基于绿色基础设施的城市非点源污染控制研究
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摘要
以珠海市西部新城为例,通过监测采样分析现状城市降雨径流污染特征和规划前后城市非点源污染负荷,采用雨洪管理模型(SWMM)模型构建6种基于不同绿色基础设施技术的污染控制情景,并评估分析各情景下的成本效益.结果表明:现状建成区道路和地面铺装的径流污染较重(劣Ⅴ类);屋顶和地面的初期径流冲刷效应明显;规划后城市径流污染物排放负荷增加至现状的2.9～3.2倍.组合型方案(源头型组合、源头-末端组合)的污染综合控制效果优于单技术方案,但其污染物单位削减成本较高;单技术方案中,末端型的调节塘对各污染物的单位削减成本均最低,且对TN、TP的削减效果较好;源头型的生物滞留池和植草浅沟的单位削减成本也较低,但污染物削减效果较差;而透水铺装的单位削减成本较高.总之,单项技术方案在污染控制的成本效益表现上要优于组合型方案,若要取得更好的污染控制果,则还需投入更大的成本,采取组合型方案进行污染控制.研究可为当前快速城市化新区海绵城市的多目标决策提供科学依据.
This study aimed to:(i) characterize the runoff pollution before and after urbanization;(ii) analyze the cost-effectiveness of different GI strategies and their combinations(CGIs); and(iii) provide the scientific basis for Multi-Objective Decision-Making for the Sponge City planning. Using the rapidly developing Western New City of Zhuhai as the case study, we analyzed the characteristics of the current urban rainfall-runoff pollution and the changes of pollution load before and after planning through field monitoring. To evaluate the performance and cost-effectiveness, six GI and CGI scenarios were considered with the use of SWMM modeling. The results indicated that:(1) under the current condition, heavy runoff pollution(inferior to water quality class V) was identified for roads and paved ground in the developed areas;(2) there existed obvious initial flush effect from roofs and ground;(3)after development, the runoff pollutant loads were 2.9～3.2 times as those under current conditions;(4) the CGI(source/source-terminal controls) yielded better overall performance than the single GIs, however its cost per unit of pollutant reduction was higher;(5) among the single GIs, the detention basin yielded the lowest cost per unit of reduction, and it also effectively reduced TN and TP;(6) bio-retention and vegetated swale also yielded low reduction cost, but they could not effectively reduce the pollutant load; and(7) the reduction cost per unit of permeable pavement is the most expensive among all considered single GI strategies. Overall, the cost-effectiveness performance of single GI was superior to the CGI in pollution control. The single GI strategies were more cost-effective compared to CGI strategies; however it was necessary to invest more to adopt the CGI strategies in order to achieve better pollution control results.
This study aimed to:(i) characterize the runoff pollution before and after urbanization;(ii) analyze the cost-effectiveness of different GI strategies and their combinations(CGIs); and(iii) provide the scientific basis for Multi-Objective Decision-Making for the Sponge City planning. Using the rapidly developing Western New City of Zhuhai as the case study, we analyzed the characteristics of the current urban rainfall-runoff pollution and the changes of pollution load before and after planning through field monitoring. To evaluate the performance and cost-effectiveness, six GI and CGI scenarios were considered with the use of SWMM modeling. The results indicated that:(1) under the current condition, heavy runoff pollution(inferior to water quality class V) was identified for roads and paved ground in the developed areas;(2) there existed obvious initial flush effect from roofs and ground;(3)after development, the runoff pollutant loads were 2.9～3.2 times as those under current conditions;(4) the CGI(source/source-terminal controls) yielded better overall performance than the single GIs, however its cost per unit of pollutant reduction was higher;(5) among the single GIs, the detention basin yielded the lowest cost per unit of reduction, and it also effectively reduced TN and TP;(6) bio-retention and vegetated swale also yielded low reduction cost, but they could not effectively reduce the pollutant load; and(7) the reduction cost per unit of permeable pavement is the most expensive among all considered single GI strategies. Overall, the cost-effectiveness performance of single GI was superior to the CGI in pollution control. The single GI strategies were more cost-effective compared to CGI strategies; however it was necessary to invest more to adopt the CGI strategies in order to achieve better pollution control results.
引文
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[11]栾博,柴民伟,王鑫.绿色基础设施研究进展[J].生态学报,2017,37(15):5246-5261.Luan B,Chai M W,Wang X.Review of development,frontiers,and prospects of green infrastructure[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(15):5246-5261.
[12]刘文,陈卫平,彭驰.城市雨洪管理低影响开发技术研究与利用进展[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(6):1901-1912.Liu W,Chen W P,Peng C.Advances in low impact development technology for urban stormwater management[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(6):1901-1912.
[13]Ahiablame L M,Engel B A,Chaubey I.Effectiveness of low impact development practices:literature review and suggestions for future research[J].Water,Air,&Soil Pollution,2012,223(7):4253-4273.
