冀东地区冰雹云多普勒雷达参数特征分析
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摘要
利用2008—2015年冀东地区发生的36个冰雹个例,通过秦皇岛多普勒天气雷达资料反演出冰雹发生时雷达的各种参数,提取各种参数与冰雹发生时的关系。研究结果表明冰雹发生时,基于风暴的最大基本反射率因子、风暴顶高、垂直累积液态水含量平均值分别为62 dBz,9. 9 km,51. 6 kg·m~(-2),0℃层以上平均风暴厚度为5. 8 km,0℃层和-20℃层之间厚度平均值为3. 1 km,风暴最大基本反射率因子所在高度为4. 6 km,风暴平均移动速度为9 m·s~(-1)。不同尺寸的冰雹雷达参数变化不大。在冰雹发生过程中,两个体扫间风暴的最大基本反射率因子平均最大跃变为7 dBz,风暴顶高平均最大跃变为6. 7 km,垂直累积液态水含量平均最大跃变为17 kg·m~(-2),这种跃变的出现比冰雹发生时刻平均提前39、30和25 min,可以作为冰雹发生前的重要判断依据。此外还对WSR-88D冰雹算法进行了评估,结果表明,该算法的命中率较高,虚警率也较高,算法对冰雹的预报提前量平均为43 min左右,冰雹尺寸的预报结果偏大。
Various parameters are inversed when hail occurred by using Qinhuangdao Doppler weather radar data, and the relationship between various parameters and occurrence of hailstorms is extracted with 36 hailstorm cases during 2008— 2015 in the eastern Hebei Province. The study results show that the averages of maximum radar base reflectivity(MaxREF), top of the storm(TOP) and vertically integrated liquid(VIL) are 62 dBz, 9. 9 km and 51. 6 kg · m~(-2) respectively when hails occur. The average storm thickness above 0℃ level layer is 5. 8 km, the average thickness between 0℃ level layer and -20℃ level layer is 3. 1 km, MaxREF height of the storm is 4. 6 km, and the average storm moving speed is 9 m · s~(-1). The radar parameters corresponding to different sizes of hailstones do not change significantly. During the occurrence of hail, sudden-increase phenomenon for MaxREF between the two volume scan is 7 dBz on average,sudden-increase phenomenon for TOP between the two volumn scans is 6. 7 km on average and sudden-increase phenomenon for VIL between the two volumn scans is 17 kg · m~(-2) on average. This transition occurred 39, 30 and 25 min earlier than the average time of hailstorm occurrence. Such sepcical phenonmenon could be an important criterion for hail warning. In addition, the WSR-88 D hail algorithm HI is evaluated.The results show that probability of detection and false acceptance rate of the hail algorithm are relatively higher. The forecasting rate of hail by the algorithm is about 43 min on average, and the hail forecast results are larger.
Various parameters are inversed when hail occurred by using Qinhuangdao Doppler weather radar data, and the relationship between various parameters and occurrence of hailstorms is extracted with 36 hailstorm cases during 2008— 2015 in the eastern Hebei Province. The study results show that the averages of maximum radar base reflectivity(MaxREF), top of the storm(TOP) and vertically integrated liquid(VIL) are 62 dBz, 9. 9 km and 51. 6 kg · m~(-2) respectively when hails occur. The average storm thickness above 0℃ level layer is 5. 8 km, the average thickness between 0℃ level layer and -20℃ level layer is 3. 1 km, MaxREF height of the storm is 4. 6 km, and the average storm moving speed is 9 m · s~(-1). The radar parameters corresponding to different sizes of hailstones do not change significantly. During the occurrence of hail, sudden-increase phenomenon for MaxREF between the two volume scan is 7 dBz on average,sudden-increase phenomenon for TOP between the two volumn scans is 6. 7 km on average and sudden-increase phenomenon for VIL between the two volumn scans is 17 kg · m~(-2) on average. This transition occurred 39, 30 and 25 min earlier than the average time of hailstorm occurrence. Such sepcical phenonmenon could be an important criterion for hail warning. In addition, the WSR-88 D hail algorithm HI is evaluated.The results show that probability of detection and false acceptance rate of the hail algorithm are relatively higher. The forecasting rate of hail by the algorithm is about 43 min on average, and the hail forecast results are larger.
引文
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樊鹏,肖辉,2005.雷达识别渭北地区冰雹云技术研究[J],气象,31(7):16-19. Fan P,Xiao H,2005. Study of hail cloud identification in the Weibei Area,Shaanxi Province by radar echoes[J].Meteor Mon,31(7):16-19(in Chinese).
