新疆叶尔羌河流域胡杨林时空格局特征
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摘要
叶尔羌河流域胡杨林对保障我国新疆南疆地区生态安全有着重要的功能,到目前对该区胡杨林时空格局特征规律的研究极少。基于1995—2015年Landsat TM/OLI长时间序列遥感监测数据,通过土地利用程度变化指数、转移矩阵以及景观指数对叶尔羌河流域胡杨林时空格局变化进行动态监测与分析。结果表明:(1)胡杨林面积从1995年的1916.15 km~2减少到2015年的1652.25 km~2,面积减少了263.90 km~2。永安坝至夏河林场段,耕地向河道扩张,胡杨林转为耕地;而夏河林场至三河口段,水资源匮乏,胡杨林被迫向河道收缩,转为未利用地。(2)胡杨林动态度和空间动态度降低,而胡杨林变化状态指数、斑块密度、最大斑块指数和散布与并列指数增加,斑块结合度指数高,胡杨林空间分布逐渐集中、破碎度降低、连通性增加。流域景观要素连接性逐渐减弱,破碎化程度较高,优势度斑块类型比例逐渐下降,景观类型向复杂化方向发展。(3)1995—2005年胡杨林受气候变化和人类活动的干扰,胡杨林面积减少较快,景观格局变化剧烈,而2005—2015年胡杨林保护措施的实施、区域产业结构的调整以及生态安全输水区域的扩大等,胡杨林面积减少速度减缓,但形势仍较为严峻。在叶尔羌河流域合理利用水资源,统筹协调生活、生产和生态用水、强化水资源管理力度,以及调整产业结构、控制人口增长速度等是该区胡杨林生态系统恢复的有效手段和途径。研究可以为叶尔羌河流域生态系统恢复以及胡杨林保护提供参考。
The Populus euphratica forests, located in the Yarkant River Basin of Xinjiang, play an important role in guaranteeing this area′s ecological security, whereas there are by far few in-depth studies about their spatio-temporal pattern and dynamic law. In this paper, based on the time series data of Landsat TM/OLI from 1995 to 2015, we investigated the spatial and temporal dynamics and trends of the Populuse uphratica forests during this period by using the Land Use Degree Indices, Transfer Matrix, and Landscape Indices. The results showed that:(1) the total area of the Populus euphratica forests decreased with a value of 263.90 km~2 from 1916.15 km~2 in 1995 to 1652.25 km~2 in 2015, where the cultivated land was expanding towards the river channel in the section from Yong′an dam to Xiahe forest farm along the Yarkant river while the riparian Populus euphratica forests were converted into cultivated land areas; from Xiahe forest farm to Sanhekou section, the Populus euphratica forests were shrinking towards the river channel and partly being converted into unused land areas due to scarcity of water sources.(2) The dynamic degree and spatial dynamic degree values of the Populus euphratica forests decreased, while their change state index, patch density, largest patch index, and interspersion and juxtaposition index values increased with high values of their patch adhesion index, and thus, the spatial distribution situation of the Populus euphratica forests was gradually clustering with the corresponding decreases of their fragmentation degree and increases of their connectivity. However, the landscape types in the basin were becoming more complex, which shows up as gradually weakened connectivity of its landscape elements, decreasing proportion of its dominant patch types, and relatively high degree of its fragmentation.(3) The total area of the Populus euphratica forests decreased rapidly and their landscape pattern changed dramatically due to climatic changes and human activities from 1995 to 2005; contrastively, benefitting from the implementation of Populus euphratica forest protection measures, the adjustment of regional industrial structure, and the expansion of ecological safe water delivery areas, the area decrease trend of the Populus euphratica forests in this basin had slowed down since 2005, whilst its situation still remains grim. Therefore, reasonable utilization of water resources, e.g., overall planning and coordinating the water use for domestic, production, and ecological conservation, strengthening the management of water resources, adjusting the industrial structure, and controlling the population growth rate, are available means and approaches to restore the ecosystem of Populus euphratica forests in this region. This study provides useful reference for the ecological restoration and Populus euphratica forests protection in the Yarkant River Basin.
