我国南方典型城市土壤重金属污染特征及源汇关系分析
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摘要
工业化和城市化带来的重金属污染问题日益引起关注,其对环境质量、食品安全、人体健康及社会经济的可持续发展构成了严重的威胁和挑战.本文以我国南方典型城市化区域为研究对象,通过采集表层(0～20 cm)、亚表层(20～40 cm)及剖面(0～100 cm)土壤,检测土壤中8种重金属元素(砷、镉、铬、铜、汞、镍、铅、锌)的含量,并对当地95个主要污染物排放企业的空间分布进行调查,对比土壤重金属高检出区的分布特征并进行源汇关系分析.结果发现,该区域整体上以重金属Cd超标率较高,是主要污染物和需要关注的重点,与农用地土壤污染风险筛选值(0.3 mg·kg~(-1))相比其超标率达71.7%.通过对排放源进行分析,确定了电子电镀和染织两个主要排放行业.工业集中区北部8种重金属元素的平均含量水平显著高于其他区域,受工业和农业干扰较少的城市公园土壤重金属含量与土壤本底值接近.As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的高检出区主要集中在北部区域,研究区95个主要污染物排放单位中,72个位于城市北部,主要是电镀和染色皮革行业.进一步研究证明,这些重点排污企业加重了当地土壤中重金属的污染,是当地重金属污染的主要驱动因素.
The problem of heavy metal pollution caused by industrialization and urbanization has drawn increasing attention. Heavy metals pose serious threats and challenges to environmental quality, food safety, human health and sustainable socio-economic development. In this study, the typical urbanized areas of the South China were used as research objects. Eight heavy metal elements(including arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, nickel, lead, zinc) in the soil were detected by collecting surface layers(0～20 cm), subsurface layers(20～40 cm) and soil profiles(0～100 cm). The spatial distribution of 95 major pollutant discharge enterprises was investigated, and the distribution characteristics of soil heavy metal high detection areas were compared to analyze the source-sink relationship. The study found that the overall Cd exceeding the standard rate of heavy metals in the region is high, which is the main pollutant and the focus of attention. The over-standard rate is 71.7% compared with the soil pollution risk screening value of agricultural land(0.3 mg·kg~(-1)). By analyzing the source, two major components of electroplating and dyeing are identified. The average level of the eight elements in the northern part of the industrial concentration area is significantly higher than that of other areas, and the heavy metal content of the urban parks with less interference from industry and agriculture is close to the soil background value. The high detection areas of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn are mainly concentrated in the northern units. Of the 95 major pollutant discharge units in the study area, 72 are located in the northern part of the city, mainly in the electroplating and dyeing leather industry. Further research proves that these key polluting enterprises have increased the pollution of heavy metals in the local soil and are the main driving factors for local heavy metal pollution.
The problem of heavy metal pollution caused by industrialization and urbanization has drawn increasing attention. Heavy metals pose serious threats and challenges to environmental quality, food safety, human health and sustainable socio-economic development. In this study, the typical urbanized areas of the South China were used as research objects. Eight heavy metal elements(including arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, nickel, lead, zinc) in the soil were detected by collecting surface layers(0～20 cm), subsurface layers(20～40 cm) and soil profiles(0～100 cm). The spatial distribution of 95 major pollutant discharge enterprises was investigated, and the distribution characteristics of soil heavy metal high detection areas were compared to analyze the source-sink relationship. The study found that the overall Cd exceeding the standard rate of heavy metals in the region is high, which is the main pollutant and the focus of attention. The over-standard rate is 71.7% compared with the soil pollution risk screening value of agricultural land(0.3 mg·kg~(-1)). By analyzing the source, two major components of electroplating and dyeing are identified. The average level of the eight elements in the northern part of the industrial concentration area is significantly higher than that of other areas, and the heavy metal content of the urban parks with less interference from industry and agriculture is close to the soil background value. The high detection areas of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn are mainly concentrated in the northern units. Of the 95 major pollutant discharge units in the study area, 72 are located in the northern part of the city, mainly in the electroplating and dyeing leather industry. Further research proves that these key polluting enterprises have increased the pollution of heavy metals in the local soil and are the main driving factors for local heavy metal pollution.
