Groundwater Nitrate Contamination and Driving Forces from Intensive Cropland in the North China Plain
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摘要
High nitrate in groundwater is a serious problem especially in highly active agricultural areas.In this paper,the concentration and spatial distribution of groundwater nitrate in cropland area in the North China Plain were assessed by statistical and geostatistical techniques.Nitrate concentration in groundwater reached a maximum of 526.58 mg/L,and 47.2%,21.33% and 11.13% of samples had levels in excess of nitrate safety threshold concentration(50 mg/L) in shallow,middle-deep and deep groundwater,respectively.And NO3-content significantly decreased with groundwater depth.Groundwater nitrate concentrations under vegetable area are significantly higher than ones under grain and orchard.And there are great differences in spatial distribution of nitrate in the North China Plain and pollution hotspot areas are mainly in Shandong Province.Based on both multiple regressions combined with principal component analysis(PCA),significant variables for nitrate variation in three types of ground water were found:population per unit area,percentage of vegetable area,percentage of grain crop area,livestock per unit area,annual precipitation and annual mean temperature for shallow groundwater;population per unit area and percentage of vegetable area for middle-deep groundwater;percentage of vegetable area,percentage of grain crop area and livestock per unit area for deep groundwater.
High nitrate in groundwater is a serious problem especially in highly active agricultural areas.In this paper,the concentration and spatial distribution of groundwater nitrate in cropland area in the North China Plain were assessed by statistical and geostatistical techniques.Nitrate concentration in groundwater reached a maximum of 526.58 mg/L,and 47.2%,21.33% and 11.13% of samples had levels in excess of nitrate safety threshold concentration(50 mg/L) in shallow,middle-deep and deep groundwater,respectively.And NO3-content significantly decreased with groundwater depth.Groundwater nitrate concentrations under vegetable area are significantly higher than ones under grain and orchard.And there are great differences in spatial distribution of nitrate in the North China Plain and pollution hotspot areas are mainly in Shandong Province.Based on both multiple regressions combined with principal component analysis(PCA),significant variables for nitrate variation in three types of ground water were found:population per unit area,percentage of vegetable area,percentage of grain crop area,livestock per unit area,annual precipitation and annual mean temperature for shallow groundwater;population per unit area and percentage of vegetable area for middle-deep groundwater;percentage of vegetable area,percentage of grain crop area and livestock per unit area for deep groundwater.
High nitrate in groundwater is a serious problem especially in highly active agricultural areas.In this paper,the concentration and spatial distribution of groundwater nitrate in cropland area in the North China Plain were assessed by statistical and geostatistical techniques.Nitrate concentration in groundwater reached a maximum of 526.58 mg/L,and 47.2%,21.33% and 11.13% of samples had levels in excess of nitrate safety threshold concentration(50 mg/L) in shallow,middle-deep and deep groundwater,respectively.And NO3-content significantly decreased with groundwater depth.Groundwater nitrate concentrations under vegetable area are significantly higher than ones under grain and orchard.And there are great differences in spatial distribution of nitrate in the North China Plain and pollution hotspot areas are mainly in Shandong Province.Based on both multiple regressions combined with principal component analysis(PCA),significant variables for nitrate variation in three types of ground water were found:population per unit area,percentage of vegetable area,percentage of grain crop area,livestock per unit area,annual precipitation and annual mean temperature for shallow groundwater;population per unit area and percentage of vegetable area for middle-deep groundwater;percentage of vegetable area,percentage of grain crop area and livestock per unit area for deep groundwater.
