基于MODIS影像估算中国大陆区域草地火污染物时空格局
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摘要
草地火是草地生态系统重要干扰因子,对草地生态系统结构和功能有重要影响.草地火释放的大量烟气和颗粒物对大气环境、生态系统和人类健康有重要影响.本研究基于2001—2017年中国大陆区域MODIS-MCD64A1数据,结合生物质密度,估算各区域草地火燃烧生物量.并运用排放因子法,估算17年间中国大陆区域草地火排放污染物总量.研究结果表明,中国大陆地区草地生物质密度存在差异,由东向西逐渐递减.草地火时空分布不均衡且存在明显季节性差异,主要集中在3月和9月.中国大陆地区2001—2017年草地火次数、火面积和燃烧总量分别是1.63×10~5次、6.12×10~6 hm~2和23.86 Mt,排放CO_2、CO、CH_4、SO_2、NMVOC、NO_x、PM_(2.5)、BC、OC和TC总量分别为37.27 Mt、1.31 Mt、43.30 kt、11.05 kt、287.74 kt、79.60 kt、155.82 kt、9.25 kt、64.95 kt和75.54 kt.此外,各污染物在时间和空间上不均衡,在东北、华北、华中和西南区域呈增加趋势,华东和西北区域呈降低趋势,华南区域呈显著降低趋势.本研究揭示了中国大陆地区草地火释放污染物的时空变化,为深入揭示草地火对区域环境影响提供数据支持.
Fire is an important disturbance factor in the grassland ecosystem and significantly impacts the structure and function of this ecosystem. The smoke and particulate matters released from grassland fires significantly influence the atmospheric air quality, ecosystem services and human health. Based on MODIS-MCD64 A1 and data of grass biomass, the biomass consumption of grassland fire and an estimate of the total emission of pollutants released from grassland fire in mainland China from 2001 to 2017 were calculated using emission factor method. The results showed that there was a significant variation in spatial distribution of grass biomass, gradually decreasing from East to West of China. The ignitions of grass fire were unbalanced in space and time, mainly concentrating in March and September. The total ignition, burnt area and biomass consumption of grass fire in mainland China during 2001—2017 were 1.63×10~5, 6.12×10~6 hm~2 and 23.86 Mt. The total emission of CO_2, CO, CH_4, SO_2, NMVOC, NO_x, PM_(2.5), BC, OC and TC was 37.27 Mt, 1.31 Mt, 43.30 kt, 11.05 kt, 287.74 kt, 79.60 kt, 155.82 kt, 9.25 kt, 64.95 kt and 75.54 kt, respectively. The spatial distribution of pollutants was unbalanced, showing an increasing trend in Northeast, North, Central and Southwest of China and a decreasing trend in East and Northeast of China, and significantly decreased in Southern China. The study reveals temporal and spatial variation in concentrations of pollutants released from grassland fires in mainland China and provides scientific evidence to support an understanding of the influence of grassland fire on the local environment.
Fire is an important disturbance factor in the grassland ecosystem and significantly impacts the structure and function of this ecosystem. The smoke and particulate matters released from grassland fires significantly influence the atmospheric air quality, ecosystem services and human health. Based on MODIS-MCD64 A1 and data of grass biomass, the biomass consumption of grassland fire and an estimate of the total emission of pollutants released from grassland fire in mainland China from 2001 to 2017 were calculated using emission factor method. The results showed that there was a significant variation in spatial distribution of grass biomass, gradually decreasing from East to West of China. The ignitions of grass fire were unbalanced in space and time, mainly concentrating in March and September. The total ignition, burnt area and biomass consumption of grass fire in mainland China during 2001—2017 were 1.63×10~5, 6.12×10~6 hm~2 and 23.86 Mt. The total emission of CO_2, CO, CH_4, SO_2, NMVOC, NO_x, PM_(2.5), BC, OC and TC was 37.27 Mt, 1.31 Mt, 43.30 kt, 11.05 kt, 287.74 kt, 79.60 kt, 155.82 kt, 9.25 kt, 64.95 kt and 75.54 kt, respectively. The spatial distribution of pollutants was unbalanced, showing an increasing trend in Northeast, North, Central and Southwest of China and a decreasing trend in East and Northeast of China, and significantly decreased in Southern China. The study reveals temporal and spatial variation in concentrations of pollutants released from grassland fires in mainland China and provides scientific evidence to support an understanding of the influence of grassland fire on the local environment.
