纳米硫酸铅对小球藻的毒性
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摘要
纳米铅颗粒是大气细颗粒物的重要组分之一,目前对其植物毒性机制所知甚少。本研究以纳米硫酸铅(nano-PbSO_4)为例,以普通小球藻作为受试生物,通过比较nano-PbSO_4和铅离子(Pb~(2+))对小球藻形貌及生长率的影响,阐明二者毒性效应差异;通过测定nano-PbSO_4在培养基中的Pb~(2+)溶出率,探讨其毒性效应机制。结果表明:nano-PbSO_4附着于小球藻表面,使其表面明显凹陷; nano-PbSO_4对普通小球藻生长的抑制率随浓度增大而升高,符合两参数非线性函数Logit模型。相同浓度nano-PbSO_4对小球藻生长的抑制明显低于Pb~(2+),半数效应浓度为后者的4.2倍。Nano-PbSO_4(0.01～1 mmol·L~(-1))在培养基中的Pb~(2+)溶出率仅为0.31%～0.81%,说明nano-PbSO_4对小球藻毒性效应主要由纳米颗粒的毒性效应导致,溶出的Pb~(2+)对毒性的贡献较小。本研究可为纳米Pb污染物的生态风险评价提供参考。
Lead nanoparticles are major pollutants adsorbed to atmospheric fine particles. The phytotoxicity of lead nanoparticles is largely unknown. Here,the toxicity of lead nanoparticles to Chlorella vulgaris was investigated by taking lead sulfate nanoparticles( nano-PbSO_4) as a model. The morphology and growth inhibition of C. vulgaris exposed to nano-PbSO_4 or lead ion( Pb~(2+)) were examined to elucidate the toxic effects. The concentration of Pb~(2+)in the culture medium containing nano-PbSO_4 was analyzed to probe the toxicity mechanism. The results showed that C. vulgaris cells were sunken and shrunken after being exposed to nano-PbSO_4,with visible nanoparticle aggregation on the surface. The inhibition on the growth of C. vulgaris increased with the increases of nano-PbSO_4 concentration and followed the nonlinear Logit model. The inhibition of nano-PbSO_4 to the growth of C. vulgaris was significantly lower than that of corresponding concentration of Pb~(2+),with the median effective concentration being 4.2 times of that of Pb~(2+). Only0.31%-0.81% of the nano-PbSO_4( 0.01-1 mmol·L~(-1)) was dissolved into Pb~(2+)in the culture medium,indicating that the toxicity of nano-PbSO_4 was mainly attributed to the nano-effects with minor contribution of dissolved Pb~(2+). Our results provide reference for ecological risk assessment of lead nanoparticles.
Lead nanoparticles are major pollutants adsorbed to atmospheric fine particles. The phytotoxicity of lead nanoparticles is largely unknown. Here,the toxicity of lead nanoparticles to Chlorella vulgaris was investigated by taking lead sulfate nanoparticles( nano-PbSO_4) as a model. The morphology and growth inhibition of C. vulgaris exposed to nano-PbSO_4 or lead ion( Pb~(2+)) were examined to elucidate the toxic effects. The concentration of Pb~(2+)in the culture medium containing nano-PbSO_4 was analyzed to probe the toxicity mechanism. The results showed that C. vulgaris cells were sunken and shrunken after being exposed to nano-PbSO_4,with visible nanoparticle aggregation on the surface. The inhibition on the growth of C. vulgaris increased with the increases of nano-PbSO_4 concentration and followed the nonlinear Logit model. The inhibition of nano-PbSO_4 to the growth of C. vulgaris was significantly lower than that of corresponding concentration of Pb~(2+),with the median effective concentration being 4.2 times of that of Pb~(2+). Only0.31%-0.81% of the nano-PbSO_4( 0.01-1 mmol·L~(-1)) was dissolved into Pb~(2+)in the culture medium,indicating that the toxicity of nano-PbSO_4 was mainly attributed to the nano-effects with minor contribution of dissolved Pb~(2+). Our results provide reference for ecological risk assessment of lead nanoparticles.
引文
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郜振颜,颜崇淮,古桂雄.2013.铅对儿童健康的影响.中国儿童保健杂志,21(10):1058-1060.
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陶燕,刘亚梦,米生权,等.2014.大气细颗粒物的污染特征及对人体健康的影响.环境科学学报,34(3):592-597.