[14]王健,尹炜,叶闽,等.植草沟技术在面源污染控制中的研究进展[J].环境科学与技术,2011,34(5):90-94.Wang J,Yin W,Ye M,et al.Advance on grassed swales technology in non-point source pollution control[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2011,34(5):90-94.
[15]宋瑞宁,宫永伟,李俊奇,等.渗透铺装控制城市非点源污染的研究进展[J].环境科学与技术,2014,37(5):57-63.Song R N,Gong Y W,Li J Q,et al.Progress in controlling urban non-point source pollution by permeable pavement[J].Environmental Science&Technolog,2014,37(5):57-63.
[16]Jones J,Clary J,Leisenring M,et al.International Stormwater BMPDatabase--2016Summary Statistics[R].Water Environment&Reuse Foundation(WE&RF),2017:1-20.
[17]Revitt M,Ellis B,Scholes L,et al.Review of the use of stormwater BMPs in Europe[R].Middlesex University,2013.
[18]Eckart K,McPhee Z,Bolisetti T.Performance and implementation of low impact development-A review[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,607:413-432.
[19]栾博,王鑫,金越延,等.场地尺度绿色基础设施的协同设计--以咸阳渭柳湿地公园生态修复设计为例[J].景观设计学,2017,5(5):26-43.Luan B,Wang X,Jin Y Y,et al.Collaborative design of site-scale green infrastructure:a case study on the ecological restoration design of Weiliu wetland park in Xianyang[J].Landscape Architecture Frontiers,2017,5(5):26-43.
[20]Ahiablame L M,Engel B A,Chaubey I.Effectiveness of low impact development practices in two urbanized watersheds:retrofitting with rain barrel/cistern and porous pavement[J].Journal of Environment Management,2013,119,151-161.
[21]Liu Y,Bralts V F,Engel B A.Evaluating the effectiveness of management practices on hydrology and water quality at watershed scale with a rainfall-runoff model[J].Science of the Total Environment,2015,511:298-308.
[22]Liao Z L,Zhang G Q,Wu Z H,et al.Combined sewer overflow control with LID based on SWMM:an example in Shanghai,China[J].Water Science and Technology,2015,71(8):1136-1142.
[23]Luan B,Yin R X,Xu P,et al.Evaluating Green Stormwater Infrastructure strategies efficiencies in a rapidly urbanizing catchment using SWMM-based TOPSIS[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2019,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.028.
[24]HJ494-2009.水质采样技术指导[S].HJ494-2009.Water quality-guidance on sampling techniques[S].
[25]国家环境保护总局.水和废水监测分析方法[M].4版.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002:88-430.The Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China.Monitoring and analysis methods of water and wastewater(The4th Edition)[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2002:88-430.
[26]常晓栋,徐宗学,赵刚,等.基于SWMM模型的城市雨洪模拟与LID效果评价--以北京市清河流域为例[J].水力发电学报,2016,35(11):84-93.Chang X D,Xu Z X,Zhao G,et al.Urban rainfall-runoff simulations and assessment of low impact development facilities using SWMMmodel-a case study of Qinghe catchment in Beijing[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2016,35(11):84-93.
[27]Xu T,Jia H,Wang Z,et al.SWMM-based methodology for block-scale LID-BMPs planning based on site-scale multi-objective optimization:a case study in Tianjin[J].Frontiers of Environmental Science&Engineering,2017,11(4):1.
[28]吴亚男,熊家晴,任心欣,等.深圳鹅颈水流域SWMM模型参数敏感性分析及率定研究[J].给水排水,2015,51(11):126-131.Wu Y N,Xiong J Q,Ren X X,et al.Sensitivity analysis and calibration study on the parameters of SWMM for Ejing watershed in Shenzhen[J].Water&Wastewater Engineering,2015,51(11):126-131.
[29]黄国如,聂铁锋.广州城区雨水径流非点源污染特性及污染负荷[J].华南理工大学学报(自然科学版),2012,40(2):142-148.Huang G R,Nie T F.Characteristics and load of non-point source pollution of urban rainfall runoff in Guangzhou,China[J].Journal of South China University of Technology(Natural Science Edition),2012,40(2):142-148.
[30]李俊奇,车伍,张雅君,等.海绵城市建设技术指南--低影响开发雨水系统构建(试行)[R].住房城乡建设部,2014:4-6.Li J Q,Che W,Zhang J J,et al.Technical Guide for Sponge City Construction-Construction of Rainwater System with Low Impact Development(Trial Implementation)[R].The Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development,2014:4-6.
[31]陈韬,李业伟,张雅君.典型城市雨水低影响开发(LID)措施的成本-效益分析[J].西南给排水,2014,36(2):41-46.Chen T,Li Y W,Zhang Y J.Cost-benefit analysis of typical urban rainwater of LID(Low Impact Development)[J].Southwest Water&Wastewater,2014,36(2):41-46.
