食物系统认知进展及其地理学研究范式探讨
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摘要
食物关系国计民生,中国食物系统面临诸多挑战,耕地资源趋减、环境压力临界、农业劳动力流失、消费需求快速转型等对食物系统功能提出更高要求,地理学的综合性和系统性思维为应对这些问题提供了有效的工具和视角。尽管食物系统得到世界银行、联合国粮农组织以及其他国际各方的高度关注,但目前国内对食物系统的研究却严重不足。论文对食物系统的认知进展进行了深入分析,归纳了食物系统的概念认知历程、类型、特征,梳理出食物系统的研究脉络,包括从"概念"存在到"方法"存在、从线性认知到系统认知、从经济活动到食物景观、从现象描述到时空嵌入等,以此凝练出食物系统的核心内涵与认知进展;在科学哲学范式、人地关系范式、空间范式和系统科学范式指导下,论文遵从"格局—结构—过程—机理"由表及里的研究脉络,进一步探讨了食物系统的时空格局、要素结构、演化过程和发展机理,尝试构建了食物系统的地理学研究范式,研究结论旨在为推动食物系统视角基础研究和实践应用提供参考和借鉴。
Food is related to the national economy and people's livelihood. China's food system is facing many challenges. The reduction of cultivated land resources, criticality of environmental pressures, loss of agricultural workforce, and rapid transformation of consumer demand have placed higher demands on food system functions.At the present in China, food system research is insufficient and the research content is fragmented, which cannot meet the needs and challenges of the society today. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the evolving concept of food system, summarizing the conceptual issues and types and characteristics of food systems. It then examines the progress of food system research, which evolved from concepts to methods, from a linear to a systematic recognition of the concept, from economic activities to food landscapes, from phenomenon descriptions to spatiotemporal analysis, among others, to consolidate the core connotation of the food system.Under the guidance of the human-environmental relationship paradigm, the spatial paradigm, the philosophy of science paradigms, and the systematic science paradigm, and following the path of "pattern-structure-processmechanism," the spatial and temporal patterns, factor structure, evolution process, and development mechanism of food systems are further explored. The aim of this study is to construct a geographical paradigm of food system research. It intends to provide some references for promoting basic research and practical applications of a food system perspective.
Food is related to the national economy and people's livelihood. China's food system is facing many challenges. The reduction of cultivated land resources, criticality of environmental pressures, loss of agricultural workforce, and rapid transformation of consumer demand have placed higher demands on food system functions.At the present in China, food system research is insufficient and the research content is fragmented, which cannot meet the needs and challenges of the society today. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the evolving concept of food system, summarizing the conceptual issues and types and characteristics of food systems. It then examines the progress of food system research, which evolved from concepts to methods, from a linear to a systematic recognition of the concept, from economic activities to food landscapes, from phenomenon descriptions to spatiotemporal analysis, among others, to consolidate the core connotation of the food system.Under the guidance of the human-environmental relationship paradigm, the spatial paradigm, the philosophy of science paradigms, and the systematic science paradigm, and following the path of "pattern-structure-processmechanism," the spatial and temporal patterns, factor structure, evolution process, and development mechanism of food systems are further explored. The aim of this study is to construct a geographical paradigm of food system research. It intends to provide some references for promoting basic research and practical applications of a food system perspective.
引文
丁建军,冷志明.2018.区域贫困的地理学分析[J].地理学报,73(2):232-247.[Ding J J,Leng Z M.2018.Regional poverty analysis in a view of geography science.Acta Geographica Sinica,73(2):232-247.]
樊杰.2014.人地系统可持续过程、格局的前沿探索[J].地理学报,69(8):1060-1068.[Fan J.2014.Frontier approach of the sustainable process and pattern of human-environment system.Acta Geographica Sinica,69(8):1060-1068.]
傅伯杰.2014.地理学综合研究的途径与方法:格局与过程耦合[J].地理学报,69(8):1052-1059.[Fu B J.2014.The integrated studies of geography:Coupling of patterns and processes.Acta Geographica Sinica,69(8):1052-1059.]
傅伯杰.2017.地理学:从知识、科学到决策[J].地理学报,72(11):1923-1932.[Fu B J.2017.Geography:From knowledge,science to decision making support.Acta Geographica Sinica,72(11):1923-1932.]
