不同构造生态沟渠的农田面源污染物处理能力及实际应用效果
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摘要
比较研究同一规格(深1. 30 m)、不同构造〔植被(E_草)、沸石填料(E_填)和沟底植被+沸石填料(E_(草+填))〕的3种生态沟渠在模拟动态进水条件下对农田面源铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和悬浮物(SS)等主要污染物的去除效率,并分析采用沟底植被与沸石填料的生态沟渠对模拟降雨径流的实际拦截净化效果。结果表明,在进水污染物ρ(NH_4~+-N)为0. 17～1. 23 mg·L~(-1),ρ(TN)为0. 86～6. 13 mg·L~(-1),ρ(TP)为0. 11～0. 24 mg·L~(-1),ρ(SS)为24. 0～70. 0 mg·L~(-1)条件下,3种构造生态沟渠对NH_4~+-N、TN、TP和SS的去除效率均达到50%以上,其中生态沟渠E_(草+填)对污染物的去除效率最高,NH_4~+-N、TN、TP和SS的总平均去除效率均超过70%,稳定性也相对较强。沟渠中ρ(TN)和ρ(TP)随迁移距离呈指数递减趋势。模拟生态沟渠对降雨径流氮磷去除效率研究结果表明,110 m长的沟底植被与沸石填料生态沟渠在进水污染物低浓度条件下对TN的最终处理效果较好,而在进水污染物高浓度条件下对TP的处理效果较好。在实际应用时,建议因地制宜地选择不同构造的生态沟渠,可进一步提高生态沟渠的拦截净化能力。
In order to understand how ecological ditches,same in depth(1. 30 m)and different in constructions(grass,fillers,grass and fillers),can reduce main agricultural non-point source(NPS)pollutants under the same condition,pollutants removal efficiency were evaluated under dynamic inflow concentration[ρ(NH_4~+-N)=0. 17-1. 23 mg·L~(-1),ρ(TN)=0. 86-6. 13 mg·L~(-1),ρ(TP)=0. 11-0. 24 mg·L~(-1) and ρ(SS)=24. 0-70. 0 mg·L~(-1)]. And the effects of practical application of ecological ditch were also analyzed. Results show that,all the three kind of ecological ditches were quite high in NPS pollutants removal efficiency(>50%),regardless of the difference in construction. Ditch with grass and fillers had the highest pollutant removal efficiency. The mean ammonia nitrogen(NH_4~+-N),total nitrogen(TN),total phosphorus(TP)and suspended substance(SS)removal rates of the ditch were all higher than 70%,and with relatively high stability. The concentrations of TN and TP in the ditch were decreased exponentially along with distance. In simulated rainfall runoff experiment,the final TN removal effect of the actual 110 m ecological ditch was higher under the low inflow TN concentration,while TP removal effect was higher under the high inflow TP concentration. This research is expected to be of great practical guiding significance to the control of agricultural NPS pollution.
In order to understand how ecological ditches,same in depth(1. 30 m)and different in constructions(grass,fillers,grass and fillers),can reduce main agricultural non-point source(NPS)pollutants under the same condition,pollutants removal efficiency were evaluated under dynamic inflow concentration[ρ(NH_4~+-N)=0. 17-1. 23 mg·L~(-1),ρ(TN)=0. 86-6. 13 mg·L~(-1),ρ(TP)=0. 11-0. 24 mg·L~(-1) and ρ(SS)=24. 0-70. 0 mg·L~(-1)]. And the effects of practical application of ecological ditch were also analyzed. Results show that,all the three kind of ecological ditches were quite high in NPS pollutants removal efficiency(>50%),regardless of the difference in construction. Ditch with grass and fillers had the highest pollutant removal efficiency. The mean ammonia nitrogen(NH_4~+-N),total nitrogen(TN),total phosphorus(TP)and suspended substance(SS)removal rates of the ditch were all higher than 70%,and with relatively high stability. The concentrations of TN and TP in the ditch were decreased exponentially along with distance. In simulated rainfall runoff experiment,the final TN removal effect of the actual 110 m ecological ditch was higher under the low inflow TN concentration,while TP removal effect was higher under the high inflow TP concentration. This research is expected to be of great practical guiding significance to the control of agricultural NPS pollution.
引文
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[7]陈重军,王建芳,凌士平,等.农田面源污染生态沟渠生态净化效能评估[J].江苏农业科学,2015,43(11):472-474.