[32]Freebom J R,Sample D J,Fox L J.Residential stormwater methods for decreasing runoff and increasing stormwater infiltration[J].Journal of Green Building,2012,7(2):15-30.
[33]Houle J J,Roseen R M,Ballestero T P,et al.Comparison of maintenance cost,labor demands,and system performance for LIDand conventional stormwater management[J].Journal of Environment Engineering,2013,139:932-938.
[34]GB3838-2002地表水环境质量标准[S].GB3838-2002 Environmental quality standards for surface water[S].
[35]Mei C,Liu J H,Wang H,et al.Integrated assessments of green infrastructure for flood mitigation to support robust decision-making for sponge city construction in an urbanized watershed[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,639:1394-1407.
[36]Li F Z,Liu Y Z,Engel B A,et al.Green infrastructure practices simulation of the impacts of land use on surface runoff:Case study in Ecorse River watershed,Michigan[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2019,233:603-611.
[2]赵越,姚瑞华,徐敏,等.我国城市黑臭水体治理实践及思路探讨[J].环境保护,2015,43(13):27-29.Zhao E,Yao R H,Xu M,et al.Study on the practice and route of combating urban black-and-malodorous water body[J].Environmental Protection,2015,43(13):27-29.
[3]王蓉,秦华鹏,赵智杰.基于SWMM模拟的快速城市化地区洪峰径流和非点源污染控制研究[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2015,51(1):141-150.Wang R,Qin H P,Zhao Z J.Control studies of peak flow and non-point source pollution for urbanized area based on SWMM[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,2015,51(1):141-150.
[4]何梦男,张劲,陈诚,等.上海市淀北片降雨径流过程污染时空特性分析[J].环境科学学报,2018,38(2):536-545.He M N,Zhang J,Chen C,et al.Analysis of the temporal and spatial characteristics of rainfall-runoff pollution in Dianbei basin of Shanghai[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2018,38(2):536-545.
[5]尹澄清.现代城市水病和发展中的生态型排水系统[A].上海(第二届)水业热点论坛论文集[C].2010,8:3-8.Yin C Q.Modern urban water diseases and developing ecological drainage system[A].Proceedings of the second Shanghai Water Hotspot Forum[C].2010,8:3-8.
[6]Schueler T R.Controlling urban runoff:A practical manual for planning and designing urban BMPs[M].Water Resources Publications,1987:1-10.
[7]USEPA.Low impact development(LID):A literature review[J].2000.
[8]D’Arcy B J.A new Scottish approach to urban drainage in the developments at Dunfermline[C]//Proceedings of the Standing Conference on Stormwater Source Control.1998:15.
[9]Mouritz M.Sustainable urban water systems:policy and professional praxis[D].Australia,Perth:Murdoch University,1996.
[10]Yu S L,Jia H.China’s ambitious sponge city initiative:A monumental effort for green/gray infrastructure integration[J].Environmental and Water Resources Institute(EWRI)of American Society of Civil Engineers Currents,2016,17(4):8-9.
[11]栾博,柴民伟,王鑫.绿色基础设施研究进展[J].生态学报,2017,37(15):5246-5261.Luan B,Chai M W,Wang X.Review of development,frontiers,and prospects of green infrastructure[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(15):5246-5261.
[12]刘文,陈卫平,彭驰.城市雨洪管理低影响开发技术研究与利用进展[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(6):1901-1912.Liu W,Chen W P,Peng C.Advances in low impact development technology for urban stormwater management[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(6):1901-1912.
[13]Ahiablame L M,Engel B A,Chaubey I.Effectiveness of low impact development practices:literature review and suggestions for future research[J].Water,Air,&Soil Pollution,2012,223(7):4253-4273.
[14]王健,尹炜,叶闽,等.植草沟技术在面源污染控制中的研究进展[J].环境科学与技术,2011,34(5):90-94.Wang J,Yin W,Ye M,et al.Advance on grassed swales technology in non-point source pollution control[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2011,34(5):90-94.
[15]宋瑞宁,宫永伟,李俊奇,等.渗透铺装控制城市非点源污染的研究进展[J].环境科学与技术,2014,37(5):57-63.Song R N,Gong Y W,Li J Q,et al.Progress in controlling urban non-point source pollution by permeable pavement[J].Environmental Science&Technolog,2014,37(5):57-63.
[16]Jones J,Clary J,Leisenring M,et al.International Stormwater BMPDatabase--2016Summary Statistics[R].Water Environment&Reuse Foundation(WE&RF),2017:1-20.
[17]Revitt M,Ellis B,Scholes L,et al.Review of the use of stormwater BMPs in Europe[R].Middlesex University,2013.