黄晓龙,高丽,2016. 2014年3. 19台州冰雹过程中尺度分析[J].气象,42(6):696-708. Huang X L,Gao L,2016. Mesoanalysis of a hail process in Taizhou on 19 March 2014[J]. Meteor Mon,42(6):696-708(in Chinese).
李聪,姜有山,姜迪,等,2017.一次冰雹天气过程的多源资料观测分析[J].气象,43(9):1084-1094. Li C,Jiang Y S,Jiang D,et al,2017. Observation and analysis of a hailstorm event based on multi-source data[J]. Meteor Mon, 43(9):1084-1094(in Chinese).
李云川,王伏霞,裴宇杰,等,2006.用CINERAD-SA雷达产品识别冰雹、大风和强降水[J].气象,32(10):64-69. Li Y C,Wang F X,Pei Y J,et al,2006. Products of CINRAD-SA Doppler radar applied to different typical weather[J]. Meteor Mon,32(10):64-69(in Chinese).
廖玉芳,俞小鼎,吴林林,等,2007.强雹暴的雷达三体散射统计与个例分析[J].高原气象,26(4):812-820. Liao Y F,Yu X D,Wu L L,et al,2007. Statistic and case studies on radar three body scattering of severe hailstorm[J]. Plateau Meteor, 26(4):812-820(in Chinese).
刘晓璐,周长春,2016.川西南山地冰雹雷达预警指标[J].气象科技,44(2):252-258. Liu X L,Zhou C C,2016. Indexes of hail warning using weather radar for southwestern mountain region of Sichuan[J]. Meteor Sci Technol,44(2):252-258(in Chinese).
鲁德金,陈钟荣,袁野,等,2015.安徽地区春夏季冰雹云雷达回波特征分析[J].气象,41(9):1104-1110. Lu D J,Chen Z R,Yuan Y,et al,2015. Analysis on radar echo characteristics of hail clouds in spring and summer of Anhui Province[J]. Meteor Mon, 41(9):1104-1110(in Chinese).
覃靖,潘海,刘蕾,2017.柳州“4·09”致灾冰雹的超级单体风暴过程分析[J].气象,43(6):745-755.Qin J,Pan H,Liu L,2017. Analysis of supercell storm leading to disastrous hail in Liuzhou on 9April 2016[J]. Meteor Mon,43(6):745-755(in Chinese).
邵玲玲,孙婷,邬锐,2005.多普勒天气雷达中气旋在强风预报中的应用[J].气象,31(9):34-48. Shao L L,Sun T,Wu R,2005. Application of WAR-88D Radar mesocyclone products to prediction of mesoscale severe wind[J]. Meteor Mon,31(9):34-48(in Chinese).
汤兴芝,黄兴友,2009.冰雹云的多普勒天气雷达识别参量及其预警作用[J].暴雨灾害,28(3):261-265. Tang X Z,Huang X Y,2009. Doppler radar identification parameters and their effect on early warning of hail clouds[J]. Torr Rain Dis,28(3):261-265(in Chinese).
王伏村,丁荣,李耀辉,等,2008.河西走廊中部冰雹天气的环流和多普勒雷达产品特征分析[J].高原气象,27(6):1344-1349. Wang F C, Ding R, Li Y H, et al, 2008. Characteristic analyses on500 hPa Circulation and Doppler radar product of severe hail weather in Hexi Corridor of Gansu[J]. Plateau Meteor, 27(6):1344-1349(in Chinese).
王改利,刘黎平,2005.多普勒雷达资料在暴雨临近预报中的应用[J].气象,31(10):12-15. Wang G L,Liu L P,2005. Application of Doppler radar observation to rainfall nowcasting[J]. Meteor Mon,31(10):12-15(in Chinese).
吴林林,2006.新一代天气雷达冰雹探测算法及在业务中的应用[J].气象,32(1):51-55. Wu L L,2006. Description and application of CINRAD hail detection algorithm[J]. Meteor Mon,32(1):51-55(in Chinese).
肖艳姣,李中华,张端禹,等,2008.“07. 7”鄂东南强对流天气的多普勒雷达资料分析[J].暴雨灾害,27(3):213-218.Xiao YJ,Li Z H,Zhang D Y,et al,2008. Analysis of “07. 7” severe convective events in southeastern Hubei Province with China New Generation Weather Radar Data[J]. Torr Rain Dis,27(3):213-218(in Chinese).