傅伯杰,冷疏影,宋长青.2015.新时期地理学的特征与任务[J].地理科学,35(8):939-945.[Fu B J,Leng S Y,Song CQ.2015.The characteristics and tasks of geography in the new era.Scientia Geographica Sinica,35(8):939-945.]
高桥正郎.1999.日本食物体系与农业(续)[J].中国食物与营养,(4):17-20.[Takahashi A.1999.Japanese food system and agriculture(continued).Food and Nutrition in China,(4):17-20.]
高庆彦,潘玉君,朱海燕,等.2013.20世纪初叶以来中国地理学研究范式特征与发展[J].热带地理,33(5):628-635.[Gao Q Y,Pan Y J,Zhu H Y,et al.2013.Characteristics and development of paradigms in Chinese geography since the early years of the 20th century.Tropical Geography,33(5):628-635.]
郭华,王灵恩.2018.国外食物系统研究综述及借鉴[J].自然资源学报,33(6):992-1002.[Guo H,Wang L E.2018.Areview of foreign food system research.Journal of Natural Resources,33(6):992-1002.]
李双成,王羊,蔡运龙.2010.复杂性科学视角下的地理学研究范式转型[J].地理学报,65(11):1315-1324.[Li S C,Wang Y,Cai Y L.2010.The paradigm transformation of geography from the perspective of complexity sciences.Acta Geographica Sinica,65(11):1315-1324.]
陆大道.2015.地理科学的价值与地理学者的情怀[J].地理学报,70(10):1539-1551.[Lu D D.2015.The value of geographical science and the feelings of geographers.Acta Geographica Sinica,70(10):1539-1551.]
陆大道,郭来喜.1998.地理学的研究核心:人地关系地域系统:论吴传钧院士的地理学思想与学术贡献[J].地理学报,53(2):97-105.[Lu D D,Guo L X.1998.Man-earth areal system:The core of geographical study on the geographical thoughts and academic contributions of Academician Wu Chuanjun.Acta Geographica Sinica,53(2):97-105.]
宋长青.2016.地理学研究范式的思考[J].地理科学进展,35(1):1-3.[Song C Q.2016.On paradigms of geographical research.Progress in Geography,35(1):1-3.]
托马斯·库恩.2012.科学革命的结构[M].金吾伦,等,译.4版.北京:北京大学出版社.[Kuhn S.2012.The structure of scientific revolution.Translated by Jin W L et al.4th edition.Beijing,China:Peking University Press.]
吴传钧.1991.论地理学的研究核心:人地关系地域系统[J].经济地理,11(3):1-6.[Wu C J.1991.The core of geographical study:Man-earth areal system.Economic Geography,11(3):1-6.]
张秋柳,安玉发.2010.国外食品系统理论发展及其借鉴[J].商业研究,397(5):198-205.[Zhang Q L,AN Y F.2010.The development of foreign food systems and its enlightenment to China.Commercial Research,397(5):198-205.]
Angela M,et al.2011.Cultivating resilience:A food system blueprint that advances the health of Iowans,farms and communities[R].Iowa,USA:The University of Northern Iowa Center.
Blaypalmer A,Santini G,Dubbeling M,et al.2018.Validating the city region food system approach:Enacting inclusive,transformational city region food systems[J].Sustainability,10(5):1680-1703.
Carlsson L,Callaghan E,Morley A,et al.2017.Food system sustainability across scales:A proposed local-to-global approach to community planning and assessment[J].Sustainability,9(6):1047-1061.
Cash D W,Adger W N,Berkes F,et al.2006.Scale and crossscale dynamics:Governance and information in a multilevel world[J].Ecology&Society,11(2):3213-3217.
Davis J,Goldberg R.1957.A concept of Agribusiness[M].Boston,USA:Harvard Business School Press.
Dixon J.1999.A cultural economy model for studying food systems[J].Agriculture&Human Values,16(2):151-160.
Eakin H,Mahanti A,Rueda X.2015.Governance challenges in telecoupled food systems[R].San Francisco,USA:AGU Fall Meeting.
Ericksen P J,Stewart B,Dixon J,et al.2010.The value of a food system approach[M].London,UK:Earthscan Publications.