引文
[1]LU QY,LI CL,LI T.General situation of groundwater pollution in China[J].Journal of Occupational Health and Occupational Diseases in China,2006,24(5):317-320.(in Chinese)．
[2]NOLAN BT,HITT KJ.Vulnerability of shallow groundwater and drinkingwater wells to nitrate in the United States[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2006,40(24):7834-7840．
[3]KAOWN D,HYUN Y,BAE GO,et al.Factors affecting the spatial pattern of nitrate contamination in shallow groundwater[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2007,36(5):1479-1487．
[4]ZHAO JC,LI YZ,YAMASHITA I,et al.Summary on deduction and trace the source methods for ground water nitrate contamination[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2010,26(18):374-378.(in Chinese)．
[5]REKHA PN,KANWAR RS,NAYAK AK,et al.Nitrate leaching to shallow groundwater systems from agricultural fields with different management practices[J].Journal of Environmental Monitoring,2011,13(9):2550-2558．
[6]KNOBELOCH L,KRENZ K,ANDERSON H,et al.Methemoglobinemia in an infant-Wisconsin[R].Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report,1992,42(12):217-219．
[7]GULIS G,CZOMPOLYOVA M,CERHAN JR.An ecologic study of nitrate in municipal drinking water and cancer incidence in Trnava District,Slovakia[J].Environmental Research,2002,88(3):182-187．
[8]JOHNSON PTJ,TOWNSEND AR,CLEVELAND CC,et al.Linking environmental nutrient enrichment and disease emergence in humans and wildlife[J].Ecological Applications,2010,20(1):16-29．
[9]SPALDING RF,EXNER ME.Occurrence of nitrate in groundwater:Areview[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,1993,22(3):392-402．
[10]FABRO AYR，VILA JGP,ALBERICH MVE,et al.Spatial distribution of nitrate health risk associated with groundwater use as drinking water in Merida,Mexico[J].Applied Geography,2015,65:49-57．
[11]BUROW KR,NOLAN BT,RUPERT MG,et al.Nitrate in groundwater of the United States,1991-2003[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2010,44(13):4988-4997．
[12]LI SL,LIU CQ,LANG YC,et al.Tracing the sources of nitrate in karstic groundwater in Zunyi,Southwest China:a combined nitrogen isotope and water chemistry approach[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2010,60(7):1415-1423．
[13]KAUSHAL SS,GROFFMAN PM,BAND LE,et al.Tracking nonpoint source nitrogen pollution in human-impacted watersheds[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2011,45(19):8225-8232．
[14]STIGTER TY,CARVALHO DILL AMM,RIBEIRO L.Major issues regarding the efficiency of monitoring programs for nitrate contaminated groundwater[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2011,45(20):8674-8682．
[15]BRYAN NS,LOSCALZO J.Nitrite and nitrate in human health and disease[M].New York:Humana Press,2011．
[16]DELGADO JA,BAUSCH W.Potential use of precision conservation techniques to reduce nitrate leaching in irrigated crops[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2005,60(6):379-387．
[17]JAYNES DB,HATFIELD JL,MEEK DW.Water quality in Walnut Creek watershed:herbicides and nitrate in surface waters[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,1999,28(1):45-59．
[18]STITES W,KRAFT GJ.Nitrate and chloride loading to groundwater from an irrigated north-central U.S.sand-plain vegetable field[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2001,30:1176-1184．
[19]KANWAR RS,KARLEN DL,CAMBARDELLA CA,et al.Swine manure and N-management systems:impact on groundwater quality.In;Clean water,clean environment,21st century:team agriculture,working to protect water resources[Z].Conf.Proc.,Kansas City,MO.5-8Mar.ASAE,1995,2:91-94．
[20]KARLEN DL,CAMBARDELLA CA,KANWAR RS.Challenges of managing liquid swine manure[J].Applied Engineering in Agriculture,2004,20(5):693-699．
[21]BAKHSH A,KANWAR RS,KARLEN DL.Effects of liquid swine manure applications on NO3-N leaching losses to subsurface drainage water[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2005,109(1-2):118-128．
[22]RANDALL GW,MULLA DJ.Nitrate nitrogen in surface waters as influenced by climatic conditions and agricultural practices[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2001,30(2):337-344．
[23]ZHANG Y,LIU X,ZHANG FS,et al.Spatial and temporal variation of atmospheric nitrogen deposition in the North China Plain[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(6):1633-1638.(in Chinese)．
[24]ZHANG WL,TIAN ZL,ZHANG N,et al.Investigation of nitrate pollution in ground water due to nitrogen fertilization in agriculture in North China[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Sciences,1995,1(2):80-87.(in Chinese)．
