水力压裂井中监测方法不对称压裂裂缝分析
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摘要
针对水力压裂井中监测方法易监测到不对称压裂裂缝及影响压裂评价的问题,提出不对称压裂裂缝解释方法。该方法利用微地震属性与储层的相关性,以表征储层特征的三维地震数据作为中间桥梁,综合区域地质认识,研究了储层对微地震事件空间分布的影响,分析不对称压裂裂缝形成原因,总结微地震事件分布规律,准确评价压裂改造效果,提高储层地质认识,验证地震、地质研究成果,指导油气开发;并从微地震事件震级、b值、压裂施工曲线、监测距离等角度验证分析结果,提高解释的可信度。辽河探区两个应用实例表明,对最大、最小水平主应力差较小的均匀储层,各段压裂裂缝走向大体一致,微地震事件发散,压裂波及宽度大,震级变化范围小;与主应力方向平行或近于平行的天然裂隙或断层可起到压裂诱导作用,促使压裂裂缝优先沿天然裂缝或断层发育,微地震事件集中分布,震级变化范围大。研究结果表明:为提高监测效果,应选择距离合适的监测井,或采用多井监测,避免因监测条件造成不对称压裂裂缝假象;如果监测距离在有效范围内,及时从储层角度查找不对称压裂裂缝形成原因,以指导压裂施工。
Asymmetric fracturing fracture can be easily identified during borehole microseismic monitoring,thus affecting fracture evaluation.We propose an interpretation method for asymmetric hydraulic fracturing fracture to identify the causes of asymmetric hydraulic fracturing fractures.We also accurately reproduce fracture patterns and guide well placement and well pattern optimization.This study utilizes the relevance between microseismic attributes and reservoirs,and uses 3 D seismic data that can characterizes reservoir as an intermediate bridge.In this study,the effect of reservoirs on the spatial distribution of microseismic events is first examined,and the causes of asymmetric hydraulic fracturing fracture are determined.We then summarize the distribution law of microseismic events and evaluate the fracturing effect,thereby enhancing our understanding of reservoir geology.The development of oil and gas could be guided by integrating microseismic attributes,regional geological data,and other data.To improve the validity of interpretation in this study,the parameters of microseismic magnitude,b value,fracturing construction curve,and monitoring distance are used to verify the results of the analysis.Applications of this study in the Liaohe exploration area indicate that for uniform reservoirs with small horizontal principal stress differences,the trend of hydraulic fracturing fracture in each stage is approximately in the same direction.In addition,the microseismic events are divergent,the width of the fracturing spread is large,and the range of magnitude is small.Natural fractures or faults parallel(or nearly parallel) to the direction of the principal stress can act as a fracturing inducer to induce hydraulic fracturing fracture to develop preferentially along natural fracture.Moreover,microseismic events are distributed together and have a greater range of magnitude.A suitable observation well or multi-well monitoring should be used to avoid asymmetric fracturing caused by monitoring conditions and improve the microseismic monitoring effect.If the monitoring distance is within the effective range,the reasons for asymmetric fracturing should be determined from the reservoirs to guide fracturing construction.
Asymmetric fracturing fracture can be easily identified during borehole microseismic monitoring,thus affecting fracture evaluation.We propose an interpretation method for asymmetric hydraulic fracturing fracture to identify the causes of asymmetric hydraulic fracturing fractures.We also accurately reproduce fracture patterns and guide well placement and well pattern optimization.This study utilizes the relevance between microseismic attributes and reservoirs,and uses 3 D seismic data that can characterizes reservoir as an intermediate bridge.In this study,the effect of reservoirs on the spatial distribution of microseismic events is first examined,and the causes of asymmetric hydraulic fracturing fracture are determined.We then summarize the distribution law of microseismic events and evaluate the fracturing effect,thereby enhancing our understanding of reservoir geology.The development of oil and gas could be guided by integrating microseismic attributes,regional geological data,and other data.To improve the validity of interpretation in this study,the parameters of microseismic magnitude,b value,fracturing construction curve,and monitoring distance are used to verify the results of the analysis.Applications of this study in the Liaohe exploration area indicate that for uniform reservoirs with small horizontal principal stress differences,the trend of hydraulic fracturing fracture in each stage is approximately in the same direction.In addition,the microseismic events are divergent,the width of the fracturing spread is large,and the range of magnitude is small.Natural fractures or faults parallel(or nearly parallel) to the direction of the principal stress can act as a fracturing inducer to induce hydraulic fracturing fracture to develop preferentially along natural fracture.Moreover,microseismic events are distributed together and have a greater range of magnitude.A suitable observation well or multi-well monitoring should be used to avoid asymmetric fracturing caused by monitoring conditions and improve the microseismic monitoring effect.If the monitoring distance is within the effective range,the reasons for asymmetric fracturing should be determined from the reservoirs to guide fracturing construction.