FAO,IFAD,WFP.2015.The state of food insecurity in the world 2015:Meeting the 2015 international hunger targets:Taking stock of uneven progress[R].Rome,Italy:FAO.
Friedland W H.1984.Commodity systems analysis:An approach to the sociology of agriculture[J].Research in Rural Sociology&Development,55(1):221-235.
Friedmann H,McMichael P.1989.Agriculture and the state system:The rise and decline of national agricultures,1870to the present[J].Sociologia Ruralis,29(2):93-117.
Friis C,Nielsen J?,Otero I,et al.2016.From teleconnection to telecoupling:Taking stock of an emerging framework in land system science[J].Journal of Land Use Science,11(2):131-153.
Gladek E,Fraser M,Roemers G,et al.2016.The global food system:An analysis[R].Amsterdam,Netherland.
Henderson J,Dicken P,Hess M,et al.2002.Global production networks and the analysis of economic development[J].Review of International Political Economy,9:436-464.doi:10.1080/09692290210150842.
HLPE.2014.Food losses and waste in the context of sustainable food systems[R].High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security.Rome,Italy.
HLPE.2017.Nutrition and food systems[R].High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security.Rome,Italy.
IFPRI.2015.Global nutrition report:actions and accountability to advance nutrition and sustainable development[R].Washington DC,USA:IFPRI.
Ingram J.2011.A food systems approach to researching food security and its interactions with global environmental change[J].Food Security,3(4):417-431.
Ingram J,Gregory P,Brklacich M.2005.Global environmental change and food systems:Science plan and implementation strategy[R].Wallingford,USA:Earth System Science Partnership(ESSP).
Johnston R.1986.Philosophy and human geography[M].London,UK:Edward Arnold Publishers.
Kim C K,Curry J.1993.Fordism,fexible specialization and agri-industrial restructuring:The case of the US Broiler industry[J].Sociologia Ruralis,33(1):61-80.
Lefebvre H.1991.The production of space[M].Oxford,USA:Blackwell Press.
Marion B W.1986.The organization and performance of the U.S.food system[M].Lexington,USA:Lexington Books.
Maxwell S,Slater R.2003.Food policy old and new[J].Development Policy Review,21(5-6):531-553.
McMichael P.2000.The power of food[J].Agriculture&Human Values,17(1):21-33.
Millington J,Xiong H,Peterson S,et al.2017.Integrating modelling approaches for understanding telecoupling:Global food trade and local land use[J].Land,6(3).doi:10.3390/land6030056.
Morgan K,Sonnino R.2010.The urban foodscape:World cities and the new food equation[J].Cambridge Journal of Regions Economy&Society,3(2):209-224.
Moscatelli S,Bilali H E,Gamboni M,et al.2016.Towards sustainable food systems:A holistic,interdisciplinary and systemic approach[J].AgroFor International Journal,1(1):103-112.doi:10.7251/AGRENG1601103M.
Pir A.2009.In search of a resilient food system:A qualitative study of the transition town Totnes Food Group[R].Blindern Oslo:Centre for Development and the Environment University of Oslo,Blindern,Norway.
Senauer B,Asp E,Kinsey J.1991.Food trends and the changing consumer[M].St.Paul,USA:Eagan Press.
Sobal J,Khan L K,Bisogni C.1998.A conceptual model of the food and nutrition system[J].Social Science&Medicine,47(7):853-863.
Tefft J,Morgan A,Adjao R.2017.Food system for an urbanizing world:Knowledge product[R].Washington DC,USA:World Bank&FAO.
Traill B.1989.Prospects for the European food system[M].London,UK:Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd.
Westhoek H,Ingram J,Van Berkum S,et al.2016.Food systems and natural resources[R].A Report of the Working Group on Food Systems of the International Resource Panel.Nairobi,Kenya:UNEP.
World Bank.2015.Ending poverty and hunger by 2030:An agenda for the global food system[R].Washington DC,USA:World Bank.
樊杰.2014.人地系统可持续过程、格局的前沿探索[J].地理学报,69(8):1060-1068.[Fan J.2014.Frontier approach of the sustainable process and pattern of human-environment system.Acta Geographica Sinica,69(8):1060-1068.]
