城市生活垃圾露天焚烧排放PM_(2.5)中重金属污染特征及其暴露健康风险
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摘要
利用烟气稀释采样系统,针对不同功能区城市生活垃圾(MSW)样品,分别考虑桶内焚烧和自然堆积焚烧两种常见露天焚烧方式,对城市生活垃圾露天焚烧排放PM2. 5中重金属的污染特征及其居民暴露健康风险进行分析和评估.结果表明,5种不同组分垃圾焚烧排放的重金属中,锌(Zn)含量均为最高,可达1 324. 03～3 703. 12 mg·kg~(-1),镉(Cd)含量最低,为20. 25～63. 68 mg·kg~(-1);地累积指数结果显示,铅(Pb)、Zn、砷(As)和Cd的污染程度较高,自然堆积焚烧下均已达中度及以上污染水平,Cd的地累积污染指数远大于5;人体健康风险评估结果表明,8种重金属(Pb、Zn、Cu、Mn、As、Cd、Cr和Ni)经呼吸暴露的非致癌风险值均小于1,属于安全范围内;自然堆积焚烧下,As和Pb对儿童经皮肤接触的非致癌总风险值大于1,存在非致癌风险; 4种致癌元素(As、Cd、Cr和Ni)的致癌风险值均小于1. 0×10~(-4),但若长期处于这种环境下,会存在较低的潜在致癌风险.
The characteristics and health risk assessment for heavy metal pollutants in PM2. 5 discharged from the open burning of municipal solid waste( MSW) in different functional areas were studied using a flue gas diluted sampling system. The two common open burning modes of barrel and natural pile-up burning were considered. The results show that the concentration of zinc( Zn) was the highest among the heavy metals produced by five different components of waste incineration,ranging from 1 324. 03 to 3 703. 12 mg·kg-1. The concentration of cadmium( Cd) was the lowest,ranging from 20. 25 to 63. 68 mg·kg-1. According to the geoaccumulation index,lead( Pb),Zn,arsenic( As),and Cd were highly polluted in the measured MSW samples,and all four of these metals reached moderate or higher levels of pollution under natural pile-up burning methods. The geo-accumulation index of Cd was much higher than 5. The results of the human health risk assessment showed that non-carcinogenic risk values for 8 heavy metals( Pb,Zn,Cu,Mn,As,Cd,Cr,and Ni) by respiratory exposure were less than 1,which is within the safe range. For natural pile-up burning,the total non-carcinogenic risk values for As and Pb for children were higher than 1,indicating a non-carcinogenic risk. The carcinogenic risk values for four carcinogenic elements( As,Cd,Cr,and Ni) were less than 1. 0 × 10-4,but still represented a low potential carcinogenic risk under exposure for long periods of time.
The characteristics and health risk assessment for heavy metal pollutants in PM2. 5 discharged from the open burning of municipal solid waste( MSW) in different functional areas were studied using a flue gas diluted sampling system. The two common open burning modes of barrel and natural pile-up burning were considered. The results show that the concentration of zinc( Zn) was the highest among the heavy metals produced by five different components of waste incineration,ranging from 1 324. 03 to 3 703. 12 mg·kg-1. The concentration of cadmium( Cd) was the lowest,ranging from 20. 25 to 63. 68 mg·kg-1. According to the geoaccumulation index,lead( Pb),Zn,arsenic( As),and Cd were highly polluted in the measured MSW samples,and all four of these metals reached moderate or higher levels of pollution under natural pile-up burning methods. The geo-accumulation index of Cd was much higher than 5. The results of the human health risk assessment showed that non-carcinogenic risk values for 8 heavy metals( Pb,Zn,Cu,Mn,As,Cd,Cr,and Ni) by respiratory exposure were less than 1,which is within the safe range. For natural pile-up burning,the total non-carcinogenic risk values for As and Pb for children were higher than 1,indicating a non-carcinogenic risk. The carcinogenic risk values for four carcinogenic elements( As,Cd,Cr,and Ni) were less than 1. 0 × 10-4,but still represented a low potential carcinogenic risk under exposure for long periods of time.
引文
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[6] Srum L,Frandsen F J,Hustad J E. On the fate of heavy metals in municipal solid waste combustion PartⅠ:devolatilisation of heavy metals on the grate[J]. Fuel,2003,82(18):2273-2283.
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[10]李建陶,曾鸣.生活垃圾焚烧飞灰矿物学特性及重金属分布[J].环境科学,2018,39(10):4834-4840.Li J T,Zeng M. Mineralogy characteristics and heavy metal distribution of MSWI fly ash[J]. Environmental Science,2018,39(10):4834-4840.