引文
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Andreae M O,Merlet P.2001.Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning [J].Global biogeochemical cycles,15(4):955-966
Bodas M,Siman-Tov M,Kreitler S,et al.2018.The role of victimization in shaping households′ preparedness for armed conflicts in Israel[J].Disaster medicine and public health preparedness,12(1):67-75
Bowman D M J S,Balch J K,Artaxo P,et al.2009.Fire in the Earth System [J].Science,324(5926):481-484
Finch J,Marchant R.2011.A palaeoecological investigation into the role of fire and human activity in the development of montane grasslands in East Africa [J].Vegetation History and Archaeobotany,20(2):109-124
Fornacca D,Ren G,Xiao W.2017.Performance of Three MODIS Fire Products (MCD45A1,MCD64A1,MCD14ML),and ESA Fire_CCI in a Mountainous Area of Northwest Yunnan,China,Characterized by Frequent Small Fires [J].Remote Sensing,9(11):1131-1150
傅泽强,杨友孝,戴尔阜.2001.内蒙古干草原火动态及火险气候区划研究[J].中国农业资源与区划,(6):21-25
Gang C,Zhao W,Zhao T,et al.2018.The impacts of land conversion and management measures on the grassland net primary productivity over the Loess Plateau,Northern China [J].Science of the Total Environment,645:827-836
宫大鹏,康峰峰,刘晓东.2018a.新巴尔虎草原火时空分布特征及对气象因子响应[J].北京林业大学学报,40(2):82-89
宫大鹏,李炳怡,刘晓东.2018b.草原火烧严重度燃烧指数的适用性比较分析[J].生态学报,38(7):2434-2441
Goode J G,Yokelson R J,Susott R A,et al.1999.Trace gas emissions from laboratory biomass fires measured by open‐path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy:Fires in grass and surface fuels [J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,104(D17):21237-21245
Hantson S,Padilla M,Corti D,et al.2013.Strengths and weaknesses of MODIS hotspots to characterize global fire occurrence [J].Remote Sensing of Environment,131:152-159
IPCC.1997.Quantifying Uncertainties in Practice,Chapter 6.In:Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories [M].Bracknell:IES,IPCC,OECD
Jin Q,Ma X,Wang G,et al.2018.Dynamics of major air pollutants from crop residue burning in mainland China,2000—2014 [J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,70:195-206
靳全锋,陈磊,黄娟,等.2016.甲醛对富贵竹的生理生化响应[J].环境科学与技术,39(8):45-50
靳全锋,马祥庆,王文辉,等.2017a.中国亚热带地区2000—2014年林火排放颗粒物时空动态变化[J].环境科学学报,37(6):2238-2247
靳全锋,王文辉,马祥庆,等.2017b.福建省2000—2010年林火排放污染物时空动态变化[J].中国环境科学,37(2):476-485
靳全锋,鞠园华,杨夏捷,等.2017c.2005—2014年内蒙古草地火灾排放污染物的时空格局[J].草业学报,26(2):21-29
靳全锋,叶文晶,沈培福,等.2019.浙江2001—2016年露天生物质燃烧排放污染物时空格局[J].环境科学学报,39(1):259-269
Kato E,Michio K Y,Kinoshita T,et al.2011.Development of spatially explicit emission scenario from land-use change and biomass burning for the input data of climate projection [J].Procedia Environmental Sciences,6(1).146-152
Kok J F,Ward D S,Mahowald N M,et al.2018.Global and regional importance of the direct dust-climate feedback[J].Nature Communications,9(1):241
Konovalov I B,Lvova D A,Beekmann M,et al.2018.Estimation of black carbon emissions from Siberian fires using satellite observations of absorption and extinction optical depths [J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions,18(20):14889-14924
Li N,Zhang J,Bao Y,et al.2018.Himawari-8 satellite based dynamic monitoring of grassland fire in China-Mongolia Border Regions [J].Sensors,18(1):276-290
Lia O,Matsuura T,Munemasa S,et al.2018.The mechanism of SO2‐induced stomatal closure differs from O3 and CO2 responses and is mediated by non‐apoptotic cell death in guard cells [J].Plant,Cell & Environment,https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.13406
Liu M,Zhao J,Guo X,et al.2017.Study on Climate and Grassland Fire in HulunBuir,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,China [J].Sensors,17(3):616-629
Liu X,Zhang J,Cai W,et al.2010.Information diffusion-based spatio-temporal risk analysis of grassland fire disaster in northern China [J].Knowledge-Based Systems,23(1):53-60
陆炳,孔少飞,韩斌,等.2011.2007年中国大陆地区生物质燃烧排放污染物清单[J].中国环境科学,31 (2):186-194
Mehmood K,Chang S,Yu S,et al.2018.Spatial and temporal distributions of air pollutant emissions from open crop straw and biomass burnings in China from 2002 to 2016 [J].Environmental Chemistry Letters,16(1):301-309
