡来.中国西部地区铁路治沙学术研讨会论文集.甘肃省铁道学会.
杨昊天,李新荣,刘立超,等.2013.荒漠草地4种灌木生物量分配特征.中国沙漠,33(5):1340-1348.
杨红,徐唱唱,赛曼,等.2016.不同土地利用方式对土壤含水量、p H值及电导率的影响.浙江农业学报,28(11):1922-1927.
杨明秀,宋乃平,杨新国.2013.人工柠条林枝、叶构件生物量的分配格局与估测模型.江苏农业科学,41(12):331-333.
杨印海,蒋富强,王锡来,等.2010.青藏铁路错那湖段沙害防治措施研究.中国沙漠,30(6):1256-1262.
于洋,贾志清,朱雅娟,等.2013.高寒沙地植被恢复区乌柳人工防护林对土壤的影响.林业科学,49(11):9-15.
张士才.1989.柠条鸡锦儿人工灌丛地生物量预测模型的选择.中国沙漠,9(4):55-64.
赵成义,宋郁东,王玉潮,等.2004.几种荒漠植物地上生物量估算的初步研究.应用生态学报,15(1):49-52.
朱雅娟,贾志清,刘丽颖,等.2011.民勤绿洲外围不同林龄人工梭梭林的土壤水分特征.中国沙漠,31(2):442-446.
Garcíadíaz A,Marqués MJ,Sastre B,et al.2018.Labile and stable soil organic carbon and physical improvements using groundcovers in vineyards from central Spain.Science of the Total Environment,621:387-397.
Gwak Y,Kim S.2017.Factors affecting soil moisture spatial variability for a humid forest hillslope.Hydrological Processes,31:434-445.
Isselin-Nondedeu F,Bédécarrats A.2007.Influence of alpine plants growing on steep slopes on sediment trapping and transport by runoff.Catena,71:330-339.
Kemp PR,Reynolds JF,Virginia RA,et al.2003.Decomposition of leaf and root litter of Chihuahuan desert shrubs:Effects of three years of summer drought.Journal of Arid Environments,53:21-39.
Li YF,Li ZW,Wang ZY,et al.2017.Impacts of artificially planted vegetation on the ecological restoration of movable sand dunes in the Mugetan Desert,northeastern QinghaiTibet Plateau.International Journal of Sediment Research,32:277-287.
Su YZ,Zhang TH,Li YL,et al.2005.Changes in soil properties after establishment of Artemisia halodendron and Caragana microphylla on shifting sand dunes in semiarid Horqin Sandy Land,northern China.Environmental Management,36:272-281.
Yuan J,Ouyang Z,Zheng H,et al.2012.Effects of different grassland restoration approaches on soil properties in the southeastern Horqin sandy land,northern China.Applied Soil Ecology,61:34-39.
Zhang P,Yang J,Zhao L,et al.2011.Effect of Caraganatibetica,nebkhas on sand entrapment and fertile islands in steppe-desert ecotones on the Inner Mongolia Plateau,China.Plant and Soil,347:79-90.
干友民,罗元佳,周家福,等.2009.川西北沙化草地生态恢复工程对沙地植被群落的影响.草业科学,26(6):51-56.
格日乐,高润红.2010.库布齐沙漠人工梭梭林地土壤储水量动态变化及其水分平衡分析.内蒙古农业大学学报:自然科学版,31(3):125-129.
何群,席欢,万婷.2017.不同植被恢复模式对红原沙化草地土壤理化性质的影响.四川环境,36(1):35-40.
胡莎莎,张毓涛,李吉玫,等.2012.新疆杨生物量空间分布特征研究.新疆农业科学,49(6):1059-1065.
康冰,刘世荣,蔡道雄,等.2010.南亚热带不同植被恢复模式下土壤理化性质.应用生态学报,21(10):2479-2486.
李丹,张勃,戴声佩,等.2011.民勤绿洲耕地荒地退耕还林地土壤肥力及物理特性比较研究.土壤,43(3):398-405.
李菊梅,王朝辉,李生秀.2003.有机质、全氮和可矿化氮在反映土壤供氮能力方面的意义.土壤学报,40(2):232-238.
李清雪,贾志清.2015.高寒沙地不同植被恢复类型土壤肥力质量差异及评价.土壤通报,46(5):1145-1154.
李少华,张立恒,王学全,等.2017.高寒灌木固沙区土壤性状与植被生长特征的相关分析.干旱区研究,34(6):1331-1337.