徐芬,郑嫒媛,肖卉,等,2016.江苏沿江地区一次强冰雹天气的中尺度特征分析[J].气象,42(5):567-577. Xu F,Zheng Y Y,Xiao H,et al,2016. Mesoscale characteristics of a severe hail event over the area along Yangtze River in Jiangsu[J]. Meteor Mon,42(5):567-577(in Chinese).
应冬梅,许爱华,黄祖辉,2007.江西冰雹、大风与短时强降水的多普勒雷达产品的对比分析[J].气象,33(3):48-53. Ying D M,Xu A H, Huang Z H,2007. A comparative analysis of Doppler radar products in hail, gale and short-time heavy rainfall in Jiangxi[J]. Meteor Mon,33(3):48-53(in Chinese).
俞小鼎,姚秀萍,熊廷南,等,2006.多普勒天气雷达原理与业务应用[M].北京:气象出版社:149-154. Yu X D,Yao X P,Xiong T N,et al,2006. Principle and Application of Doppler Weather Radar[M]. Beijing:China Meteorological Press:149-154(in Chinese).
张腾飞,段旭,鲁亚斌,等,2006.云南一次强对流冰雹过程的环流及雷达回波特征分析[J].高原气象,25(3):531-538. Zhang T F,Duan X,Lu Y B,et al,2006. Circulation background for a severe convective hailstorm weather process in Yunnan and its Doppler radar echo features[J]. Plateau Meteor,25(3):531-538(in Chinese).
Fulton A,Breidenbach J P,Seo D J,et al,1998. The WSR-88D rainfall algorithm[J]. Wea Forecasting,13:377-395.
Johnson J T,Mackeen P L,Witt A,et al,1998. The storm cell identification and tracking algorithm:an enhanced WSR-88D algorithm[J]. Wea Forecasting, 13:263-276.
Witt A,Michael D E,Gregory J S,et al,1998. An enhanced hail detection algorithm for the WSR-88D[J]. Wea Forecasting, 13:286-303.
段鹤,严华生,马学文,等,2014.滇南冰雹的预报预警方法研究[J].气象,40(2):174-185.Duan H,Yan H S,Ma X W,et al,2014.Study of the method for hail forecasting and warning in southern Yunnan[J]. Meteor Mon,40(2):174-185(in Chinese).
樊鹏,肖辉,2005.雷达识别渭北地区冰雹云技术研究[J],气象,31(7):16-19. Fan P,Xiao H,2005. Study of hail cloud identification in the Weibei Area,Shaanxi Province by radar echoes[J].Meteor Mon,31(7):16-19(in Chinese).
黄晓龙,高丽,2016. 2014年3. 19台州冰雹过程中尺度分析[J].气象,42(6):696-708. Huang X L,Gao L,2016. Mesoanalysis of a hail process in Taizhou on 19 March 2014[J]. Meteor Mon,42(6):696-708(in Chinese).
李聪,姜有山,姜迪,等,2017.一次冰雹天气过程的多源资料观测分析[J].气象,43(9):1084-1094. Li C,Jiang Y S,Jiang D,et al,2017. Observation and analysis of a hailstorm event based on multi-source data[J]. Meteor Mon, 43(9):1084-1094(in Chinese).
李云川,王伏霞,裴宇杰,等,2006.用CINERAD-SA雷达产品识别冰雹、大风和强降水[J].气象,32(10):64-69. Li Y C,Wang F X,Pei Y J,et al,2006. Products of CINRAD-SA Doppler radar applied to different typical weather[J]. Meteor Mon,32(10):64-69(in Chinese).
廖玉芳,俞小鼎,吴林林,等,2007.强雹暴的雷达三体散射统计与个例分析[J].高原气象,26(4):812-820. Liao Y F,Yu X D,Wu L L,et al,2007. Statistic and case studies on radar three body scattering of severe hailstorm[J]. Plateau Meteor, 26(4):812-820(in Chinese).
刘晓璐,周长春,2016.川西南山地冰雹雷达预警指标[J].气象科技,44(2):252-258. Liu X L,Zhou C C,2016. Indexes of hail warning using weather radar for southwestern mountain region of Sichuan[J]. Meteor Sci Technol,44(2):252-258(in Chinese).
鲁德金,陈钟荣,袁野,等,2015.安徽地区春夏季冰雹云雷达回波特征分析[J].气象,41(9):1104-1110. Lu D J,Chen Z R,Yuan Y,et al,2015. Analysis on radar echo characteristics of hail clouds in spring and summer of Anhui Province[J]. Meteor Mon, 41(9):1104-1110(in Chinese).