引文
[1] 李彦鹏,王熙明,徐刚,等.非常规储层水力压裂微地震成像[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2015:85-89LI Y P,WANG X M,XU G,et al.Microseismic imaging of hydraulic fracturing:Improved engineering of unconventional shale reservoirs[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2015:85-89
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[10] 赵金洲,陈曦宇,李勇明,等.水平井分段多簇压裂模拟分析及射孔优化[J].石油勘探与开发,2017,44(1):117-124ZHAO J Z,CHEN X Y,LI Y M,et al.Numerical simulation of multi-stage fracturing and optimization of perforation in a horizontal well[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2017,44(1):117-124
[11] 赵超峰,张伟,田建涛,等.微地震事件解释实例[J].石油地球物理勘探,2018,53(4):770-777ZHAO C F,ZHANG W,TIAN J T,et al.Interpretation examples of microseismic events[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2018,53(4):770-777
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[14] 杨瑞召,赵争光,彭维军,等.三维地震属性及微地震数据在致密砂岩气藏开发中的综合应用[J].应用地球物理,2013,10(2):157-169YANG R Z,ZHAO Z G,PENG W J,et al.Integrated application of 3D seismic and microseismic data in the development of tight gas reservoirs[J].Applied Geophysics,2013,10(2):157-169
[15] 宋维琪.微地震监测新技术与新方法[M].东营:中国石油大学出版社,2014:97-99SONG W Q.The new technology and method for microseismic monitoring[M].Dongying:China University of Petroleum Press,2014:97-99
[16] 李宏,杨心超,朱海波,等.水力压裂微地震震源定位与震源机制联合反演研究[J].石油物探,2018,57(2):312-320LI H,YANG X C,ZHU H B,et al.Joint inversion of source location and microseismic focal mechanism[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2018,57(2):312-320
[17] 朱海波,杨心超,廖如刚,等.基于微地震裂缝参数反演的解释与应用研究[J].石油物探,2017,56(1):150-157ZHU H B,YANG X C,LIAO R G,et al.Microseismic fracture interpretation and application based on parameters inversion[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2017,56(1):150-157
[18] 侯冰,陈勉,李志猛,等.页岩储集层水力裂缝网络扩展规模评价方法[J].石油勘探与开发,2014,41(6):763-768HOU B,CHEN M,LI Z M,et al.Propagation area evaluation of hydraulic fracture networks in shale gas reservoirs[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2014,41(6):763-768
[19] 陈国庆,赵聪,魏涛,等.基于全应力-应变曲线及起裂应力的岩石脆性特征评价方法[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2018,37(1):51-59CHEN G Q,ZHAO C,WEI T,et al.Evaluation method of brittle characteristics of rock based on full stress-strain curve and crack initiation stress[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2018,37(1):51-59
[20] 延新杰,李连崇,张潦源,等.岩石脆性对水力压裂裂缝影响的数值模拟实验[J].油气地质与采收率,2017,24(3):116-121YAN X J,LI L C,ZHANG L Y,et al.Numerical simulation experiment of the effect of rock brittleness on fracture propagation of hydraulic fracturing[J].Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency,2017,24(3):116-121
[21] 刘勇,方伍宝,李振春,等.基于叠前地震的脆性预测方法及应用研究[J].石油物探,2016,55(3):425-432LIU Y,FANG W B,LI Z C,et al.Brittleness prediction and application based on pre-stack seismic inversion[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2016,55(3):425-432
[22] 李红梅.微地震监测技术在非常规油气藏压裂效果综合评估中的应用[J].油气地质与采收率,2015,22(3):129-134LI H M.Application of micro-seismic monitoring technology to unconventional hydrocarbon reservoir fracturing evaluation[J].Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency,2015,22(3):129-134