Mouillot F,Schultz M G,Yue C,et al.2014.Ten years of global burned area products from spaceborne remote sensing-A review:Analysis of user needs and recommendations for future developments [J].International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation,26:64-79
Mu S J,Zhou S X,Chen Y Z,et al.2013.Assessing the impact of restoration-induced land conversion and management alternatives on net primary productivity in Inner Mongolian grassland,China [J].Global and Planetary Change,108:29-41
Piao S,Fang J,Zhou L,et al.2007.Changes in biomass carbon stocks in China′s grasslands between 1982 and 1999 [J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,21(2):1-10
朴世龙,方精云,贺金生,等.2001.中国草地植被生物量及其空间分布格局[J].植物生态学报,28(4):491-498
曲炤鹏,郑淑霞,白永飞.2010.蒙古高原草原火行为的时空格局与影响因子[J].应用生态学报,21(4):807-813
Ruiz J A M,Lázaro J R G,Cano I D á,et al.2014.Burned area mapping in the north american boreal forest using Terra-MODIS LTDR (2001—2011):A Comparison with the MCD45A1,MCD64A1 and BA GEOLAND-2 Products [J].Remote Sensing,6(1):815-840
Schiferl L D,Heald C L.2018.Particulate matter air pollution may offset ozone damage to global crop production [J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,18(8):5953-5966
Schultz M G,Heil A,Hoelzemann J J,et al.2008.Global wildland fire emissions from 1960 to 2000 [J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,22(2):1-13
Shen H H,Zhu Y K,Zhao X,et al.2016.Analysis of current grassland resources in China [J].Chinese Science Bulletin,61(2):139-154
Torlak G,Sevkli M,Sanal M,et al.2011.Analyzing business competition by using fuzzy TOPSIS method:An example of Turkish domestic airline industry [J].Expert Systems with Applications An International Journal,38(4):3396-3406
Urbanski S.2014.Wildland fire emissions,carbon,and climate:Emission factors[J].Forest Ecology and Management,317:51-60
Van D W G R,Randerson J T,Giglio L,et al.2006.Interannual variability of global biomass burning emissions from 1997 to 2004 [J].Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics Discussions,6(2):3175-3226
Van G R,Randerson J T,Giglio L,et al.2010.Global fire emissions and the contribution of deforestation,savanna,forest,agricultural,and peat fires (1997—2009) [J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,10(23):11707-11735
Wang J,Xi F,Liu Z,et al.2018.The spatiotemporal features of greenhouse gases emissions from biomass burning in China from 2000 to 2012 [J].Journal of Cleaner Production,181:801-808
Wu J,Kong S,Wu F,et al.2018.Estimating the open biomass burning emissions in Central and Eastern China from 2003 to 2015 based on satellite observation [J].Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics,18(16):11623-11646
Wiedinmyer C,Akagi S K,Yokelson R J,et al.2011.The Fire INventory from NCAR (FINN):A high resolution global model to estimate the emissions from open burning[J].Geoscientific Model Development,4(3):625-641
Yan X,Ohara T,Akimoto H.2006.Bottom-up estimate of biomass burning in mainland China [J].Atmospheric Environment,40(27):5262-5273
张正祥,张洪岩,李冬雪,等.2013.呼伦贝尔草原人为火空间分布格局[J].生态学报,33(7):2023-2031
中国畜牧业年鉴编辑部.2013.中国畜牧业年鉴2013[M].北京:中国农业出版社
Tong Z,Zhang J,Liu X.2009.GIS-based risk assessment of grassland fire disaster in western Jilin province,China [J].Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment,23(4):463-471
周怀林,王玉辉,周广胜.2016.内蒙古草原火的时空动态特征研究[J].草业学报,25(4):16-25
Zhou W,Yang H,Zhou L,et al.2018.Dynamics of grassland carbon sequestration and its coupling relation with hydrothermal factor of Inner Mongolia [J].Ecological Indicators,95:1-11
Zhou X C,Wang X Q.2006.Validate and improvement on arithmetic of identifying forest fire based on EOS-MODIS data [J].Remote Sensing Technology & Application,21(3):206-211
Zhou Y,Xing X,Lang J,et al.2017.A comprehensive biomass burning emission inventory with high spatial and temporal resolution in China [J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,https://doi.10.5194/acp-2016-560