[25]TOMER MD,SCHILLING KE,CAMBARDELLA CA,et al.Groundwater nutrient concentrations during prairie reconstruction on an Iowa landscape[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2010,139(1-2):206-213．
[26]EDMUNDS WM.Geochemistry's vital contribution to solving water resource problems[J].Applied Geochemistry,2009,24(6):1058-1073．
[27]DIACONO M,MONTEMURRO F.Long-term effects of organic amendments on soil fertility.A review[J].Agronomy for Sustainable Development,2010,30(2):401-422．
[28]ZHAO TK,ZHANG CJ,DU LF,et al.Investigation on nitrate concentration in groundwater in seven provinces(city)surrounding the Bohai Sea[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2007,26(2):779-783.(in Chinese)．
[29](CMA)C.M.A.Dataset of surface climate data in China.China meteorological data sharing service system[DB/OL].http://cdc.cma.-gov.cn/home.do,2013．
[30]ROWELL DL.Soil science:Methods and applications[M].Harlow:Longman Group,1994．
[31](NBS)N.B.O.S.China statistical yearbook for regional economy[M].Beijing:China Financial and Economic Publishing House,2013．
[32]ROBERTSON GP.GS:Geostatistics for the environmental sciences[M].Plainwell,Michigan:Gamma Design Software,2008．
[33]CAMBARDELLA CA,MOORMAN AT,NOVAK JM,et al.Field-scale variability of soil properties in central lowa soils[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1994,58(5):1501-1511．
[34]MIN LL,YU JJ,SONG RL,et al.Infiltration characteristics under simulated rainfall over Platycladus orientalis land in Taihang mountainous region[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,24(1):28-32,68.(in Chinese)．
[35]KURUNC A,ERSAHIN S,SONMEZ NK,et al.Seasonal changes of spatial variation of some groundwater quality variables in a large irrigated coastal Mediterranean region of Turkey[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,554-555:53-63．
[36]WANG CH,HUANG QW,ZHANG YZ,et al.Evaluation on status of nitrate pollution in vegetables-soils-groundwater system in the open location of vegetables[J].Journal of Hunan Agricultural University(Natural Sciences),2004,30(4):374-377.(in Chinese)．
[37]JALALI M.Geochemistry characterization of groundwater in an agricultural area of Razan,Hamadan,Iran[J].Environmental Geology,2009,56(7):1479-1488．
[38]PASTEN-ZAPATA E,LEDESMA-RUIZ R,HARTER T,et al.Assessment of sources and fate of nitrate in shallow groundwater of an agricultural area by using a multi-tracer approach[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,470-471:855-864．
[39]ADRIANO DC,PRATT PE,BISHOP SE.Nitrate and salt in soils and ground waters from land disposal of dairy manure[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1971,35:759-762．
[40]SALMAN A,AL-QINNA M,AL KUISI M.Spatial analysis of soil and shallow groundwater physicochemical parameters in El-Mujib Basin-central Jordan[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2014,79:366-381．
[41]WANG SQ,TANG CY,SONG XF,et al.Factors contributing to nitrate contamination in a groundwater recharge area of the North China Plain[J].Hydrological Processes,2016,30(13):2271-2285．
[42]GU BJ,GE Y,CHANG SX,et al.Nitrate in groundwater of China:Sources and driving forces[J].Global Environmental Change,2013,3:1112-1121．
[43]HU KL,HUANG YF,LI H,et al.Spatial variability of shallow groundwater level,electrical conductivity and nitrate concentration,and risk assessment of nitrate contamination in North China Plain[J].Environment International,2005,31:896-903．
[44]KURUNC A,ERSAHIN S,UZ BY,et al.Identification of nitrate leaching hot spots in a large area with contrasting soil texture and management[J].Agricultural Water Management,2011,98:1013-1019．
[45]FRIND EO,DUYNISVELD WHM,STREBEL O,et al.Modeling of multicomponent transport with microbial transformation in groundwater:The Fuhrberg case[J].Water Resources Research,1990,26(8):1707-1719．
[46]JALALI M.Nitrates leaching from agricultural land in Hamadan,western Iran[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2005,110:210-218．
[47]SONMEZ I,KAPLAN M,SONMEZ S.Investigation of seasonal changes in nitrate contents of soils and irrigation waters in greenhouses located in Antalya-Demre region[J].Asian Journal of Chemistry,2007,19:5639-5646．
[48]JU XT,KOU CL,CHRISTIE P,et al.Changes in the soil environment from excessive application of fertilizers and manures to two contrasting intensive cropping systems on the North China Plain[J].Environmental Pollution,2007,145(2):497-506.
