中国东部地热资源开发潜力与建议
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摘要
经过多年地热资源勘查实践,初步认为控制地热的因素是:热源主要来自深部的地幔楔;中–新生代中酸性火山–岩浆活动是形成地热资源和区域高地热场的重要控制因素;喜山期形成地热的温度要高于燕山期形成地热的温度;地表浅部的温泉群是勘查深部地热的重要线索;区域构造背景(裂谷、碰撞及俯冲带)和局部深部构造(断裂、破碎带)是提供地热上升的通道;形成地热田不仅要具备良好的储层,还要蕴藏地热温度和一定厚度的盖层。可概括为(热)源–通(道)–储(层)–盖(层)4个字的规律。我国东部地区地热资源十分丰富,以地热资源分布的空间位置,分为五个方面来阐述:即花岗岩地热、火山(岩)地热、矿山地热、油气田地热和城市地热。其中矿山地热和火山(岩)会伴有"热害"。为了加速我国东部地热资源勘查和开发进程,提出关于对中、低温热水型地热发电、开发立法和优选地热靶区、化"害"为"利"的攻关科硏研、以"EGS"经济支撑和热水勘查钻孔长期保存的五点建议。
After many years of exploration and practice of geothermal resources, it is preliminarily considered that the controlling factors of geothermal resources are as follows: heat sources mainly come from deep mantle wedge; Mesozoic-Cenozoic intermediate-acid volcanic-magmatic activity is an important controlling factor for the formation of geothermal resources and regional high geothermal field; the temperature of geothermal formation in Himalayan period is higher than that in Yanshanian period; the hot springs in shallow surface are the exploration of deep geothermal field. Important clues; regional tectonic setting(rift, collision and subduction zone) and deep structure(fracture and fracture zone) are the channels to provide geothermal rise; not only good reservoirs, but also thermal insulation and a certain thickness of caprock. It can be summarized as the rule of four words: source-Channel-reservoir-cap. There are abundant geothermal resources in the eastern part of China. The spatial distribution of geothermal resources will be divided into five aspects: granite geothermal, volcanic(rock) geothermal, mine geothermal, oil and gas field geothermal and urban geothermal. Among them, mine geothermal and volcanic(rock) will be accompanied by "heat hazard". In order to speed up the exploration and development of geothermal resources in the eastern part of the Huangpu River, five suggestions are put forward on geothermal power generation of medium and low temperature hot water type, development legislation and optimization of geothermal target areas, key research projects to turn "harm" into "benefit", "EGS" economic support and long-term preservation of hot water exploration boreholes.
After many years of exploration and practice of geothermal resources, it is preliminarily considered that the controlling factors of geothermal resources are as follows: heat sources mainly come from deep mantle wedge; Mesozoic-Cenozoic intermediate-acid volcanic-magmatic activity is an important controlling factor for the formation of geothermal resources and regional high geothermal field; the temperature of geothermal formation in Himalayan period is higher than that in Yanshanian period; the hot springs in shallow surface are the exploration of deep geothermal field. Important clues; regional tectonic setting(rift, collision and subduction zone) and deep structure(fracture and fracture zone) are the channels to provide geothermal rise; not only good reservoirs, but also thermal insulation and a certain thickness of caprock. It can be summarized as the rule of four words: source-Channel-reservoir-cap. There are abundant geothermal resources in the eastern part of China. The spatial distribution of geothermal resources will be divided into five aspects: granite geothermal, volcanic(rock) geothermal, mine geothermal, oil and gas field geothermal and urban geothermal. Among them, mine geothermal and volcanic(rock) will be accompanied by "heat hazard". In order to speed up the exploration and development of geothermal resources in the eastern part of the Huangpu River, five suggestions are put forward on geothermal power generation of medium and low temperature hot water type, development legislation and optimization of geothermal target areas, key research projects to turn "harm" into "benefit", "EGS" economic support and long-term preservation of hot water exploration boreholes.
引文
[1]宋涛,刁谦,真允庆，等.青藏高原地热资源与地幔柱构造的关系—地幔热柱多级演化导致岩浆上侵成为浅部热流[J].河北地质大学学报, 2018, 41(6):1-24.
[2]牛树银,真允庆,张福祥,等.华北克拉通复合地幔柱构造与成矿成藏作用[J].河北地质大学学报, 2018, 41(1):1-43.
[3]乔红,真允庆.中国东部中-新生代主要控矿因素:亚热幔柱构造[J].地质找矿论丛, 2014, 29(1):31-43.
[4]温常贵,真允庆,刁谦,等.华北克拉通东部岩石圈破坏与幔柱的成因[J].地质找矿论丛, 2016, 31(1):1-18.
[5]温常贵,真允庆,花林宝,等.从中国地貌演变，看中、新生代成矿成藏作用[J].地质找矿论丛，2017, 32(1):60-74
[6]真允庆,牛树银,刁谦,等.东北地区地幔热柱构造与成矿成藏作用[J].地质学报, 2012, 86(12):1869-1889.