[8]王岩,王建国,李伟,等.生态沟渠对农田排水中氮磷的去除机理初探[J].生态与农村环境学报,2010,26(6):586-590.[WANG Yan,WANG Jian-guo,LI Wei,et al. Initial Exploration of Mechanism of Ecological Ditch Intercepting Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Drainage From Farmland[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2010,26(6):586-590.]
[9]陈英,邱学林,吴钰明.太湖流域农田生态沟渠塘不同水生植物组合净化氮磷效果研究[J].江苏农业科学,2015,43(12):367-369.
[10]刘福兴,王俊力,付子轼.不同规格生态沟渠对排水中污染物处理能力比较研究[J].土壤学报,2019,56(3):561-570.[LIU Fu-xing,WANG Jun-li,FU Zi-shi. Comparative Research on Effects of Ecological Ditches Different in Specification Treating Pollutants in Drainage[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2019,56(3):561-570.]
[11]孔令华,施春红,马方曙,等.不同填料潮汐流人工湿地处理SBR尾水的对比[J].环境工程学报,2017,11(1):379-385.[KONG Ling-hua,SHI Chun-hong,MA Fang-shu,et al. Comparison of Treatment on SBR Tail Water in Tidal Flow Constructed Wetlands With Different Packing[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2017,11(1):379-385.]
[12]张俊.表流型人工湿地工程对微污染水源地水质改善的比较研究[J].中国农村水利水电,2012(6):28-30,33.[ZHANG Jun. Research on the Effectof Surface-Flow Constructed Wetlands on the Treatment of Micro-Polluted Water Sources[J]. China Rural Water and Hydropower,2012(6):28-30,33.]
[13]孙海军,吴家森,姜培坤,等.浙北山区典型小流域农村面源污染现状调查与治理对策[J].中国农学通报,2011,27(20):258-264.[SUN Hai-jun,WU Jia-sen,JIANG Pei-kun,et al. A Survey About Rural Non-Point Pollution in Mountain Region of Northern Zhejiang Province and the Countermeasures[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2011,27(20):258-264.]
[14]国家环境保护总局《水和废水监测分析方法》编委会.水和废水监测分析方法[M]. 4版.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002:84-524.
[15]杨林章,周小平,王建国,等.用于农田非点源污染控制的生态拦截型沟渠系统及其效果[J].生态学杂志,2005,24(11):1371-1374.[YANG Lin-zhang,ZHOU Xiao-ping,WANG Jianguo,et al. Ecological Ditch System With Interception Function and Its Effects on Controlling Farmland Non-Point Pollution[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2005,24(11):1371-1374.]
[16] VYMAZAL J. Horizontal Sub-Surface Flow and Hybrid Constructed Wetlands Systems for Wastewater Treatment[J]. Ecological Engineering,2005,25(5):478-490.
[17]吕涛,吴树彪,柳明慧,等.潮汐流及水平潜流人工湿地污水处理效果比较研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(8):1618-1624.[LüTao,WU Shu-biao,LIU Ming-hui,et al. Comparison of Purification Performance in Tidal Flow and Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2013,32(8):1618-1624.]
[18]王功,魏东洋,方晓航,等. 3种湿地填料对水体中氮磷的吸附特性研究[J].环境污染与防治,2012,34(11):9-13.[WANG Gong,WEI Dong-yang,FANG Xiao-hang,et al. Study on the Adsorption Characteristics of Nitrogen and Phosphorus on Three Substrates of Constructed Wetland[J]. Environmental Pollution&Control,2012,34(11):9-13.]
[19] WANG C H,PEI Y S. Effects of Light,Microbial Activity,and Sediment Resuspension on the Phosphorus Immobilization Capability of Drinking Water Treatment Residuals in Lake Sediment[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2013,20(12):8900-8908.
[20] MARTíN M,GARGALLO S,HERNáNDEZ-CRESPO C,et al.Phosphorus and Nitrogen Removal From Tertiary Treated Urban Wastewaters by a Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland[J]. Ecological Engineering,2013,61:34-42.
[21]霍炜洁,周怀东,刘玲花,等.土壤-植物系统对径流污染物截留的影响因子分析[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(4):798-804.[HUO Wei-jie,ZHOU Huai-dong,LIU Ling-hua,et al. Factors Affecting Runoff Pollutants Trapping in Soil-Plant System[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2013,32(4):798-804.]
[22]余红兵,肖润林,杨知建,等.灌溉和降雨条件下生态沟渠氮、磷输出特征研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2014,23(5):686-692.[YU Hong-bing,XIAO Run-lin,YANG Zhi-jian,et al. Study on the Characteristics of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Transportation Through Ecological Ditch during Irrigation and Rainfall[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2014,23(5):686-692.]