田振永,钱春燕,李丽.等.2013.硫酸铅对大鼠心肌Th1/Th2细胞相关细胞因子的影响.环境与职业医学,30(1):21-25.
夏思博.2017.影响纳米材料毒性的关键因素分析.科技经济导刊,(32):33.
徐东群,张文丽,王琰,等.2004.大气颗粒物污染特征研究.中国预防医疗杂志,5(1):7-9.
许敏,颜崇淮.2011.孕期低水平铅暴露与儿童发育行为学的关系.中国儿童保健杂志,19(5):444-447.
王萌,陈世宝,马义兵.2010.纳米材料在污染环境修复中的生态毒性研究进展.应用生态学报,21(11):2986-2991.
王永晓,曹红英,邓雅佳,等.2017.大气颗粒物及降尘中重金属的分布特征与人体健康风险评价.环境科学,38(9):3575-3584.
闫小红,曾建国,周兵,等.2009.10种绿化植物叶片对铅、锌吸收能力的研究.安徽农业科学,37(29):14137-14139.
杨春雪,阚海东,陈仁杰.2011.我国大气颗粒物水平、成分、来源及污染特征.环境与健康杂志,28(8):735-738.
张丽慧,田秋月,朱小勇,等.2017.纳米材料毒性研究进展.辽宁化工,(3):237-238.
张鹏,张海亮,程水源,等.2016.北京市大气细颗粒物污染与来源解析研究.中国环境科学,36(11):3203-3210.
Afkar E,Ababna H,Fathi AA.2010.Toxicological response of the green alga Chlorella vulgaris to some heavy metals.American Journal of Environmental Sciences,6:230-237.
Chen PY,Powell BA,Mortimer M,et al.2012.Adaptive interactions between zinc oxide nanoparticles and Chlorella sp.Environmental Science&Technology,46:12178-12185.
Cornejo-Garrido H,Kibanova D,Nieto-Camacho A.2011.Oxidative stress,cytoxicity,and cellmortality induced by nano-sized lead in aqueous suspensions.Chemosphere,84:1329-1335.
Ji J,Long ZF,Lin DH,et al.2011.Toxicity of oxide nanoparticles to the green algae Chlorella sp.Chemical Engineering Journal,170:525-530.
Lubick N.2008.Nanosilver toxicity:Ions,nanoparticles or both?Environmental Science&Technology,42:8617.
Luz D,Saul D,Silva D,et al.2016.Efficiency of Neutral Red,Evans Blue and MTT to assess viability of the freshwater microalgae Desmodesmus communis and Pediastrum boryanum.Phycological Research,64:56-60.
Malar S,Vikram SS,Favas PJC,et al.2014.Lead heavy metal toxicity induced changes on growth and antioxidative enzymes level in water hyacinths[Eichhornia crassipes(Mart.)].Botanical Studies,55:54-65.
Pavgeau MP,Pecjeyran C,Krupp EM,et al.2002.Volatile meal species in coal combustion flue gas.Environmental Science&Technology,36:1561-1573.
Sharma P,Dubey RS.2005.Lead toxicity in plants.Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology,17:35-52.
Smith KR,Recendez JJ,Kim S,et al.2003.Airborne particles of the California central valley alter the lungs of healthy adult rats.Environmental Health Perspectives,111:902-908.
Sun MQ,Yu QL,Hu MY,et al.2014.Lead sulfide nanoparticles increase cell wall chitin content and induce apoptosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.Journal of Hazardous Materials,273:7-16.
陈源,谢绍东,罗彬,等.2017.重庆市主城区大气细颗粒污染特征与来源解析.环境科学学报,37(7):2420-2430.
国颖.2017.浅析影响纳米材料毒性的关键因素.科技风,(26):198-198.
郜振颜,颜崇淮,古桂雄.2013.铅对儿童健康的影响.中国儿童保健杂志,21(10):1058-1060.
李娟.2012.多种农药对沉积物中微生物及发光菌的毒性研究(硕士学位论文).北京:华北电力大学.
李彦鹏,刘鹏霞,谢铮胜,等.2018.霾污染天气大气微生物气溶胶特性的研究进展.科学通报,63(10):940-953.
梁淑英,夏尚光,胡海波.2008.南京市15种树木叶片对铅锌的吸收吸附能力.城市环境与城市生态,(5):21-24.
林奇颜,金培,陈立奇,等.2014.基于单颗粒气溶胶质谱技术的厦门细颗粒谱分布研究.现代科学仪器,(2):93-98.