Andreae M O,Merlet P.2001.Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning [J].Global biogeochemical cycles,15(4):955-966
Bodas M,Siman-Tov M,Kreitler S,et al.2018.The role of victimization in shaping households′ preparedness for armed conflicts in Israel[J].Disaster medicine and public health preparedness,12(1):67-75
Bowman D M J S,Balch J K,Artaxo P,et al.2009.Fire in the Earth System [J].Science,324(5926):481-484
Finch J,Marchant R.2011.A palaeoecological investigation into the role of fire and human activity in the development of montane grasslands in East Africa [J].Vegetation History and Archaeobotany,20(2):109-124
Fornacca D,Ren G,Xiao W.2017.Performance of Three MODIS Fire Products (MCD45A1,MCD64A1,MCD14ML),and ESA Fire_CCI in a Mountainous Area of Northwest Yunnan,China,Characterized by Frequent Small Fires [J].Remote Sensing,9(11):1131-1150
傅泽强,杨友孝,戴尔阜.2001.内蒙古干草原火动态及火险气候区划研究[J].中国农业资源与区划,(6):21-25
Gang C,Zhao W,Zhao T,et al.2018.The impacts of land conversion and management measures on the grassland net primary productivity over the Loess Plateau,Northern China [J].Science of the Total Environment,645:827-836
宫大鹏,康峰峰,刘晓东.2018a.新巴尔虎草原火时空分布特征及对气象因子响应[J].北京林业大学学报,40(2):82-89
宫大鹏,李炳怡,刘晓东.2018b.草原火烧严重度燃烧指数的适用性比较分析[J].生态学报,38(7):2434-2441
Goode J G,Yokelson R J,Susott R A,et al.1999.Trace gas emissions from laboratory biomass fires measured by open‐path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy:Fires in grass and surface fuels [J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,104(D17):21237-21245
Hantson S,Padilla M,Corti D,et al.2013.Strengths and weaknesses of MODIS hotspots to characterize global fire occurrence [J].Remote Sensing of Environment,131:152-159
IPCC.1997.Quantifying Uncertainties in Practice,Chapter 6.In:Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories [M].Bracknell:IES,IPCC,OECD
Jin Q,Ma X,Wang G,et al.2018.Dynamics of major air pollutants from crop residue burning in mainland China,2000—2014 [J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,70:195-206
靳全锋,陈磊,黄娟,等.2016.甲醛对富贵竹的生理生化响应[J].环境科学与技术,39(8):45-50
靳全锋,马祥庆,王文辉,等.2017a.中国亚热带地区2000—2014年林火排放颗粒物时空动态变化[J].环境科学学报,37(6):2238-2247
靳全锋,王文辉,马祥庆,等.2017b.福建省2000—2010年林火排放污染物时空动态变化[J].中国环境科学,37(2):476-485
靳全锋,鞠园华,杨夏捷,等.2017c.2005—2014年内蒙古草地火灾排放污染物的时空格局[J].草业学报,26(2):21-29
靳全锋,叶文晶,沈培福,等.2019.浙江2001—2016年露天生物质燃烧排放污染物时空格局[J].环境科学学报,39(1):259-269
Kato E,Michio K Y,Kinoshita T,et al.2011.Development of spatially explicit emission scenario from land-use change and biomass burning for the input data of climate projection [J].Procedia Environmental Sciences,6(1).146-152
Kok J F,Ward D S,Mahowald N M,et al.2018.Global and regional importance of the direct dust-climate feedback[J].Nature Communications,9(1):241
Konovalov I B,Lvova D A,Beekmann M,et al.2018.Estimation of black carbon emissions from Siberian fires using satellite observations of absorption and extinction optical depths [J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions,18(20):14889-14924
Li N,Zhang J,Bao Y,et al.2018.Himawari-8 satellite based dynamic monitoring of grassland fire in China-Mongolia Border Regions [J].Sensors,18(1):276-290
Lia O,Matsuura T,Munemasa S,et al.2018.The mechanism of SO2‐induced stomatal closure differs from O3 and CO2 responses and is mediated by non‐apoptotic cell death in guard cells [J].Plant,Cell & Environment,https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.13406
Liu M,Zhao J,Guo X,et al.2017.Study on Climate and Grassland Fire in HulunBuir,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,China [J].Sensors,17(3):616-629
Liu X,Zhang J,Cai W,et al.2010.Information diffusion-based spatio-temporal risk analysis of grassland fire disaster in northern China [J].Knowledge-Based Systems,23(1):53-60
陆炳,孔少飞,韩斌,等.2011.2007年中国大陆地区生物质燃烧排放污染物清单[J].中国环境科学,31 (2):186-194
Mehmood K,Chang S,Yu S,et al.2018.Spatial and temporal distributions of air pollutant emissions from open crop straw and biomass burnings in China from 2002 to 2016 [J].Environmental Chemistry Letters,16(1):301-309