The Populus euphratica forests, located in the Yarkant River Basin of Xinjiang, play an important role in guaranteeing this area′s ecological security, whereas there are by far few in-depth studies about their spatio-temporal pattern and dynamic law. In this paper, based on the time series data of Landsat TM/OLI from 1995 to 2015, we investigated the spatial and temporal dynamics and trends of the Populuse uphratica forests during this period by using the Land Use Degree Indices, Transfer Matrix, and Landscape Indices. The results showed that:(1) the total area of the Populus euphratica forests decreased with a value of 263.90 km~2 from 1916.15 km~2 in 1995 to 1652.25 km~2 in 2015, where the cultivated land was expanding towards the river channel in the section from Yong′an dam to Xiahe forest farm along the Yarkant river while the riparian Populus euphratica forests were converted into cultivated land areas; from Xiahe forest farm to Sanhekou section, the Populus euphratica forests were shrinking towards the river channel and partly being converted into unused land areas due to scarcity of water sources.(2) The dynamic degree and spatial dynamic degree values of the Populus euphratica forests decreased, while their change state index, patch density, largest patch index, and interspersion and juxtaposition index values increased with high values of their patch adhesion index, and thus, the spatial distribution situation of the Populus euphratica forests was gradually clustering with the corresponding decreases of their fragmentation degree and increases of their connectivity. However, the landscape types in the basin were becoming more complex, which shows up as gradually weakened connectivity of its landscape elements, decreasing proportion of its dominant patch types, and relatively high degree of its fragmentation.(3) The total area of the Populus euphratica forests decreased rapidly and their landscape pattern changed dramatically due to climatic changes and human activities from 1995 to 2005; contrastively, benefitting from the implementation of Populus euphratica forest protection measures, the adjustment of regional industrial structure, and the expansion of ecological safe water delivery areas, the area decrease trend of the Populus euphratica forests in this basin had slowed down since 2005, whilst its situation still remains grim. Therefore, reasonable utilization of water resources, e.g., overall planning and coordinating the water use for domestic, production, and ecological conservation, strengthening the management of water resources, adjusting the industrial structure, and controlling the population growth rate, are available means and approaches to restore the ecosystem of Populus euphratica forests in this region. This study provides useful reference for the ecological restoration and Populus euphratica forests protection in the Yarkant River Basin.
引文
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[5] 韩路.塔里木河上游荒漠河岸林植物群落动态与优势种群生态特征研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2014.
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[7] 程小玲,刘淑清.浅议塔里木胡杨保护区胡杨林的保护.中南林业调查规划,2004,23(1):33- 35.
[8] 卢磊,赵振勇,乔木,张科,周生斌,唐金.塔里木河中游河岸带植物区系及物种多样性初探.水土保持通报,2011,31(1):16- 21.
[9] 徐猛.作物根系构型特征与水肥利用效率关系的研究.现代农业科技,2013,(14):230- 230.
[10] 童德龙,徐雅丽,焦培培.土壤水分胁迫对胡杨、灰叶胡杨渗透调节物质和保护酶活性的影响.江苏农业科学,2013,41(1):169- 173.
[11] 努热曼古丽·图尔荪,玉米提·哈力克,塔吉古丽·艾麦提.生态输水对塔里木河下游地下水变化的影响分析.宁夏农林科技,2014,55(7):58- 60.
[12] 陈永金,李卫红,董杰,刘加珍.塔里木河下游输水间歇地下水埋深及化学组分的变化.环境科学,2012,33(1):55- 63.
[13] 崔彦军,柴政,丁守杰,范丽红.塔里木胡杨自然保护区胡杨分布信息提取研究.山东林业科技,2013,43(4):64- 65.
[14] 胡新振,王家强,伍维模,李志军,武建林.基于RapidEye数据的塔里木河上游天然胡杨林区典型地物遥感信息提取研究.塔里木大学学报,2012,24(3):87- 95.
[15] 金文斌,郭江,汤宛地.基于遥感和地学模型的胡杨林信息提取及规划.林业科技开发,2014,28(5):120- 123.
[16] 万红梅,李霞,董道瑞,刘欢.塔里木河下游林地树冠QuickBird影像信息提取与分析.西北植物学报,2011,31(9):1878- 1885.
[17] 黄青,王让会,吴世新.塔里木河上游景观破碎化的时空动态变化分析.干旱区资源与环境,2007,21(9):73- 77.
[18] 王亮.塔里木河中游胡杨林景观格局与土壤水文特征研究[D].阿拉尔:塔里木大学,2015.
[19] 赵虎,晏磊,季方.塔里木河干流上游土地利用动态变化研究.干旱区资源与环境,2001,15(4):40- 43.
[20] 朱绪超,袁国富,邵明安,易小波,杜涛.塔里木河下游河岸带植被的空间结构特征.植物生态学报,2015,39(11):1053- 1061.
[21] 陈海燕,陈亚宁.新疆塔里木河干流荒漠河岸林植被带变化.生态学杂志,2015,34(11):3166- 3173.
[22] 张绘芳.塔里木河下游植物群落结构特征及优势种群格局研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,2007.
[23] 王家强,伍维模,李志军,温善菊,牛建龙,迟春明.基于高光谱指数的塔里木河上游胡杨和灰叶胡杨叶片氮素含量估测.生态学杂志,2014,33(10):2858- 2864.
[24] 王晶,殷飞,张胜楠,陈克新.叶尔羌河流域荒漠河岸林胡杨碳、氮含量特征.西安文理学院学报:自然科学版,2017,20(2):75- 80.
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