刘娜,熊德琪,高会.2007.四种常见油品对小球藻的毒性效应研究.第三届全国环境化学学术大会论文集,563-564.
钱春燕,李丽,高知义.等.2011.大气细颗粒物及铅化合物对大鼠肺及血液的毒性.环境与职业医学,28(1):20-24.
沈健,齐龙浩,潘伟.等.2005.亚微米级氧化铝水溶液浆料研究.稀有金属材料与工程,34(z1):566-569.
苏红,高晶,尹镜雯,等.2015.纳米铅和常规铅暴露对仔鼠海马及皮质氧化损伤的比较研究.环境与健康杂志,32(1):14-17.
汤莉莉,江蓉馨,王月华,等.2016.2013年1月南京强霾时期大气细颗粒物污染特征分析.环境工程,34(3):86-92.
陶燕,刘亚梦,米生权,等.2014.大气细颗粒物的污染特征及对人体健康的影响.环境科学学报,34(3):592-597.
田振永,钱春燕,李丽.等.2013.硫酸铅对大鼠心肌Th1/Th2细胞相关细胞因子的影响.环境与职业医学,30(1):21-25.
夏思博.2017.影响纳米材料毒性的关键因素分析.科技经济导刊,(32):33.
徐东群,张文丽,王琰,等.2004.大气颗粒物污染特征研究.中国预防医疗杂志,5(1):7-9.
许敏,颜崇淮.2011.孕期低水平铅暴露与儿童发育行为学的关系.中国儿童保健杂志,19(5):444-447.
王萌,陈世宝,马义兵.2010.纳米材料在污染环境修复中的生态毒性研究进展.应用生态学报,21(11):2986-2991.
王永晓,曹红英,邓雅佳,等.2017.大气颗粒物及降尘中重金属的分布特征与人体健康风险评价.环境科学,38(9):3575-3584.
闫小红,曾建国,周兵,等.2009.10种绿化植物叶片对铅、锌吸收能力的研究.安徽农业科学,37(29):14137-14139.
杨春雪,阚海东,陈仁杰.2011.我国大气颗粒物水平、成分、来源及污染特征.环境与健康杂志,28(8):735-738.
张丽慧,田秋月,朱小勇,等.2017.纳米材料毒性研究进展.辽宁化工,(3):237-238.
张鹏,张海亮,程水源,等.2016.北京市大气细颗粒物污染与来源解析研究.中国环境科学,36(11):3203-3210.
Afkar E,Ababna H,Fathi AA.2010.Toxicological response of the green alga Chlorella vulgaris to some heavy metals.American Journal of Environmental Sciences,6:230-237.
Chen PY,Powell BA,Mortimer M,et al.2012.Adaptive interactions between zinc oxide nanoparticles and Chlorella sp.Environmental Science&Technology,46:12178-12185.
Cornejo-Garrido H,Kibanova D,Nieto-Camacho A.2011.Oxidative stress,cytoxicity,and cellmortality induced by nano-sized lead in aqueous suspensions.Chemosphere,84:1329-1335.
Ji J,Long ZF,Lin DH,et al.2011.Toxicity of oxide nanoparticles to the green algae Chlorella sp.Chemical Engineering Journal,170:525-530.
Lubick N.2008.Nanosilver toxicity:Ions,nanoparticles or both?Environmental Science&Technology,42:8617.
Luz D,Saul D,Silva D,et al.2016.Efficiency of Neutral Red,Evans Blue and MTT to assess viability of the freshwater microalgae Desmodesmus communis and Pediastrum boryanum.Phycological Research,64:56-60.
Malar S,Vikram SS,Favas PJC,et al.2014.Lead heavy metal toxicity induced changes on growth and antioxidative enzymes level in water hyacinths[Eichhornia crassipes(Mart.)].Botanical Studies,55:54-65.
Pavgeau MP,Pecjeyran C,Krupp EM,et al.2002.Volatile meal species in coal combustion flue gas.Environmental Science&Technology,36:1561-1573.
Sharma P,Dubey RS.2005.Lead toxicity in plants.Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology,17:35-52.
Smith KR,Recendez JJ,Kim S,et al.2003.Airborne particles of the California central valley alter the lungs of healthy adult rats.Environmental Health Perspectives,111:902-908.
Sun MQ,Yu QL,Hu MY,et al.2014.Lead sulfide nanoparticles increase cell wall chitin content and induce apoptosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.Journal of Hazardous Materials,273:7-16.
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