Mouillot F,Schultz M G,Yue C,et al.2014.Ten years of global burned area products from spaceborne remote sensing-A review:Analysis of user needs and recommendations for future developments [J].International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation,26:64-79
Mu S J,Zhou S X,Chen Y Z,et al.2013.Assessing the impact of restoration-induced land conversion and management alternatives on net primary productivity in Inner Mongolian grassland,China [J].Global and Planetary Change,108:29-41
Piao S,Fang J,Zhou L,et al.2007.Changes in biomass carbon stocks in China′s grasslands between 1982 and 1999 [J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,21(2):1-10
朴世龙,方精云,贺金生,等.2001.中国草地植被生物量及其空间分布格局[J].植物生态学报,28(4):491-498
曲炤鹏,郑淑霞,白永飞.2010.蒙古高原草原火行为的时空格局与影响因子[J].应用生态学报,21(4):807-813
Ruiz J A M,Lázaro J R G,Cano I D á,et al.2014.Burned area mapping in the north american boreal forest using Terra-MODIS LTDR (2001—2011):A Comparison with the MCD45A1,MCD64A1 and BA GEOLAND-2 Products [J].Remote Sensing,6(1):815-840
Schiferl L D,Heald C L.2018.Particulate matter air pollution may offset ozone damage to global crop production [J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,18(8):5953-5966
Schultz M G,Heil A,Hoelzemann J J,et al.2008.Global wildland fire emissions from 1960 to 2000 [J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,22(2):1-13
Shen H H,Zhu Y K,Zhao X,et al.2016.Analysis of current grassland resources in China [J].Chinese Science Bulletin,61(2):139-154
Torlak G,Sevkli M,Sanal M,et al.2011.Analyzing business competition by using fuzzy TOPSIS method:An example of Turkish domestic airline industry [J].Expert Systems with Applications An International Journal,38(4):3396-3406
Urbanski S.2014.Wildland fire emissions,carbon,and climate:Emission factors[J].Forest Ecology and Management,317:51-60
Van D W G R,Randerson J T,Giglio L,et al.2006.Interannual variability of global biomass burning emissions from 1997 to 2004 [J].Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics Discussions,6(2):3175-3226
Van G R,Randerson J T,Giglio L,et al.2010.Global fire emissions and the contribution of deforestation,savanna,forest,agricultural,and peat fires (1997—2009) [J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,10(23):11707-11735
Wang J,Xi F,Liu Z,et al.2018.The spatiotemporal features of greenhouse gases emissions from biomass burning in China from 2000 to 2012 [J].Journal of Cleaner Production,181:801-808
Wu J,Kong S,Wu F,et al.2018.Estimating the open biomass burning emissions in Central and Eastern China from 2003 to 2015 based on satellite observation [J].Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics,18(16):11623-11646
Wiedinmyer C,Akagi S K,Yokelson R J,et al.2011.The Fire INventory from NCAR (FINN):A high resolution global model to estimate the emissions from open burning[J].Geoscientific Model Development,4(3):625-641
Yan X,Ohara T,Akimoto H.2006.Bottom-up estimate of biomass burning in mainland China [J].Atmospheric Environment,40(27):5262-5273
张正祥,张洪岩,李冬雪,等.2013.呼伦贝尔草原人为火空间分布格局[J].生态学报,33(7):2023-2031
中国畜牧业年鉴编辑部.2013.中国畜牧业年鉴2013[M].北京:中国农业出版社
Tong Z,Zhang J,Liu X.2009.GIS-based risk assessment of grassland fire disaster in western Jilin province,China [J].Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment,23(4):463-471
周怀林,王玉辉,周广胜.2016.内蒙古草原火的时空动态特征研究[J].草业学报,25(4):16-25
Zhou W,Yang H,Zhou L,et al.2018.Dynamics of grassland carbon sequestration and its coupling relation with hydrothermal factor of Inner Mongolia [J].Ecological Indicators,95:1-11
Zhou X C,Wang X Q.2006.Validate and improvement on arithmetic of identifying forest fire based on EOS-MODIS data [J].Remote Sensing Technology & Application,21(3):206-211
Zhou Y,Xing X,Lang J,et al.2017.A comprehensive biomass burning emission inventory with high spatial and temporal resolution in China [J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,https://doi.10.5194/acp-2016-560
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