[23]陈海生,宋仿根,刘建飞,等.生态沟渠中盘培牧草对养猪场废水降污效果研究[J].江西农业学报,2010,22(8):152-155.[CHEN Hai-sheng,SONG Fang-gen,LIU Jian-fei,et al.Study on Effects of Pasture Strips in Ecological Ditch on Degradation of Pollutants in Piggery Wastewater[J]. Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi,2010,22(8):152-155.]
[24]徐红灯,王京刚,席北斗,等.降雨径流时农田沟渠水体中氮、磷迁移转化规律研究[J].环境污染与防治,2007,29(1):18-21.[XU Hong-deng,WANG Jing-gang,XI Bei-dou,et al.Fate of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Agriculture Drainage Ditch During Rainfall and Runoff[J]. Environmental Pollution&Control,2007,29(1):18-21.]
[25]王晓玲,乔斌,李松敏,等.生态沟渠对水稻不同生长期降雨径流氮磷的拦截效应研究[J].水利学报,2015,46(12):1406-1413.[WANG Xiao-ling,QIAO Bin,LI Song-min,et al.Studies on the Interception Effects of Ecological Ditch on Nitrogen and Phosphorus in the Rainfall Runoff of Different Rice Growth Period[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2015,46(12):1406-1413.]
[2]张树楠,肖润林,刘锋,等.生态沟渠对氮、磷污染物的拦截效应[J].环境科学,2015,36(12):4516-4522.[ZHANG Shunan,XIAO Run-lin,LIU Feng,et al. Interception Effect of Vegetated Drainage Ditch on Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Drainage Ditches[J]. Environmental Science,2015,36(12):4516-4522.]
[3] WU X,WU H,YE J Y. Purification Effects of Two Eco-Ditch Systems on Chinese Soft-Shelled Turtle Greenhouse Culture Wastewater Pollution[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2014,21(8):5610-5618.
[4]杨林章,施卫明,薛利红,等.农村面源污染治理的“4R”理论与工程实践:总体思路与“4R”治理技术[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(1):1-8.[YANG Lin-zhang,SHI Wei-ming,XUE Li-hong,et al. Reduce-Retain-Reuse-Restore Technology for the Controlling the Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution in Countryside in China:General Countermeasures and Technologies[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2013,32(1):1-8.]
[5] WANG J L,CHEN G F,ZOU G Y,et al. Comparative on Plant Stoichiometry Response to Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution in Different Types of Ecological Ditches[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2019,26(1):647-658.
[6]王岩,王建国,李伟,等.三种类型农田排水沟渠氮磷拦截效果比较[J].土壤,2009,41(6):902-906.[WANG Yan,WANG Jian-guo,LI Wei,et al. Comparison on Removal of Nitrogen and Phosphorus From Hibernal Farmland Drainage by Three Kinds of Ditches[J]. Soils,2009,41(6):902-906.]
[7]陈重军,王建芳,凌士平,等.农田面源污染生态沟渠生态净化效能评估[J].江苏农业科学,2015,43(11):472-474.
[8]王岩,王建国,李伟,等.生态沟渠对农田排水中氮磷的去除机理初探[J].生态与农村环境学报,2010,26(6):586-590.[WANG Yan,WANG Jian-guo,LI Wei,et al. Initial Exploration of Mechanism of Ecological Ditch Intercepting Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Drainage From Farmland[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2010,26(6):586-590.]
[9]陈英,邱学林,吴钰明.太湖流域农田生态沟渠塘不同水生植物组合净化氮磷效果研究[J].江苏农业科学,2015,43(12):367-369.
[10]刘福兴,王俊力,付子轼.不同规格生态沟渠对排水中污染物处理能力比较研究[J].土壤学报,2019,56(3):561-570.[LIU Fu-xing,WANG Jun-li,FU Zi-shi. Comparative Research on Effects of Ecological Ditches Different in Specification Treating Pollutants in Drainage[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2019,56(3):561-570.]
[11]孔令华,施春红,马方曙,等.不同填料潮汐流人工湿地处理SBR尾水的对比[J].环境工程学报,2017,11(1):379-385.[KONG Ling-hua,SHI Chun-hong,MA Fang-shu,et al. Comparison of Treatment on SBR Tail Water in Tidal Flow Constructed Wetlands With Different Packing[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2017,11(1):379-385.]
