基于人林共生时间的森林文化价值评估
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摘要
森林的文化价值是森林价值的重要组成部分,探索森林文化价值量化评估方法具有重要意义。通过文献成果集成、理论分析、案例验证相结合的方法,研究了公园尺度和区域尺度森林文化价值的量化评估方法;运用评估方法评估全国和各省森林的文化价值。森林的文化价值是森林对人类的身体健康、生活质量和精神发展所产生的积极影响。评估森林文化价值的高低,可采用以"人林共生时间"为核心的评估方法,以"文年"作为计量单位,简称"文年评估法"。森林公园的文化价值用游人在森林公园中逗留的时间来反映。区域森林的文化价值由居住人口与森林共生的基本生活时间和森林文化活动时间的两者之和共同反映。评估结果表明,中国森林公园的文化价值总体上具有很大提升空间;全国不同省份的森林文化价值总量、地均、人均、林均状况都存在很大差异;四川、广东、云南、福建、黑龙江是森林文化价值大省;上海、福建、浙江、广东、北京对单位土地森林文化价值开发充分;福建、吉林、云南、黑龙江、四川人均森林文化福利优厚;上海、天津、江苏、北京、河南对森林文化价值的需求旺盛。
It is of great significance to explore the quantitative evaluation method of forest cultural value,which is an important part of forest values. The studies are carried out for the quantitative assessment method of the forest culture values at the scales of parks and regions using literature review,theoretical analysis,and case verification,and the cultural values of forest nationwide and in different provinces are assessed using this studied method. Forest cultural value can reflect the positive impacts that forests produce on people's health,quality of life,and spiritual development. The assessment method which is called as culture year assessment method and takes man-forest symbiosis time as the core can be adopted to evaluate the forest culture value,with "cultural year"as its unit of measurement. The cultural value of forest park can be reflected by the time visitors spend in it. The cultural value of forests in a region can be measured by the total time of settled people's symbiosis time with forests and the time spent for forest cultural activities. The assessment results show that the cultural values of forest parks in China generally have great room for improvement. There are big differences in forest culture values among different provinces in terms of total value,unit land value,per capita value,and unit forest value. Sichuan,Guangdong,Yunnan,Fujian,and Heilongjiang are the provinces with the highest forest cultural value; Shanghai,Fujian,Zhejiang,Guangdong,and Beijing have a better exploitation of the forest cultural values by unit land; Fujian,Jilin,Yunnan,Heilongjiang,and Sichuan enjoy excellent per capita forest cultural benefits; and Shanghai,Tianjin,Jiangsu,Beijing,and Henan show strong demands for forest cultural value.
It is of great significance to explore the quantitative evaluation method of forest cultural value,which is an important part of forest values. The studies are carried out for the quantitative assessment method of the forest culture values at the scales of parks and regions using literature review,theoretical analysis,and case verification,and the cultural values of forest nationwide and in different provinces are assessed using this studied method. Forest cultural value can reflect the positive impacts that forests produce on people's health,quality of life,and spiritual development. The assessment method which is called as culture year assessment method and takes man-forest symbiosis time as the core can be adopted to evaluate the forest culture value,with "cultural year"as its unit of measurement. The cultural value of forest park can be reflected by the time visitors spend in it. The cultural value of forests in a region can be measured by the total time of settled people's symbiosis time with forests and the time spent for forest cultural activities. The assessment results show that the cultural values of forest parks in China generally have great room for improvement. There are big differences in forest culture values among different provinces in terms of total value,unit land value,per capita value,and unit forest value. Sichuan,Guangdong,Yunnan,Fujian,and Heilongjiang are the provinces with the highest forest cultural value; Shanghai,Fujian,Zhejiang,Guangdong,and Beijing have a better exploitation of the forest cultural values by unit land; Fujian,Jilin,Yunnan,Heilongjiang,and Sichuan enjoy excellent per capita forest cultural benefits; and Shanghai,Tianjin,Jiangsu,Beijing,and Henan show strong demands for forest cultural value.
引文
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[14]朱霖,李智勇,樊宝敏,张德成,苏立娟.北京妙峰山森林文化条件价值评估.林业科学,2015,51(6):9-16.
[15]潘静,张颖,李秀山.森林文化价值保护支付意愿及其评估研究——以甘肃省迭部县为例.干旱区资源与环境,2017,31(9):32-37.
[16]王碧云,修新田,兰思仁.基于AHP-模糊综合评价法的森林公园文化价值评价.林业经济,2017,39(11):35-39.