[23] 尹陈.基于微震特性的断层检测技术[J].应用地球物理,2017,14(3):363-371YIN C.Fault detection based on microseismic events[J].Applied Geophysics,2017,14(3):363-371
[24] 容娇君,李彦鹏,徐刚,等.微地震裂缝检测技术应用实例[J].石油地球物理勘探,2015,50(5):919-924RONG J J,LI Y P,XU G,et al.Fracture detection with microseismic[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2015,50(5):919-924
[25] MAXWELL S C,JONES M,PARKER R,et al.Fault activationduring hydraulic fracturing[J].Expanded Abstracts of 82nd Annual Internat SEG Mtg,2012:1552-1555
[26] 史海霞,孟令媛,张雪梅,等.汶川地震前的b值变化[J].地球物理学报,2018,61(5):1874-1882SHI H X,MENG L Y,ZHANG X M,et al.Decrease in b value prior to the Wenchuan earthquake (MS8.0)[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2018,61(5):1874-1882
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[2] 马新仿,李宁,尹丛彬,等.页岩水力裂缝扩展形态与声发射解释——以四川盆地志留系龙马溪组页岩为例[J].石油勘探与开发,2017,44(6):974-981MA X F,LI N,YIN C B,et al.Hydraulic fracture propagation geometry and acoustic emission interpretation:A case study of Silurian Longmaxi Formation shale in Sichuan Basin,SW China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2017,44(6):974-981
[3] MAXWELL S C,NORTON M.Enhancing shale gas reservoir characterization using hydraulic fracture microseismic data[J].First Break,2012,30(1):95-101
[4] REFUNJOL X E,MARFURT K J,CALVEZ J L.Inversion and attribute-assisted hydraulically induced microseismic fracture characterization in the North Texas Barnett Shale[J].The Leading Edge,2011,30(3):292-299
[5] 陈勉.页岩气储层水力裂缝转向扩展机制[J].中国石油大学学报:自然科学版,2013,37(5):88-94CHEN M.Re-orientation and propagation of hydraulic fractures in shale gas reservoir[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum:Edition of Natural Science,2013,37(5):88-94
[6] 程万,金衍,陈勉,等.三维空间中水力裂缝穿透天然裂缝的判别准则[J].石油勘探与开发,2014,41(3):336-340CHENG W,JIN Y,CHEN M,et al.A criterion for identifying hydraulic fractures crossing natural fractures in 3D space[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2014,41(3):336-340
[7] STANCHITD S,BURGHARDT J,SURDI A.Hydraulic fracturing of heterogeneous rock monitored by acoustic emission[J].Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering,2015,48(6):2513-2527
[8] 唐晓明,许松,庄春喜,等.基于弹性波速径向变化的岩石脆裂性定量评价[J].石油勘探与开发,2016,43(3):417-424TANG X M,XU S,ZHANG C X,et al.Quantitative evaluation of rock brittleness and fracability based on elastic-wave velocity variation around borehole[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2016,43(3):417-424
[9] 张林,赵喜民,刘池洋,等.沉积作用对水力压裂裂缝缝长的限制作用[J].石油勘探与开发,2008,35(2):201-204ZHANG L,ZHAO X M,LIU C Y,et al.Deposition confines hydraulic fracture length[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2008,35(2):201-204
[10] 赵金洲,陈曦宇,李勇明,等.水平井分段多簇压裂模拟分析及射孔优化[J].石油勘探与开发,2017,44(1):117-124ZHAO J Z,CHEN X Y,LI Y M,et al.Numerical simulation of multi-stage fracturing and optimization of perforation in a horizontal well[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2017,44(1):117-124
[11] 赵超峰,张伟,田建涛,等.微地震事件解释实例[J].石油地球物理勘探,2018,53(4):770-777ZHAO C F,ZHANG W,TIAN J T,et al.Interpretation examples of microseismic events[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2018,53(4):770-777