覃靖,潘海,刘蕾,2017.柳州“4·09”致灾冰雹的超级单体风暴过程分析[J].气象,43(6):745-755.Qin J,Pan H,Liu L,2017. Analysis of supercell storm leading to disastrous hail in Liuzhou on 9April 2016[J]. Meteor Mon,43(6):745-755(in Chinese).
邵玲玲,孙婷,邬锐,2005.多普勒天气雷达中气旋在强风预报中的应用[J].气象,31(9):34-48. Shao L L,Sun T,Wu R,2005. Application of WAR-88D Radar mesocyclone products to prediction of mesoscale severe wind[J]. Meteor Mon,31(9):34-48(in Chinese).
汤兴芝,黄兴友,2009.冰雹云的多普勒天气雷达识别参量及其预警作用[J].暴雨灾害,28(3):261-265. Tang X Z,Huang X Y,2009. Doppler radar identification parameters and their effect on early warning of hail clouds[J]. Torr Rain Dis,28(3):261-265(in Chinese).
王伏村,丁荣,李耀辉,等,2008.河西走廊中部冰雹天气的环流和多普勒雷达产品特征分析[J].高原气象,27(6):1344-1349. Wang F C, Ding R, Li Y H, et al, 2008. Characteristic analyses on500 hPa Circulation and Doppler radar product of severe hail weather in Hexi Corridor of Gansu[J]. Plateau Meteor, 27(6):1344-1349(in Chinese).
王改利,刘黎平,2005.多普勒雷达资料在暴雨临近预报中的应用[J].气象,31(10):12-15. Wang G L,Liu L P,2005. Application of Doppler radar observation to rainfall nowcasting[J]. Meteor Mon,31(10):12-15(in Chinese).
吴林林,2006.新一代天气雷达冰雹探测算法及在业务中的应用[J].气象,32(1):51-55. Wu L L,2006. Description and application of CINRAD hail detection algorithm[J]. Meteor Mon,32(1):51-55(in Chinese).
肖艳姣,李中华,张端禹,等,2008.“07. 7”鄂东南强对流天气的多普勒雷达资料分析[J].暴雨灾害,27(3):213-218.Xiao YJ,Li Z H,Zhang D Y,et al,2008. Analysis of “07. 7” severe convective events in southeastern Hubei Province with China New Generation Weather Radar Data[J]. Torr Rain Dis,27(3):213-218(in Chinese).
徐芬,郑嫒媛,肖卉,等,2016.江苏沿江地区一次强冰雹天气的中尺度特征分析[J].气象,42(5):567-577. Xu F,Zheng Y Y,Xiao H,et al,2016. Mesoscale characteristics of a severe hail event over the area along Yangtze River in Jiangsu[J]. Meteor Mon,42(5):567-577(in Chinese).
应冬梅,许爱华,黄祖辉,2007.江西冰雹、大风与短时强降水的多普勒雷达产品的对比分析[J].气象,33(3):48-53. Ying D M,Xu A H, Huang Z H,2007. A comparative analysis of Doppler radar products in hail, gale and short-time heavy rainfall in Jiangxi[J]. Meteor Mon,33(3):48-53(in Chinese).
俞小鼎,姚秀萍,熊廷南,等,2006.多普勒天气雷达原理与业务应用[M].北京:气象出版社:149-154. Yu X D,Yao X P,Xiong T N,et al,2006. Principle and Application of Doppler Weather Radar[M]. Beijing:China Meteorological Press:149-154(in Chinese).
张腾飞,段旭,鲁亚斌,等,2006.云南一次强对流冰雹过程的环流及雷达回波特征分析[J].高原气象,25(3):531-538. Zhang T F,Duan X,Lu Y B,et al,2006. Circulation background for a severe convective hailstorm weather process in Yunnan and its Doppler radar echo features[J]. Plateau Meteor,25(3):531-538(in Chinese).
Fulton A,Breidenbach J P,Seo D J,et al,1998. The WSR-88D rainfall algorithm[J]. Wea Forecasting,13:377-395.
Johnson J T,Mackeen P L,Witt A,et al,1998. The storm cell identification and tracking algorithm:an enhanced WSR-88D algorithm[J]. Wea Forecasting, 13:263-276.
Witt A,Michael D E,Gregory J S,et al,1998. An enhanced hail detection algorithm for the WSR-88D[J]. Wea Forecasting, 13:286-303.
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