渝西地区镉轻度污染稻田安全利用技术
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摘要
渝西地区是重庆市粮食主产区,区域土壤污染特征为以镉(Cd)为主的轻中度污染区.选择该区域酸性和钙质两类典型紫色稻田土壤,开展了低累积水稻品种联合钝化剂的田间原位修复试验,比较了水稻低累积品种常两优772联合使用硅钙肥、铁粉、生物质炭和秸秆有机肥4种钝化剂的修复效果.结果表明:①在酸性和钙质两类紫色稻田土壤上,除Fe粉外的其他3种钝化剂均提高了水稻稻谷产量,酸性紫色稻田土壤上以秸秆有机肥效果最好,增产47. 43%;而在钙质稻田土壤上则以生物质炭最好,增产23. 95%.②酸性紫色稻田土壤(p H=4. 75)上单纯低累积水稻品种不能满足水稻安全生产要求,联合钝化剂施用稻米Cd含量降幅为14. 81%～54. 88%,除硅钙肥外其他3种钝化剂稻米Cd含量均达到安全食用标准(0. 2mg·kg-1,GB 2762-2017);而钙质紫色稻田土壤(p H=7. 77)上不同处理稻米Cd含量在0. 012～0. 030 mg·kg-1之间,均未超过安全标准,但施用钝化剂(除生物质炭外)仍然可使稻米Cd含量降低,降幅为26. 67%～59. 00%.③钝化剂影响Cd在稻株体内的转运.以酸性土壤为例,硅钙肥可降低茎中Cd向糙米的转运,Fe粉和生物质炭可减少根部Cd的富集并降低茎中Cd向糙米的转运,秸秆有机肥可降低根系Cd向茎中的转运.④添加4种钝化剂均能促进土壤Cd向残渣态转化,降低土壤中有效Cd含量,进而降低了水稻各器官中Cd的积累.在酸性土壤中生物质炭对土壤Cd的钝化效果最好,钙质土壤中则是秸秆有机肥钝化效果最好.⑤酸性土壤上硅钙肥和秸秆有机肥显著提升了酸性土壤p H值和有机质含量,相应地土壤有效Cd含量降低了39. 45%和34. 69%;在钙质土壤上此现象则不明显.
The western Chongqing region is the main grain-producing area in Chongqing. This region's soils are characterized by lightto-moderate cadmium( Cd) pollution. Two types of typical paddy soils in this area( acidic and calcareous purple soils) were selected for the development of safe rice production techniques using in situ field remediation experiments. These involved a low-Cdaccumulating rice variety( Changliangyou 772) grown either alone or in combination with heavy metal passivators( silicon-calcium fertilizer,iron powder,biochar,and straw organic fertilizer). The results showed that: ① all of the passivators except for the Fe powder increased rice yields from both types of soils. Straw organic fertilizer showed the best results for the acidic purple paddy soil,with a rice-yield increase of 47. 43%,while biochar performed best for the calcareous paddy soil,increasing yields by 23. 95%; ②The low-accumulation rice variety alone could not meet the requirements of safe rice production in the acid purple paddy soil( p H =4. 75); however,combined the with passivators( with the exception of the silicon-calcium fertilizer),Cd content in rice grains was reduced by 14. 81%-54. 88% to within the national safe food standard for rice( 0. 2 mg·kg-1,GB 2762-2017). The Cd content of rice grains varied between 0. 012 and 0. 030 mg·kg-1 in the calcareous purple paddy soil( p H = 7. 77),under various treatments,which was far lower than the safety standard. The application of passivators( with the exception of biomass charcoal) further reduced the Cd content of rice by 26. 67%-59. 00% nevertheless; ③ The use of passivators altered Cd transportation and distribution in the rice plant. Taking the acidic soil as an example,silicon-calcium fertilizer inhibited the transport of Cd from the stems to the rice grains,Fe powder and biochar reduced the enrichment of Cd in roots and inhibited the transport of Cd from the stems to the rice grains,and straw organic fertilizer inhibited the transport of Cd from the roots to the stems; ④ The application of passivators promoted the transformation of soil Cd from labile forms into residual form,reduced the bioavailability of Cd in the soil,and,thus,reduced the accumulation of Cd in the rice plants. In the acidic soil,biochar showed the best effect,while straw organic fertilizer performed best in calcareous soils. ⑤Silicon-calcium fertilizer and straw organic fertilizer significantly increased the p H and organic matter content of acid soils.Consequently,the soil available Cd content decreased by 39. 45% and 34. 69%,respectively,while no such effects were observed for the calcareous soil.