[7]汪集旸.地热学及其应用[M].北京:科学出版社, 2015.
[8]赵平,金建,张海政,等.西藏羊八井地热田热水化学组成[J].地质科学, 1998(1):62-63.
[9]多吉.典型高温地热系统—羊八井热田基本特征[J].中国工程科学, 2003, 5(1):42-47.
[10]赵慈平,冉华,王云.腾冲火山区的现代幔源氦释放:构造与岩浆活动意义[J].岩石学报, 2012, 28(4):1189-1204.
[11]李辉,彭松柏,乔卫涛,等.根据多时相夜间MODIS LST推断的腾冲地区新生代岩浆囊分布与活动特征[J].岩石学报, 2011,27(10):2873-2882.
[12] KREMENETSKY A A, MILANOVSKY S Y, OVCHINNIKOV L N. A heat generation model for continental crust based on deep drilling in the Baltic Shield[J]. Tectonophysics, 1989,159(3–4):231-246.
[13]赵少伟,赖绍聪,秦江峰,等.腾冲地块梁河早始新世花岗岩成因机制及其地质意义[J].岩石学报, 2017, 33(1):191-203.
[14]赵慈平,冉华,陈坤华.由相对地热梯度推测腾冲火山区现存岩浆嚢[J].岩石学报, 2006, 22(6):3517-3528.
[15] LNGUAGGIATO S, MAZOL A, DILIBERTO B, et al. Total output from Valcano island(Aeolion lsland ltaly)[J]. Geochemisty Geophysics Geosyslems, 2012, 13:Q02-12.
[16]蔡学林,朱介寿,常家敏，等.东亚西太平洋巨型裂谷体系岩石圈与软流圈结构及动力学[J].中国地质, 2002, 29(3):231-245.
[17]耿树方,刘平,郑洪伟,等.对中国东部中生代动力学机制的新认识[J].地质通报, 2012, 31(4):1061-1078.
[18] HU SHENGBIAO, WANG JIYANG. Heat flow characteristics of orogenic beits in southestern China[J]. Geological Review,1994, 40(5):387-394.
[19]蔺文静,甘浩男,王贵玲,等.我国东南沿海干热岩赋存前景及与靶区选址硏究[J].地质学报, 2016, 90(8):2043-2058.
[20]张旗,李承东.花岗岩:地球动力学意义[M].北京:海洋出版社,2012.
[21]张旗,王熖,熊小林,等.埃达克岩和花岗岩:挑战与机遇[M].北京:中国大地出版社, 2008.
[22]上官志冠,孔明良,李恒忠.云南腾冲地区现代地热流体活动类型[J].地震地质, 1999, 21(4):436-442.
[23]丁磊磊,刘嘉麒,郭正府.等.滇西腾沖中更新世英安岩浆的爆发机制[J].岩石学报, 2018, 34(1):43-125.
[24]郭正府,张茂亮,成智慧,等.中国大陆新生代典型火山区温室气体成因[J].岩石学报, 2014, 30(11):3460-3480.
[25]庞忠和,段忠丰,杨峰田,等.深部煤岩体温度场分布特征及预测模型[C].中国地球物理·2009.北京:中国科学院地质所地球物理硏究所, 2010:72.
[26]滕尚营.三河尖煤矿地区分布规律及热害的地质原因分析[J].江苏煤炭, 1992(3):37-38.
[27]李荣学,黄修典.三河尖井田地温异常研究[J].江苏煤炭,1998(3):23-24.
[28]侯贺晟,王成善,张交东,等.松辽盆地大陆深部科学钻探地球科学硏究进展[J].中国地质, 2018, 45(4):641-657.
[29]邱楠生,许威,左银辉.渤海湾盆地中-新生代岩石圈热结构与热流变学演化[J].地学前缘, 2017, 24(3):13-26.
[30]林良俊,李亚民,葛伟亚,等.中国城市地质调查总体构想与关键技术[J].中国地质, 2017, 44(6):1096-1101.
[31]王婉丽,王贵玲,朱喜,等.中国省会城市浅层地热能开发利用条件及潜力评价[J].中国地质, 2017, 44(6):1062-1073.
[32]孙知新,李百祥,王志林.青海共和盆地存在干热岩可能性探讨[J].水文地质工程地质, 2011, 38(2):119-129.
[33]许天福,袁益龙,姜振姣,等.干热岩资源和增强型地热工程:国际经验和我国展望[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版), 2016,45(4):1139-1152.
[34]廖志杰,万天丰,张振国.增强型地热系统:潜力大、开发难[J].地学前缘, 2015, 22(1):335-344.
[2]牛树银,真允庆,张福祥,等.华北克拉通复合地幔柱构造与成矿成藏作用[J].河北地质大学学报, 2018, 41(1):1-43.
[3]乔红,真允庆.中国东部中-新生代主要控矿因素:亚热幔柱构造[J].地质找矿论丛, 2014, 29(1):31-43.
[4]温常贵,真允庆,刁谦,等.华北克拉通东部岩石圈破坏与幔柱的成因[J].地质找矿论丛, 2016, 31(1):1-18.