傅伯杰.2014.地理学综合研究的途径与方法:格局与过程耦合[J].地理学报,69(8):1052-1059.[Fu B J.2014.The integrated studies of geography:Coupling of patterns and processes.Acta Geographica Sinica,69(8):1052-1059.]
傅伯杰.2017.地理学:从知识、科学到决策[J].地理学报,72(11):1923-1932.[Fu B J.2017.Geography:From knowledge,science to decision making support.Acta Geographica Sinica,72(11):1923-1932.]
傅伯杰,冷疏影,宋长青.2015.新时期地理学的特征与任务[J].地理科学,35(8):939-945.[Fu B J,Leng S Y,Song CQ.2015.The characteristics and tasks of geography in the new era.Scientia Geographica Sinica,35(8):939-945.]
高桥正郎.1999.日本食物体系与农业(续)[J].中国食物与营养,(4):17-20.[Takahashi A.1999.Japanese food system and agriculture(continued).Food and Nutrition in China,(4):17-20.]
高庆彦,潘玉君,朱海燕,等.2013.20世纪初叶以来中国地理学研究范式特征与发展[J].热带地理,33(5):628-635.[Gao Q Y,Pan Y J,Zhu H Y,et al.2013.Characteristics and development of paradigms in Chinese geography since the early years of the 20th century.Tropical Geography,33(5):628-635.]
郭华,王灵恩.2018.国外食物系统研究综述及借鉴[J].自然资源学报,33(6):992-1002.[Guo H,Wang L E.2018.Areview of foreign food system research.Journal of Natural Resources,33(6):992-1002.]
李双成,王羊,蔡运龙.2010.复杂性科学视角下的地理学研究范式转型[J].地理学报,65(11):1315-1324.[Li S C,Wang Y,Cai Y L.2010.The paradigm transformation of geography from the perspective of complexity sciences.Acta Geographica Sinica,65(11):1315-1324.]
陆大道.2015.地理科学的价值与地理学者的情怀[J].地理学报,70(10):1539-1551.[Lu D D.2015.The value of geographical science and the feelings of geographers.Acta Geographica Sinica,70(10):1539-1551.]
陆大道,郭来喜.1998.地理学的研究核心:人地关系地域系统:论吴传钧院士的地理学思想与学术贡献[J].地理学报,53(2):97-105.[Lu D D,Guo L X.1998.Man-earth areal system:The core of geographical study on the geographical thoughts and academic contributions of Academician Wu Chuanjun.Acta Geographica Sinica,53(2):97-105.]
宋长青.2016.地理学研究范式的思考[J].地理科学进展,35(1):1-3.[Song C Q.2016.On paradigms of geographical research.Progress in Geography,35(1):1-3.]
托马斯·库恩.2012.科学革命的结构[M].金吾伦,等,译.4版.北京:北京大学出版社.[Kuhn S.2012.The structure of scientific revolution.Translated by Jin W L et al.4th edition.Beijing,China:Peking University Press.]
吴传钧.1991.论地理学的研究核心:人地关系地域系统[J].经济地理,11(3):1-6.[Wu C J.1991.The core of geographical study:Man-earth areal system.Economic Geography,11(3):1-6.]
张秋柳,安玉发.2010.国外食品系统理论发展及其借鉴[J].商业研究,397(5):198-205.[Zhang Q L,AN Y F.2010.The development of foreign food systems and its enlightenment to China.Commercial Research,397(5):198-205.]
Angela M,et al.2011.Cultivating resilience:A food system blueprint that advances the health of Iowans,farms and communities[R].Iowa,USA:The University of Northern Iowa Center.
Blaypalmer A,Santini G,Dubbeling M,et al.2018.Validating the city region food system approach:Enacting inclusive,transformational city region food systems[J].Sustainability,10(5):1680-1703.
Carlsson L,Callaghan E,Morley A,et al.2017.Food system sustainability across scales:A proposed local-to-global approach to community planning and assessment[J].Sustainability,9(6):1047-1061.
Cash D W,Adger W N,Berkes F,et al.2006.Scale and crossscale dynamics:Governance and information in a multilevel world[J].Ecology&Society,11(2):3213-3217.
Davis J,Goldberg R.1957.A concept of Agribusiness[M].Boston,USA:Harvard Business School Press.
Dixon J.1999.A cultural economy model for studying food systems[J].Agriculture&Human Values,16(2):151-160.