[11] Zhou J Z,Wu S M,Pan Y,et al. Enrichment of heavy metals in fine particles of municipal solid waste incinerator(MSWI)fly ash and associated health risk[J]. Waste Management,2015,43:239-246.
[12]陈江,费勇,马鑫雨,等.燃煤与垃圾焚烧飞灰中细颗粒物PM2. 5的重金属元素风险评价[J].中国粉体技术,2016,22(2):104-107.Chen J,Fei Y,Ma X Y,et al. Risk assessment on heavy metal elements of fine particulate matter PM2. 5in fly ash origin from coal and waste incineration[J]. China Powder Science and Technology,2016,22(2):104-107.
[13] Zhang H L,Chen Y H,Qi J Y,et al. Characterization of heavy metals in the surrounding of municipal solid waste incinerator(MSWI)and health risks assessment via inhalation in Shenzhen Nanshan,China[J]. Advanced Materials Research,2013,790:425-428.
[14]齐剑英,张海龙,方建德,等.垃圾焚烧设施周边环境空气重金属分布特征及呼吸暴露风险[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(S1):113-118.Qi J Y,Zhang H L,Fang J D,et al. Characterization of airborne particulate metals in the surroundings of a municipal solid waste incinerator(MSWI)in the Nanshan Shenzhen and health risk assessment via inhalation exposure[J]. China Environmental Science,2013,33(S1):113-118.
[15]刘军,赵金平,杨立辉,等.南方典型生活垃圾焚烧设施环境呼吸暴露风险评估[J].生态环境学报,2016,25(3):440-446.Liu J,Zhao J P,Yang L H,et al. Inhalation exposure risk assessment of a typical municipal solid waste incinerator,south China[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2016,25(3):440-446.
[16]郭彦海,孙许超,张士兵,等.上海某生活垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤重金属污染特征、来源分析及潜在生态风险评价[J].环境科学,2017,38(12):5262-5271.Guo Y H,Sun X C,Zhang S B,et al. Pollution characteristics,source analysis and potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in soils surrounding a municipal solid waste incineration plant in Shanghai[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(12):5262-5271.
[17] Ma W C, Tai L Y, Qiao Z, et al. Contamination source apportionment and health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil around municipal solid waste incinerator:a case study in North China[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2018,631-632:348-357.
[18]王俊坚,赵宏伟,钟秀萍,等.垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤重金属浓度水平及空间分布[J].环境科学,2011,32(1):298-304.Wang J J,Zhao H W,Zhong X P,et al. Concentration levels and spatial distribution of heavy metals in soil surrounding a municipal solid waste incineration plant(Shenzhen)[J].Environmental Science,2011,32(1):298-304.
[19] CJ/T 313-2009,生活垃圾采样和分析方法[S].CJ/T 313-2009,Sampling and analysis methods for domestic waste[S].
[20]王艳,郝炜伟,程轲,等.城市生活垃圾露天焚烧PM2. 5及其组分排放特征[J].环境科学,2018,39(8):3518-3523.Wang Y,Hao W W,Cheng K,et al. Emission characteristics and chemical components of PM2. 5from open burning of municipal solid waste[J]. Environmental Science,2018,39(8):3518-3523.
[21]薛园园,刘国红,田海娇,等.电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定PM2. 5中的重金属元素[J].广州化学,2016,41(3):45-48,69.Xue Y Y,Liu G H,Tian H J,et al. Determination of heavy metal elements in PM2. 5in Taiyuan by ICP-MS[J]. Guangzhou Chemistry,2016,41(3):45-48,69.
[22]中国环境监测总站.中国土壤元素背景值[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990. 12-13.
[23] Li P H,Kong S F,Geng C M,et al. Assessing the hazardous risks of vehicle inspection workers'exposure to particulate heavy metals in their work places[J]. Aerosol and Air Quality Research,2013,13(1):255-265.
[24]李友平,刘慧芳,周洪,等.成都市PM2. 5中有毒重金属污染特征及健康风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(7):2225-2232.Li Y P,Liu H F,Zhou H,et al. Contamination characteristics and health risk assessment of toxic heavy metals in PM2. 5in Chengdu[J]. China Environmental Science,2015,35(7):2225-2232.
[25] DB11/T 656-2009,场地环境评价导则[S].DB11/T 656-2009, Environmental site assessment guideline[S].
[26] United States Environmental Protection Agency(US EPA). Risk assessment guidance for superfund volume I human health evaluation manual(Part A)[R]. Washington, DC, USA:Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, U. S.Environmental Protection Agency,1989.