[2]NOLAN BT,HITT KJ.Vulnerability of shallow groundwater and drinkingwater wells to nitrate in the United States[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2006,40(24):7834-7840．
[3]KAOWN D,HYUN Y,BAE GO,et al.Factors affecting the spatial pattern of nitrate contamination in shallow groundwater[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2007,36(5):1479-1487．
[4]ZHAO JC,LI YZ,YAMASHITA I,et al.Summary on deduction and trace the source methods for ground water nitrate contamination[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2010,26(18):374-378.(in Chinese)．
[5]REKHA PN,KANWAR RS,NAYAK AK,et al.Nitrate leaching to shallow groundwater systems from agricultural fields with different management practices[J].Journal of Environmental Monitoring,2011,13(9):2550-2558．
[6]KNOBELOCH L,KRENZ K,ANDERSON H,et al.Methemoglobinemia in an infant-Wisconsin[R].Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report,1992,42(12):217-219．
[7]GULIS G,CZOMPOLYOVA M,CERHAN JR.An ecologic study of nitrate in municipal drinking water and cancer incidence in Trnava District,Slovakia[J].Environmental Research,2002,88(3):182-187．
[8]JOHNSON PTJ,TOWNSEND AR,CLEVELAND CC,et al.Linking environmental nutrient enrichment and disease emergence in humans and wildlife[J].Ecological Applications,2010,20(1):16-29．
[9]SPALDING RF,EXNER ME.Occurrence of nitrate in groundwater:Areview[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,1993,22(3):392-402．
[10]FABRO AYR，VILA JGP,ALBERICH MVE,et al.Spatial distribution of nitrate health risk associated with groundwater use as drinking water in Merida,Mexico[J].Applied Geography,2015,65:49-57．
[11]BUROW KR,NOLAN BT,RUPERT MG,et al.Nitrate in groundwater of the United States,1991-2003[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2010,44(13):4988-4997．
[12]LI SL,LIU CQ,LANG YC,et al.Tracing the sources of nitrate in karstic groundwater in Zunyi,Southwest China:a combined nitrogen isotope and water chemistry approach[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2010,60(7):1415-1423．
[13]KAUSHAL SS,GROFFMAN PM,BAND LE,et al.Tracking nonpoint source nitrogen pollution in human-impacted watersheds[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2011,45(19):8225-8232．
[14]STIGTER TY,CARVALHO DILL AMM,RIBEIRO L.Major issues regarding the efficiency of monitoring programs for nitrate contaminated groundwater[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2011,45(20):8674-8682．
[15]BRYAN NS,LOSCALZO J.Nitrite and nitrate in human health and disease[M].New York:Humana Press,2011．
[16]DELGADO JA,BAUSCH W.Potential use of precision conservation techniques to reduce nitrate leaching in irrigated crops[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2005,60(6):379-387．
[17]JAYNES DB,HATFIELD JL,MEEK DW.Water quality in Walnut Creek watershed:herbicides and nitrate in surface waters[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,1999,28(1):45-59．
[18]STITES W,KRAFT GJ.Nitrate and chloride loading to groundwater from an irrigated north-central U.S.sand-plain vegetable field[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2001,30:1176-1184．
[19]KANWAR RS,KARLEN DL,CAMBARDELLA CA,et al.Swine manure and N-management systems:impact on groundwater quality.In;Clean water,clean environment,21st century:team agriculture,working to protect water resources[Z].Conf.Proc.,Kansas City,MO.5-8Mar.ASAE,1995,2:91-94．
[20]KARLEN DL,CAMBARDELLA CA,KANWAR RS.Challenges of managing liquid swine manure[J].Applied Engineering in Agriculture,2004,20(5):693-699．
[21]BAKHSH A,KANWAR RS,KARLEN DL.Effects of liquid swine manure applications on NO3-N leaching losses to subsurface drainage water[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2005,109(1-2):118-128．
[22]RANDALL GW,MULLA DJ.Nitrate nitrogen in surface waters as influenced by climatic conditions and agricultural practices[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2001,30(2):337-344．
[23]ZHANG Y,LIU X,ZHANG FS,et al.Spatial and temporal variation of atmospheric nitrogen deposition in the North China Plain[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(6):1633-1638.(in Chinese)．
[24]ZHANG WL,TIAN ZL,ZHANG N,et al.Investigation of nitrate pollution in ground water due to nitrogen fertilization in agriculture in North China[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Sciences,1995,1(2):80-87.(in Chinese)．