Eakin H,Mahanti A,Rueda X.2015.Governance challenges in telecoupled food systems[R].San Francisco,USA:AGU Fall Meeting.
Ericksen P J,Stewart B,Dixon J,et al.2010.The value of a food system approach[M].London,UK:Earthscan Publications.
FAO,IFAD,WFP.2015.The state of food insecurity in the world 2015:Meeting the 2015 international hunger targets:Taking stock of uneven progress[R].Rome,Italy:FAO.
Friedland W H.1984.Commodity systems analysis:An approach to the sociology of agriculture[J].Research in Rural Sociology&Development,55(1):221-235.
Friedmann H,McMichael P.1989.Agriculture and the state system:The rise and decline of national agricultures,1870to the present[J].Sociologia Ruralis,29(2):93-117.
Friis C,Nielsen J?,Otero I,et al.2016.From teleconnection to telecoupling:Taking stock of an emerging framework in land system science[J].Journal of Land Use Science,11(2):131-153.
Gladek E,Fraser M,Roemers G,et al.2016.The global food system:An analysis[R].Amsterdam,Netherland.
Henderson J,Dicken P,Hess M,et al.2002.Global production networks and the analysis of economic development[J].Review of International Political Economy,9:436-464.doi:10.1080/09692290210150842.
HLPE.2014.Food losses and waste in the context of sustainable food systems[R].High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security.Rome,Italy.
HLPE.2017.Nutrition and food systems[R].High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security.Rome,Italy.
IFPRI.2015.Global nutrition report:actions and accountability to advance nutrition and sustainable development[R].Washington DC,USA:IFPRI.
Ingram J.2011.A food systems approach to researching food security and its interactions with global environmental change[J].Food Security,3(4):417-431.
Ingram J,Gregory P,Brklacich M.2005.Global environmental change and food systems:Science plan and implementation strategy[R].Wallingford,USA:Earth System Science Partnership(ESSP).
Johnston R.1986.Philosophy and human geography[M].London,UK:Edward Arnold Publishers.
Kim C K,Curry J.1993.Fordism,fexible specialization and agri-industrial restructuring:The case of the US Broiler industry[J].Sociologia Ruralis,33(1):61-80.
Lefebvre H.1991.The production of space[M].Oxford,USA:Blackwell Press.
Marion B W.1986.The organization and performance of the U.S.food system[M].Lexington,USA:Lexington Books.
Maxwell S,Slater R.2003.Food policy old and new[J].Development Policy Review,21(5-6):531-553.
McMichael P.2000.The power of food[J].Agriculture&Human Values,17(1):21-33.
Millington J,Xiong H,Peterson S,et al.2017.Integrating modelling approaches for understanding telecoupling:Global food trade and local land use[J].Land,6(3).doi:10.3390/land6030056.
Morgan K,Sonnino R.2010.The urban foodscape:World cities and the new food equation[J].Cambridge Journal of Regions Economy&Society,3(2):209-224.
Moscatelli S,Bilali H E,Gamboni M,et al.2016.Towards sustainable food systems:A holistic,interdisciplinary and systemic approach[J].AgroFor International Journal,1(1):103-112.doi:10.7251/AGRENG1601103M.
Pir A.2009.In search of a resilient food system:A qualitative study of the transition town Totnes Food Group[R].Blindern Oslo:Centre for Development and the Environment University of Oslo,Blindern,Norway.
Senauer B,Asp E,Kinsey J.1991.Food trends and the changing consumer[M].St.Paul,USA:Eagan Press.
Sobal J,Khan L K,Bisogni C.1998.A conceptual model of the food and nutrition system[J].Social Science&Medicine,47(7):853-863.
Tefft J,Morgan A,Adjao R.2017.Food system for an urbanizing world:Knowledge product[R].Washington DC,USA:World Bank&FAO.
Traill B.1989.Prospects for the European food system[M].London,UK:Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd.
Westhoek H,Ingram J,Van Berkum S,et al.2016.Food systems and natural resources[R].A Report of the Working Group on Food Systems of the International Resource Panel.Nairobi,Kenya:UNEP.
World Bank.2015.Ending poverty and hunger by 2030:An agenda for the global food system[R].Washington DC,USA:World Bank.
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