[12]张俊.表流型人工湿地工程对微污染水源地水质改善的比较研究[J].中国农村水利水电,2012(6):28-30,33.[ZHANG Jun. Research on the Effectof Surface-Flow Constructed Wetlands on the Treatment of Micro-Polluted Water Sources[J]. China Rural Water and Hydropower,2012(6):28-30,33.]
[13]孙海军,吴家森,姜培坤,等.浙北山区典型小流域农村面源污染现状调查与治理对策[J].中国农学通报,2011,27(20):258-264.[SUN Hai-jun,WU Jia-sen,JIANG Pei-kun,et al. A Survey About Rural Non-Point Pollution in Mountain Region of Northern Zhejiang Province and the Countermeasures[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2011,27(20):258-264.]
[14]国家环境保护总局《水和废水监测分析方法》编委会.水和废水监测分析方法[M]. 4版.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002:84-524.
[15]杨林章,周小平,王建国,等.用于农田非点源污染控制的生态拦截型沟渠系统及其效果[J].生态学杂志,2005,24(11):1371-1374.[YANG Lin-zhang,ZHOU Xiao-ping,WANG Jianguo,et al. Ecological Ditch System With Interception Function and Its Effects on Controlling Farmland Non-Point Pollution[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2005,24(11):1371-1374.]
[16] VYMAZAL J. Horizontal Sub-Surface Flow and Hybrid Constructed Wetlands Systems for Wastewater Treatment[J]. Ecological Engineering,2005,25(5):478-490.
[17]吕涛,吴树彪,柳明慧,等.潮汐流及水平潜流人工湿地污水处理效果比较研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(8):1618-1624.[LüTao,WU Shu-biao,LIU Ming-hui,et al. Comparison of Purification Performance in Tidal Flow and Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2013,32(8):1618-1624.]
[18]王功,魏东洋,方晓航,等. 3种湿地填料对水体中氮磷的吸附特性研究[J].环境污染与防治,2012,34(11):9-13.[WANG Gong,WEI Dong-yang,FANG Xiao-hang,et al. Study on the Adsorption Characteristics of Nitrogen and Phosphorus on Three Substrates of Constructed Wetland[J]. Environmental Pollution&Control,2012,34(11):9-13.]
[19] WANG C H,PEI Y S. Effects of Light,Microbial Activity,and Sediment Resuspension on the Phosphorus Immobilization Capability of Drinking Water Treatment Residuals in Lake Sediment[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2013,20(12):8900-8908.
[20] MARTíN M,GARGALLO S,HERNáNDEZ-CRESPO C,et al.Phosphorus and Nitrogen Removal From Tertiary Treated Urban Wastewaters by a Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland[J]. Ecological Engineering,2013,61:34-42.
[21]霍炜洁,周怀东,刘玲花,等.土壤-植物系统对径流污染物截留的影响因子分析[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(4):798-804.[HUO Wei-jie,ZHOU Huai-dong,LIU Ling-hua,et al. Factors Affecting Runoff Pollutants Trapping in Soil-Plant System[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2013,32(4):798-804.]
[22]余红兵,肖润林,杨知建,等.灌溉和降雨条件下生态沟渠氮、磷输出特征研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2014,23(5):686-692.[YU Hong-bing,XIAO Run-lin,YANG Zhi-jian,et al. Study on the Characteristics of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Transportation Through Ecological Ditch during Irrigation and Rainfall[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2014,23(5):686-692.]
[23]陈海生,宋仿根,刘建飞,等.生态沟渠中盘培牧草对养猪场废水降污效果研究[J].江西农业学报,2010,22(8):152-155.[CHEN Hai-sheng,SONG Fang-gen,LIU Jian-fei,et al.Study on Effects of Pasture Strips in Ecological Ditch on Degradation of Pollutants in Piggery Wastewater[J]. Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi,2010,22(8):152-155.]
[24]徐红灯,王京刚,席北斗,等.降雨径流时农田沟渠水体中氮、磷迁移转化规律研究[J].环境污染与防治,2007,29(1):18-21.[XU Hong-deng,WANG Jing-gang,XI Bei-dou,et al.Fate of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Agriculture Drainage Ditch During Rainfall and Runoff[J]. Environmental Pollution&Control,2007,29(1):18-21.]
[25]王晓玲,乔斌,李松敏,等.生态沟渠对水稻不同生长期降雨径流氮磷的拦截效应研究[J].水利学报,2015,46(12):1406-1413.[WANG Xiao-ling,QIAO Bin,LI Song-min,et al.Studies on the Interception Effects of Ecological Ditch on Nitrogen and Phosphorus in the Rainfall Runoff of Different Rice Growth Period[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2015,46(12):1406-1413.]
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