[12] 李大军,杨晓,王小兰,等.四川盆地W地区龙马溪组页岩气压裂效果评估和产能预测研究[J].石油物探,2017,56(5):735-745LI D J,YANG X,WANG X L,et al.Estimating the fracturing effect and production capacity of the Longmaxi Formation of the Lower Silurian in area W,Sichuan Basin[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2017,56(5):735-745
[13] 赵争光,杨瑞召,孙志明,等.储层岩性对水力裂缝延伸的影响[J].地球物理学进展.2014,29(2):885-888ZHAO Z G,YANG R Z,SUN Z M,et al.Influence of reservoir lithology on hydraulic fracture propagation[J].Progress in Geophysics,2014,29(2):885-888
[14] 杨瑞召,赵争光,彭维军,等.三维地震属性及微地震数据在致密砂岩气藏开发中的综合应用[J].应用地球物理,2013,10(2):157-169YANG R Z,ZHAO Z G,PENG W J,et al.Integrated application of 3D seismic and microseismic data in the development of tight gas reservoirs[J].Applied Geophysics,2013,10(2):157-169
[15] 宋维琪.微地震监测新技术与新方法[M].东营:中国石油大学出版社,2014:97-99SONG W Q.The new technology and method for microseismic monitoring[M].Dongying:China University of Petroleum Press,2014:97-99
[16] 李宏,杨心超,朱海波,等.水力压裂微地震震源定位与震源机制联合反演研究[J].石油物探,2018,57(2):312-320LI H,YANG X C,ZHU H B,et al.Joint inversion of source location and microseismic focal mechanism[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2018,57(2):312-320
[17] 朱海波,杨心超,廖如刚,等.基于微地震裂缝参数反演的解释与应用研究[J].石油物探,2017,56(1):150-157ZHU H B,YANG X C,LIAO R G,et al.Microseismic fracture interpretation and application based on parameters inversion[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2017,56(1):150-157
[18] 侯冰,陈勉,李志猛,等.页岩储集层水力裂缝网络扩展规模评价方法[J].石油勘探与开发,2014,41(6):763-768HOU B,CHEN M,LI Z M,et al.Propagation area evaluation of hydraulic fracture networks in shale gas reservoirs[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2014,41(6):763-768
[19] 陈国庆,赵聪,魏涛,等.基于全应力-应变曲线及起裂应力的岩石脆性特征评价方法[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2018,37(1):51-59CHEN G Q,ZHAO C,WEI T,et al.Evaluation method of brittle characteristics of rock based on full stress-strain curve and crack initiation stress[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2018,37(1):51-59
[20] 延新杰,李连崇,张潦源,等.岩石脆性对水力压裂裂缝影响的数值模拟实验[J].油气地质与采收率,2017,24(3):116-121YAN X J,LI L C,ZHANG L Y,et al.Numerical simulation experiment of the effect of rock brittleness on fracture propagation of hydraulic fracturing[J].Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency,2017,24(3):116-121
[21] 刘勇,方伍宝,李振春,等.基于叠前地震的脆性预测方法及应用研究[J].石油物探,2016,55(3):425-432LIU Y,FANG W B,LI Z C,et al.Brittleness prediction and application based on pre-stack seismic inversion[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2016,55(3):425-432
[22] 李红梅.微地震监测技术在非常规油气藏压裂效果综合评估中的应用[J].油气地质与采收率,2015,22(3):129-134LI H M.Application of micro-seismic monitoring technology to unconventional hydrocarbon reservoir fracturing evaluation[J].Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency,2015,22(3):129-134
[23] 尹陈.基于微震特性的断层检测技术[J].应用地球物理,2017,14(3):363-371YIN C.Fault detection based on microseismic events[J].Applied Geophysics,2017,14(3):363-371
[24] 容娇君,李彦鹏,徐刚,等.微地震裂缝检测技术应用实例[J].石油地球物理勘探,2015,50(5):919-924RONG J J,LI Y P,XU G,et al.Fracture detection with microseismic[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2015,50(5):919-924
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