罗青红,宁虎森,陈启民.2016.准噶尔盆地南缘人工梭梭林土壤理化特性时空动态研究.水土保持研究,23(6):309-315.
彭佳佳,胡玉福,肖海华,等.2015.生态修复对川西北沙化草地土壤有机质和氮素的影响.干旱区资源与环境,29(5):149-153.
彭少麟.2000.恢复生态学与退化生态系统的恢复.中国科学院院刊,(3):188-192.
阮成江,李代琼.1999.黄土丘陵区沙棘地上部生物量估测模型.陕西林业科技,(2):6-10.
司朗明,刘彤,刘斌,等.2011.古尔班通古特沙漠西部梭梭种群退化原因的对比分析.生态学报,31(21):6460-6468.
宋娟丽,吴发启,姚军,等.2009.弃耕地植被恢复过程中土壤理化性质演变趋势研究.干旱地区农业研究,27(3):168-173.
索安宁,巨天珍,张俊华,等.2005.甘肃小陇山锐齿栎群落生物量动态研究.生态学杂志,24(4):377-381.
唐玉龙.2013.青藏铁路西格段戈壁风沙流防治体系研究.中国沙漠,33(1):72-76.
王礼先.2000.我国荒漠化土地成因及其防治对策.世界林业研究,13(6):32-37.
王锡来,蒋育华.2007.青藏铁路错那湖地段沙害成因及治理//王锡来.中国西部地区铁路治沙学术研讨会论文集.甘肃省铁道学会.
杨昊天,李新荣,刘立超,等.2013.荒漠草地4种灌木生物量分配特征.中国沙漠,33(5):1340-1348.
杨红,徐唱唱,赛曼,等.2016.不同土地利用方式对土壤含水量、p H值及电导率的影响.浙江农业学报,28(11):1922-1927.
杨明秀,宋乃平,杨新国.2013.人工柠条林枝、叶构件生物量的分配格局与估测模型.江苏农业科学,41(12):331-333.
杨印海,蒋富强,王锡来,等.2010.青藏铁路错那湖段沙害防治措施研究.中国沙漠,30(6):1256-1262.
于洋,贾志清,朱雅娟,等.2013.高寒沙地植被恢复区乌柳人工防护林对土壤的影响.林业科学,49(11):9-15.
张士才.1989.柠条鸡锦儿人工灌丛地生物量预测模型的选择.中国沙漠,9(4):55-64.
赵成义,宋郁东,王玉潮,等.2004.几种荒漠植物地上生物量估算的初步研究.应用生态学报,15(1):49-52.
朱雅娟,贾志清,刘丽颖,等.2011.民勤绿洲外围不同林龄人工梭梭林的土壤水分特征.中国沙漠,31(2):442-446.
Garcíadíaz A,Marqués MJ,Sastre B,et al.2018.Labile and stable soil organic carbon and physical improvements using groundcovers in vineyards from central Spain.Science of the Total Environment,621:387-397.
Gwak Y,Kim S.2017.Factors affecting soil moisture spatial variability for a humid forest hillslope.Hydrological Processes,31:434-445.
Isselin-Nondedeu F,Bédécarrats A.2007.Influence of alpine plants growing on steep slopes on sediment trapping and transport by runoff.Catena,71:330-339.
Kemp PR,Reynolds JF,Virginia RA,et al.2003.Decomposition of leaf and root litter of Chihuahuan desert shrubs:Effects of three years of summer drought.Journal of Arid Environments,53:21-39.
Li YF,Li ZW,Wang ZY,et al.2017.Impacts of artificially planted vegetation on the ecological restoration of movable sand dunes in the Mugetan Desert,northeastern QinghaiTibet Plateau.International Journal of Sediment Research,32:277-287.
Su YZ,Zhang TH,Li YL,et al.2005.Changes in soil properties after establishment of Artemisia halodendron and Caragana microphylla on shifting sand dunes in semiarid Horqin Sandy Land,northern China.Environmental Management,36:272-281.
Yuan J,Ouyang Z,Zheng H,et al.2012.Effects of different grassland restoration approaches on soil properties in the southeastern Horqin sandy land,northern China.Applied Soil Ecology,61:34-39.
Zhang P,Yang J,Zhao L,et al.2011.Effect of Caraganatibetica,nebkhas on sand entrapment and fertile islands in steppe-desert ecotones on the Inner Mongolia Plateau,China.Plant and Soil,347:79-90.
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