[5]温常贵,真允庆,花林宝,等.从中国地貌演变，看中、新生代成矿成藏作用[J].地质找矿论丛，2017, 32(1):60-74
[6]真允庆,牛树银,刁谦,等.东北地区地幔热柱构造与成矿成藏作用[J].地质学报, 2012, 86(12):1869-1889.
[7]汪集旸.地热学及其应用[M].北京:科学出版社, 2015.
[8]赵平,金建,张海政,等.西藏羊八井地热田热水化学组成[J].地质科学, 1998(1):62-63.
[9]多吉.典型高温地热系统—羊八井热田基本特征[J].中国工程科学, 2003, 5(1):42-47.
[10]赵慈平,冉华,王云.腾冲火山区的现代幔源氦释放:构造与岩浆活动意义[J].岩石学报, 2012, 28(4):1189-1204.
[11]李辉,彭松柏,乔卫涛,等.根据多时相夜间MODIS LST推断的腾冲地区新生代岩浆囊分布与活动特征[J].岩石学报, 2011,27(10):2873-2882.
[12] KREMENETSKY A A, MILANOVSKY S Y, OVCHINNIKOV L N. A heat generation model for continental crust based on deep drilling in the Baltic Shield[J]. Tectonophysics, 1989,159(3–4):231-246.
[13]赵少伟,赖绍聪,秦江峰,等.腾冲地块梁河早始新世花岗岩成因机制及其地质意义[J].岩石学报, 2017, 33(1):191-203.
[14]赵慈平,冉华,陈坤华.由相对地热梯度推测腾冲火山区现存岩浆嚢[J].岩石学报, 2006, 22(6):3517-3528.
[15] LNGUAGGIATO S, MAZOL A, DILIBERTO B, et al. Total output from Valcano island(Aeolion lsland ltaly)[J]. Geochemisty Geophysics Geosyslems, 2012, 13:Q02-12.
[16]蔡学林,朱介寿,常家敏，等.东亚西太平洋巨型裂谷体系岩石圈与软流圈结构及动力学[J].中国地质, 2002, 29(3):231-245.
[17]耿树方,刘平,郑洪伟,等.对中国东部中生代动力学机制的新认识[J].地质通报, 2012, 31(4):1061-1078.
[18] HU SHENGBIAO, WANG JIYANG. Heat flow characteristics of orogenic beits in southestern China[J]. Geological Review,1994, 40(5):387-394.
[19]蔺文静,甘浩男,王贵玲,等.我国东南沿海干热岩赋存前景及与靶区选址硏究[J].地质学报, 2016, 90(8):2043-2058.
[20]张旗,李承东.花岗岩:地球动力学意义[M].北京:海洋出版社,2012.
[21]张旗,王熖,熊小林,等.埃达克岩和花岗岩:挑战与机遇[M].北京:中国大地出版社, 2008.
[22]上官志冠,孔明良,李恒忠.云南腾冲地区现代地热流体活动类型[J].地震地质, 1999, 21(4):436-442.
[23]丁磊磊,刘嘉麒,郭正府.等.滇西腾沖中更新世英安岩浆的爆发机制[J].岩石学报, 2018, 34(1):43-125.
[24]郭正府,张茂亮,成智慧,等.中国大陆新生代典型火山区温室气体成因[J].岩石学报, 2014, 30(11):3460-3480.
[25]庞忠和,段忠丰,杨峰田,等.深部煤岩体温度场分布特征及预测模型[C].中国地球物理·2009.北京:中国科学院地质所地球物理硏究所, 2010:72.
[26]滕尚营.三河尖煤矿地区分布规律及热害的地质原因分析[J].江苏煤炭, 1992(3):37-38.
[27]李荣学,黄修典.三河尖井田地温异常研究[J].江苏煤炭,1998(3):23-24.
[28]侯贺晟,王成善,张交东,等.松辽盆地大陆深部科学钻探地球科学硏究进展[J].中国地质, 2018, 45(4):641-657.
[29]邱楠生,许威,左银辉.渤海湾盆地中-新生代岩石圈热结构与热流变学演化[J].地学前缘, 2017, 24(3):13-26.
[30]林良俊,李亚民,葛伟亚,等.中国城市地质调查总体构想与关键技术[J].中国地质, 2017, 44(6):1096-1101.
[31]王婉丽,王贵玲,朱喜,等.中国省会城市浅层地热能开发利用条件及潜力评价[J].中国地质, 2017, 44(6):1062-1073.
[32]孙知新,李百祥,王志林.青海共和盆地存在干热岩可能性探讨[J].水文地质工程地质, 2011, 38(2):119-129.
[33]许天福,袁益龙,姜振姣,等.干热岩资源和增强型地热工程:国际经验和我国展望[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版), 2016,45(4):1139-1152.
[34]廖志杰,万天丰,张振国.增强型地热系统:潜力大、开发难[J].地学前缘, 2015, 22(1):335-344.
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