[18]Eckart K,McPhee Z,Bolisetti T.Performance and implementation of low impact development-A review[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,607:413-432.
[19]栾博,王鑫,金越延,等.场地尺度绿色基础设施的协同设计--以咸阳渭柳湿地公园生态修复设计为例[J].景观设计学,2017,5(5):26-43.Luan B,Wang X,Jin Y Y,et al.Collaborative design of site-scale green infrastructure:a case study on the ecological restoration design of Weiliu wetland park in Xianyang[J].Landscape Architecture Frontiers,2017,5(5):26-43.
[20]Ahiablame L M,Engel B A,Chaubey I.Effectiveness of low impact development practices in two urbanized watersheds:retrofitting with rain barrel/cistern and porous pavement[J].Journal of Environment Management,2013,119,151-161.
[21]Liu Y,Bralts V F,Engel B A.Evaluating the effectiveness of management practices on hydrology and water quality at watershed scale with a rainfall-runoff model[J].Science of the Total Environment,2015,511:298-308.
[22]Liao Z L,Zhang G Q,Wu Z H,et al.Combined sewer overflow control with LID based on SWMM:an example in Shanghai,China[J].Water Science and Technology,2015,71(8):1136-1142.
[23]Luan B,Yin R X,Xu P,et al.Evaluating Green Stormwater Infrastructure strategies efficiencies in a rapidly urbanizing catchment using SWMM-based TOPSIS[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2019,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.028.
[24]HJ494-2009.水质采样技术指导[S].HJ494-2009.Water quality-guidance on sampling techniques[S].
[25]国家环境保护总局.水和废水监测分析方法[M].4版.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002:88-430.The Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China.Monitoring and analysis methods of water and wastewater(The4th Edition)[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2002:88-430.
[26]常晓栋,徐宗学,赵刚,等.基于SWMM模型的城市雨洪模拟与LID效果评价--以北京市清河流域为例[J].水力发电学报,2016,35(11):84-93.Chang X D,Xu Z X,Zhao G,et al.Urban rainfall-runoff simulations and assessment of low impact development facilities using SWMMmodel-a case study of Qinghe catchment in Beijing[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2016,35(11):84-93.
[27]Xu T,Jia H,Wang Z,et al.SWMM-based methodology for block-scale LID-BMPs planning based on site-scale multi-objective optimization:a case study in Tianjin[J].Frontiers of Environmental Science&Engineering,2017,11(4):1.
[28]吴亚男,熊家晴,任心欣,等.深圳鹅颈水流域SWMM模型参数敏感性分析及率定研究[J].给水排水,2015,51(11):126-131.Wu Y N,Xiong J Q,Ren X X,et al.Sensitivity analysis and calibration study on the parameters of SWMM for Ejing watershed in Shenzhen[J].Water&Wastewater Engineering,2015,51(11):126-131.
[29]黄国如,聂铁锋.广州城区雨水径流非点源污染特性及污染负荷[J].华南理工大学学报(自然科学版),2012,40(2):142-148.Huang G R,Nie T F.Characteristics and load of non-point source pollution of urban rainfall runoff in Guangzhou,China[J].Journal of South China University of Technology(Natural Science Edition),2012,40(2):142-148.
[30]李俊奇,车伍,张雅君,等.海绵城市建设技术指南--低影响开发雨水系统构建(试行)[R].住房城乡建设部,2014:4-6.Li J Q,Che W,Zhang J J,et al.Technical Guide for Sponge City Construction-Construction of Rainwater System with Low Impact Development(Trial Implementation)[R].The Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development,2014:4-6.
[31]陈韬,李业伟,张雅君.典型城市雨水低影响开发(LID)措施的成本-效益分析[J].西南给排水,2014,36(2):41-46.Chen T,Li Y W,Zhang Y J.Cost-benefit analysis of typical urban rainwater of LID(Low Impact Development)[J].Southwest Water&Wastewater,2014,36(2):41-46.
[32]Freebom J R,Sample D J,Fox L J.Residential stormwater methods for decreasing runoff and increasing stormwater infiltration[J].Journal of Green Building,2012,7(2):15-30.
[33]Houle J J,Roseen R M,Ballestero T P,et al.Comparison of maintenance cost,labor demands,and system performance for LIDand conventional stormwater management[J].Journal of Environment Engineering,2013,139:932-938.
[34]GB3838-2002地表水环境质量标准[S].GB3838-2002 Environmental quality standards for surface water[S].
[35]Mei C,Liu J H,Wang H,et al.Integrated assessments of green infrastructure for flood mitigation to support robust decision-making for sponge city construction in an urbanized watershed[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,639:1394-1407.
[36]Li F Z,Liu Y Z,Engel B A,et al.Green infrastructure practices simulation of the impacts of land use on surface runoff:Case study in Ecorse River watershed,Michigan[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2019,233:603-611.
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