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[21]樊宝敏,李智勇.衡量现代林业发展水平的新标尺:森林厚度.林业资源管理,2009,(2):1-5.
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[23]国家林业局.中国森林资源报告(2009-2013).北京:中国林业出版社,2014.
[24]程红,樊喜斌,樊宝敏,张德成,宋军卫,刘宏明.构建评价指标体系推进生态文化繁荣//赵树丛.生态建设与改革发展:林业重大问题调查研究报告(2011).北京:中国林业出版社,2012:18-34.
[25]张颖.森林文态评价指标体系构建及其实证研究.林业经济,2014,(11):97-101.
[2] Costanza R,d'Arge R,de Groot R,Farber S,Grasso M,Hannon B,Limburg K,Naeem S,O'Neill R V,Paruelo J,Raskin R G,Sutton P,van den Belt M. The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature,1997,387:253-260.
[3] MA(Millennium Ecosystem Assessment). Ecosystems and Human Well-Being:Synthesis. Washington DC:Island Press,2005:B40.
[4] NEA. The technical report of UK national ecosystem assessment. 2011UK national ecosystem assessment.[2017-11-02]. http://uknea.unep-wcmc.org/Resources/tabid/82/Default.aspx
[5]李文华.生态系统服务功能价值评估的理论、方法与应用.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2008.
[6]张永利,杨锋伟,王兵,郭浩,鲁绍伟,魏文俊,胡文,陈列.中国森林生态系统服务功能研究.北京:科学出版社,2010.
[7]中国森林资源核算及纳入绿色GDP研究项目组.绿色国民经济框架下的中国森林核算研究.北京:中国林业出版社,2010.
[8]“中国森林资源核算研究”项目组.生态文明制度构建中的中国森林资源核算研究.北京:中国林业出版社,2015:172.
[9] Edwards D,Elliott A,Hislop M,et al. A Valuation of the Economic and Social Contribution of Forestry for People in Scotland[R]. Edinburgh,Scotland:Forestry Commission Scotland,2009:50-213.
[10] Tabbush P. Cultural Values of Trees,Woods and Forests. Farnham:Forest Research,2010:32-58.
[11] Edwards D. Social and Cultural Values Associated with European Forests in Relation to Key Indicators of Sustainability. Finland:European Forest Institute,2011:26-54.
[12]朱霖,李岚,李智勇,樊宝敏,张德成.国外森林文化价值评价指标研究现状及分析.世界林业研究,2015,28(5):92-96.
[13]宋军卫.森林的文化功能及其评价研究.北京:中国林业科学研究院,硕士论文,2012.
[14]朱霖,李智勇,樊宝敏,张德成,苏立娟.北京妙峰山森林文化条件价值评估.林业科学,2015,51(6):9-16.
[15]潘静,张颖,李秀山.森林文化价值保护支付意愿及其评估研究——以甘肃省迭部县为例.干旱区资源与环境,2017,31(9):32-37.
[16]王碧云,修新田,兰思仁.基于AHP-模糊综合评价法的森林公园文化价值评价.林业经济,2017,39(11):35-39.
[17]熊文愈,周重光.森林效益//中国大百科全书农业编委会.中国大百科全书·农业卷.北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1990:973-974.
[18]霍尔姆斯·罗尔斯顿.环境伦理学.杨通进,译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2000.
[19] Mourato S,Atkinson G,Collins M,Gibbons S,MacKerron G,Resende G. Economic Assessment of Ecosystem Related UK Cultural Services(The Economics Team of the UK National Ecosystem Assessment). London:London School of Economics,2010.
[20]李卿.森林医学.王小平,陈峻崎,刘晶岚,周彩贤,南海龙,译.北京:科学出版社,2013.
[21]樊宝敏,李智勇.衡量现代林业发展水平的新标尺:森林厚度.林业资源管理,2009,(2):1-5.
[22]国家林业局场圃总站. 2015年森林公园建设经营情况.(2016-04-14)[2017-10-05]. http://zgslgy. forestry. gov. cn/portal/slgy/s/2452/content-862765.html
[23]国家林业局.中国森林资源报告(2009-2013).北京:中国林业出版社,2014.
[24]程红,樊喜斌,樊宝敏,张德成,宋军卫,刘宏明.构建评价指标体系推进生态文化繁荣//赵树丛.生态建设与改革发展:林业重大问题调查研究报告(2011).北京:中国林业出版社,2012:18-34.
[25]张颖.森林文态评价指标体系构建及其实证研究.林业经济,2014,(11):97-101.
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