[25]TOMER MD,SCHILLING KE,CAMBARDELLA CA,et al.Groundwater nutrient concentrations during prairie reconstruction on an Iowa landscape[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2010,139(1-2):206-213．
[26]EDMUNDS WM.Geochemistry's vital contribution to solving water resource problems[J].Applied Geochemistry,2009,24(6):1058-1073．
[27]DIACONO M,MONTEMURRO F.Long-term effects of organic amendments on soil fertility.A review[J].Agronomy for Sustainable Development,2010,30(2):401-422．
[28]ZHAO TK,ZHANG CJ,DU LF,et al.Investigation on nitrate concentration in groundwater in seven provinces(city)surrounding the Bohai Sea[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2007,26(2):779-783.(in Chinese)．
[29](CMA)C.M.A.Dataset of surface climate data in China.China meteorological data sharing service system[DB/OL].http://cdc.cma.-gov.cn/home.do,2013．
[30]ROWELL DL.Soil science:Methods and applications[M].Harlow:Longman Group,1994．
[31](NBS)N.B.O.S.China statistical yearbook for regional economy[M].Beijing:China Financial and Economic Publishing House,2013．
[32]ROBERTSON GP.GS:Geostatistics for the environmental sciences[M].Plainwell,Michigan:Gamma Design Software,2008．
[33]CAMBARDELLA CA,MOORMAN AT,NOVAK JM,et al.Field-scale variability of soil properties in central lowa soils[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1994,58(5):1501-1511．
[34]MIN LL,YU JJ,SONG RL,et al.Infiltration characteristics under simulated rainfall over Platycladus orientalis land in Taihang mountainous region[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,24(1):28-32,68.(in Chinese)．
[35]KURUNC A,ERSAHIN S,SONMEZ NK,et al.Seasonal changes of spatial variation of some groundwater quality variables in a large irrigated coastal Mediterranean region of Turkey[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,554-555:53-63．
[36]WANG CH,HUANG QW,ZHANG YZ,et al.Evaluation on status of nitrate pollution in vegetables-soils-groundwater system in the open location of vegetables[J].Journal of Hunan Agricultural University(Natural Sciences),2004,30(4):374-377.(in Chinese)．
[37]JALALI M.Geochemistry characterization of groundwater in an agricultural area of Razan,Hamadan,Iran[J].Environmental Geology,2009,56(7):1479-1488．
[38]PASTEN-ZAPATA E,LEDESMA-RUIZ R,HARTER T,et al.Assessment of sources and fate of nitrate in shallow groundwater of an agricultural area by using a multi-tracer approach[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,470-471:855-864．
[39]ADRIANO DC,PRATT PE,BISHOP SE.Nitrate and salt in soils and ground waters from land disposal of dairy manure[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1971,35:759-762．
[40]SALMAN A,AL-QINNA M,AL KUISI M.Spatial analysis of soil and shallow groundwater physicochemical parameters in El-Mujib Basin-central Jordan[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2014,79:366-381．
[41]WANG SQ,TANG CY,SONG XF,et al.Factors contributing to nitrate contamination in a groundwater recharge area of the North China Plain[J].Hydrological Processes,2016,30(13):2271-2285．
[42]GU BJ,GE Y,CHANG SX,et al.Nitrate in groundwater of China:Sources and driving forces[J].Global Environmental Change,2013,3:1112-1121．
[43]HU KL,HUANG YF,LI H,et al.Spatial variability of shallow groundwater level,electrical conductivity and nitrate concentration,and risk assessment of nitrate contamination in North China Plain[J].Environment International,2005,31:896-903．
[44]KURUNC A,ERSAHIN S,UZ BY,et al.Identification of nitrate leaching hot spots in a large area with contrasting soil texture and management[J].Agricultural Water Management,2011,98:1013-1019．
[45]FRIND EO,DUYNISVELD WHM,STREBEL O,et al.Modeling of multicomponent transport with microbial transformation in groundwater:The Fuhrberg case[J].Water Resources Research,1990,26(8):1707-1719．
[46]JALALI M.Nitrates leaching from agricultural land in Hamadan,western Iran[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2005,110:210-218．
[47]SONMEZ I,KAPLAN M,SONMEZ S.Investigation of seasonal changes in nitrate contents of soils and irrigation waters in greenhouses located in Antalya-Demre region[J].Asian Journal of Chemistry,2007,19:5639-5646．
[48]JU XT,KOU CL,CHRISTIE P,et al.Changes in the soil environment from excessive application of fertilizers and manures to two contrasting intensive cropping systems on the North China Plain[J].Environmental Pollution,2007,145(2):497-506.
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