The western Chongqing region is the main grain-producing area in Chongqing. This region's soils are characterized by lightto-moderate cadmium( Cd) pollution. Two types of typical paddy soils in this area( acidic and calcareous purple soils) were selected for the development of safe rice production techniques using in situ field remediation experiments. These involved a low-Cdaccumulating rice variety( Changliangyou 772) grown either alone or in combination with heavy metal passivators( silicon-calcium fertilizer,iron powder,biochar,and straw organic fertilizer). The results showed that: ① all of the passivators except for the Fe powder increased rice yields from both types of soils. Straw organic fertilizer showed the best results for the acidic purple paddy soil,with a rice-yield increase of 47. 43%,while biochar performed best for the calcareous paddy soil,increasing yields by 23. 95%; ②The low-accumulation rice variety alone could not meet the requirements of safe rice production in the acid purple paddy soil( p H =4. 75); however,combined the with passivators( with the exception of the silicon-calcium fertilizer),Cd content in rice grains was reduced by 14. 81%-54. 88% to within the national safe food standard for rice( 0. 2 mg·kg-1,GB 2762-2017). The Cd content of rice grains varied between 0. 012 and 0. 030 mg·kg-1 in the calcareous purple paddy soil( p H = 7. 77),under various treatments,which was far lower than the safety standard. The application of passivators( with the exception of biomass charcoal) further reduced the Cd content of rice by 26. 67%-59. 00% nevertheless; ③ The use of passivators altered Cd transportation and distribution in the rice plant. Taking the acidic soil as an example,silicon-calcium fertilizer inhibited the transport of Cd from the stems to the rice grains,Fe powder and biochar reduced the enrichment of Cd in roots and inhibited the transport of Cd from the stems to the rice grains,and straw organic fertilizer inhibited the transport of Cd from the roots to the stems; ④ The application of passivators promoted the transformation of soil Cd from labile forms into residual form,reduced the bioavailability of Cd in the soil,and,thus,reduced the accumulation of Cd in the rice plants. In the acidic soil,biochar showed the best effect,while straw organic fertilizer performed best in calcareous soils. ⑤Silicon-calcium fertilizer and straw organic fertilizer significantly increased the p H and organic matter content of acid soils.Consequently,the soil available Cd content decreased by 39. 45% and 34. 69%,respectively,while no such effects were observed for the calcareous soil.
引文
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[4]杨祥田,周翠,何贤彪,等.田间试验条件下不同基因型水稻对Cd和Pb的吸收分配特征[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(3):438-444.Yang X T,Zhou C,He X B,et al. Uptake and partition of Cd and Pb among rice genotypes in contaminated paddy soil[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2013,32(3):438-444.
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[8]宁皎莹,周根娣,周春儿,等.农田土壤重金属污染钝化修复技术研究进展[J].杭州师范大学学报(自然科学版),2016,15(2):156-162.Ning J Y,Zhou G D,Zhou C E,et al. Researches on the passivation of heavy metals in agricultural soils:a review[J].Journal of Hangzhou Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2016,15(2):156-162.
[9]罗远恒,顾雪元,吴永贵,等.钝化剂对农田土壤镉污染的原位钝化修复效应研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(5):890-897.Luo Y H,Gu X Y,Wu Y G,et al. In-situ remediation of cadmium-polluted agriculture land using stabilizing amendments[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2014,33(5):890-897.
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