[27] United States Environmental Protection Agency(US EPA). Risk assessment guidance for superfund:volume III-Part A,process for conducting probabilistic risk assessment[R]. EPA 540-R-02-002,Washington,DC,USA:Office of Emergency and Remedial Response,U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,2001.
[28] United States Environmental Protection Agency(US EPA).Supplemental guidance for developing soil screening levels for superfund sites[R]. Washington, DC, USA:Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,2002.
[29] Cheng Z,Chen L J,Li H H,et al. Characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals exposure via household dust from urban area in Chengdu, China[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2018,619-620:621-629.
[30] Huang C L,Bao L J,Luo P,et al. Potential health risk for residents around a typical e-waste recycling zone via inhalation of size-fractionated particle-bound heavy metals[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2016,317:449-456.
[31]李越洋,姬亚芹,王士宝,等.天津市春季道路降尘PM2. 5中重金属污染特征及健康风险评价[J].环境科学研究,2018,31(5):853-859.Li Y Y,Ji Y Q,Wang S B,et al. Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of PM2. 5-bound heavy metals in road dust deposition during Spring in Tianjin City[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2018,31(5):853-859.
[32] Liu Y X,Li S S,Sun C Y,et al. Pollution level and health risk assessment of PM2. 5-bound metals in Baoding City before and after the heating period[J]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2018,15(10):2286.
[2] Lu J W,Zhang S K,Hai J,et al. Status and perspectives of municipal solid waste incineration in China:a comparison with developed regions[J]. Waste Management,2017,69:170-186.
[3] Zhang H,He P J,Shao L M. Fate of heavy metals during municipal solid waste incineration in Shanghai[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2008,156(1-3):365-373.
[4] Wang Y,Cheng K,Wu W D,et al. Atmospheric emissions of typical toxic heavy metals from open burning of municipal solid waste in China[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2017,152:6-15.
[5] Kumari K,Kumar S,Rajagopal V,et al. Emission from open burning of municipal solid waste in India[J]. Environmental Technology,2017,27:1-14.
[6] Srum L,Frandsen F J,Hustad J E. On the fate of heavy metals in municipal solid waste combustion PartⅠ:devolatilisation of heavy metals on the grate[J]. Fuel,2003,82(18):2273-2283.
[7] Nagpure A S,Ramaswami A,Russell A. Characterizing the spatial and temporal patterns of open burning of municipal solid waste(MSW)in Indian Cities[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2015,49(21):12904-12912.
[8] Estrellan C R,Iino F. Toxic emissions from open burning[J].Chemosphere,2010,80(3):193-207.
[9] Li T,Wan Y,Ben Y J,et al. Relative importance of different exposure routes of heavy metals for humans living near a municipal solid waste incinerator[J]. Environmental Pollution,2017,226:385-393.
[10]李建陶,曾鸣.生活垃圾焚烧飞灰矿物学特性及重金属分布[J].环境科学,2018,39(10):4834-4840.Li J T,Zeng M. Mineralogy characteristics and heavy metal distribution of MSWI fly ash[J]. Environmental Science,2018,39(10):4834-4840.
[11] Zhou J Z,Wu S M,Pan Y,et al. Enrichment of heavy metals in fine particles of municipal solid waste incinerator(MSWI)fly ash and associated health risk[J]. Waste Management,2015,43:239-246.
[12]陈江,费勇,马鑫雨,等.燃煤与垃圾焚烧飞灰中细颗粒物PM2. 5的重金属元素风险评价[J].中国粉体技术,2016,22(2):104-107.Chen J,Fei Y,Ma X Y,et al. Risk assessment on heavy metal elements of fine particulate matter PM2. 5in fly ash origin from coal and waste incineration[J]. China Powder Science and Technology,2016,22(2):104-107.
[13] Zhang H L,Chen Y H,Qi J Y,et al. Characterization of heavy metals in the surrounding of municipal solid waste incinerator(MSWI)and health risks assessment via inhalation in Shenzhen Nanshan,China[J]. Advanced Materials Research,2013,790:425-428.
[14]齐剑英,张海龙,方建德,等.垃圾焚烧设施周边环境空气重金属分布特征及呼吸暴露风险[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(S1):113-118.Qi J Y,Zhang H L,Fang J D,et al. Characterization of airborne particulate metals in the surroundings of a municipal solid waste incinerator(MSWI)in the Nanshan Shenzhen and health risk assessment via inhalation exposure[J]. China Environmental Science,2013,33(S1):113-118.
[15]刘军,赵金平,杨立辉,等.南方典型生活垃圾焚烧设施环境呼吸暴露风险评估[J].生态环境学报,2016,25(3):440-446.Liu J,Zhao J P,Yang L H,et al. Inhalation exposure risk assessment of a typical municipal solid waste incinerator,south China[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2016,25(3):440-446.
[16]郭彦海,孙许超,张士兵,等.上海某生活垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤重金属污染特征、来源分析及潜在生态风险评价[J].环境科学,2017,38(12):5262-5271.Guo Y H,Sun X C,Zhang S B,et al. Pollution characteristics,source analysis and potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in soils surrounding a municipal solid waste incineration plant in Shanghai[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(12):5262-5271.
[17] Ma W C, Tai L Y, Qiao Z, et al. Contamination source apportionment and health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil around municipal solid waste incinerator:a case study in North China[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2018,631-632:348-357.
[18]王俊坚,赵宏伟,钟秀萍,等.垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤重金属浓度水平及空间分布[J].环境科学,2011,32(1):298-304.Wang J J,Zhao H W,Zhong X P,et al. Concentration levels and spatial distribution of heavy metals in soil surrounding a municipal solid waste incineration plant(Shenzhen)[J].Environmental Science,2011,32(1):298-304.
[19] CJ/T 313-2009,生活垃圾采样和分析方法[S].CJ/T 313-2009,Sampling and analysis methods for domestic waste[S].
[20]王艳,郝炜伟,程轲,等.城市生活垃圾露天焚烧PM2. 5及其组分排放特征[J].环境科学,2018,39(8):3518-3523.Wang Y,Hao W W,Cheng K,et al. Emission characteristics and chemical components of PM2. 5from open burning of municipal solid waste[J]. Environmental Science,2018,39(8):3518-3523.
[21]薛园园,刘国红,田海娇,等.电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定PM2. 5中的重金属元素[J].广州化学,2016,41(3):45-48,69.Xue Y Y,Liu G H,Tian H J,et al. Determination of heavy metal elements in PM2. 5in Taiyuan by ICP-MS[J]. Guangzhou Chemistry,2016,41(3):45-48,69.
[22]中国环境监测总站.中国土壤元素背景值[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990. 12-13.
[23] Li P H,Kong S F,Geng C M,et al. Assessing the hazardous risks of vehicle inspection workers'exposure to particulate heavy metals in their work places[J]. Aerosol and Air Quality Research,2013,13(1):255-265.
[24]李友平,刘慧芳,周洪,等.成都市PM2. 5中有毒重金属污染特征及健康风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(7):2225-2232.Li Y P,Liu H F,Zhou H,et al. Contamination characteristics and health risk assessment of toxic heavy metals in PM2. 5in Chengdu[J]. China Environmental Science,2015,35(7):2225-2232.
[25] DB11/T 656-2009,场地环境评价导则[S].DB11/T 656-2009, Environmental site assessment guideline[S].
[26] United States Environmental Protection Agency(US EPA). Risk assessment guidance for superfund volume I human health evaluation manual(Part A)[R]. Washington, DC, USA:Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, U. S.Environmental Protection Agency,1989.
[27] United States Environmental Protection Agency(US EPA). Risk assessment guidance for superfund:volume III-Part A,process for conducting probabilistic risk assessment[R]. EPA 540-R-02-002,Washington,DC,USA:Office of Emergency and Remedial Response,U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,2001.
[28] United States Environmental Protection Agency(US EPA).Supplemental guidance for developing soil screening levels for superfund sites[R]. Washington, DC, USA:Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,2002.
[29] Cheng Z,Chen L J,Li H H,et al. Characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals exposure via household dust from urban area in Chengdu, China[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2018,619-620:621-629.
[30] Huang C L,Bao L J,Luo P,et al. Potential health risk for residents around a typical e-waste recycling zone via inhalation of size-fractionated particle-bound heavy metals[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2016,317:449-456.
[31]李越洋,姬亚芹,王士宝,等.天津市春季道路降尘PM2. 5中重金属污染特征及健康风险评价[J].环境科学研究,2018,31(5):853-859.Li Y Y,Ji Y Q,Wang S B,et al. Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of PM2. 5-bound heavy metals in road dust deposition during Spring in Tianjin City[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2018,31(5):853-859.
[32] Liu Y X,Li S S,Sun C Y,et al. Pollution level and health risk assessment of PM2. 5-bound metals in Baoding City before and after the heating period[J]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2018,15(10):2286.
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