引文
阿吉古丽·马木提,麦麦提吐尔逊·艾则孜,艾尼瓦尔·买买提,等.2017.开都河下游绿洲耕地土壤重金属污染及潜在生态风险[J].环境科学学报,37(6):2331-2341
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Dong B,Gan Y D,Zhang R Z,et al.2018.Multiple methods for the identification of heavy metal sources in cropland soils from a resource-based region[J].Science of the Total Environment,651:3127-3138
龚梦丹,朱维琴,顾燕青,等.2016.杭州蔬菜基地重金属污染及风险评价[J].环境科学,37(6):2329-2337
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Gu Y G,Li Q S,Fang J H,et al.2014.Identification of heavy metal sources in the reclaimed farmland soils of the Pearl River estuary in China using a multivariate geostatistical approach[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,105:7-12
Huang S,Wang L,Zhao Y.2018.Ecological risk assessment from the perspective of soil heavy metal accumulations in Xiamen City,China[J].International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology,25(5):411-419
Huang Y,Wang L Y,Wang W J,et al.2019.Current status of agricultural soil pollution by heavy metals in China:A meta-analysis[J].Science of the Total Environment,651:3034-3042
Jiang Y X,Chao S H,Liu J W,et al.2017.Source apportionment and health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil for a township in Jiangsu Province,China[J].Chemosphere,168:1658-1668
李锋,刘思源,李艳,等.2019.工业发达城市土壤重金属时空变异与源解析[J].环境科学,40(2):1-15
李泗清,杨满芽.2014.中山市不同类型企业周边土壤重金属污染特性及潜在生态风险评价[J].地球与环境,42(4):525-531
李勇,余天虹,赵志忠,等.2015.珠三角土壤镉含量时空分布及风险管理[J].地理科学,35(3):373-379
Li J G,Pu L J,Liao Q L,et al.2015.Geological survey of Jiangsu Province[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,73 (4):1823-1835
林媚珍,葛志鹏,纪少婷,等.2016.中山市土地利用变化及其生态风险响应[J].生态科学,35(5):96-104
Lottermoser B G.2012.Effect of long-term irrigation with sewage effluent on the metal content of soils,Berlin,Germany[J].Environmental Geochemistry & Health,34(1):67-76
Lv J S,Liu Y,Zhang Z L,et al.2013.Factorial kriging and stepwise regression approach to identify environmental factors influencing spatial multi-scale variability of heavy metals in soils[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,261:387-397
Lv J S,Wang Y M.2018.Multi-scale analysis of heavy metals sources in soils of Jiangsu Coast,Eastern China[J].Chemosphere,212:964-973
Muchuweti M,Birkett J W,Chinyanga E,et al.2005.Heavy metal content of vegetables irrigated with mixtures of wastewater and sewage sludge in Zimbabwe:Implications for human health[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,112(1):41-48
Pan L B,Ma J,Wang X L,et al.2016.Heavy metals in soils from a typical county in Shanxi Province,China:Levels,sources and spatial distribution[J].Chemosphere,148:248-254
邱孟龙,李芳柏,王琦,等.2015.工业发达城市区域耕地土壤重金属时空变异与来源变化[J].农业工程学报,31(2):298-305
Song Y X,Li H M,Li J Z,et al.2018.Multivariate linear regression model for source apportionment and health risk assessment of heavy metals from different environmental media[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,165:555-563
王北洪,马智宏,冯晓元,等.2015.北京市蔬菜重金属含量及健康风险评价[J].食品安全质量检测学报,6(7):2736-2745
Wang J Y,Liu R H,Ling M,et al.2010.Heavy metals contamination and its sources in the Luoyuan Bay[J].Procedia Environmental Sciences,2:1188-1192
Wang L J,Tao W D,Smardon R C,et al.2018.Department of Environmental Science,College of Tourism and Environment,Shaanxi Normal University[J].Frontiers of Earth Science,12 (2):397-407
Wang X Q,Zeng X D,Liu C P,et al.2016.Heavy metal contaminations in soil-rice system:source identification in relation to a sulfur-rich coal burning power plant in Northern Guangdong Province,China[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,188(8):460
Wang Z Q,Hong C,Xing Y,et al.2018.Spatial distribution and sources of heavy metals in natural pasture soil around copper-molybdenum mine in Northeast China[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,154:329-336
余姝洁,李名,张保见,等.2016.中山市工业园周边土壤重金属污染及风险评估[J].武汉理工大学学报,38(4):70-75
Xia F,Qu L Y,Wang T,et al.2018.Distribution and source analysis of heavy metal pollutants in sediments of a rapid developing urban river system[J].Chemosphere,207:218-228
张海珍,唐宇力,陆骏,等.2014.西湖景区土壤典型重金属污染物的来源及空间分布特征[J].环境科学,35(4):1516-1522
中国环境监测总站.1990.中国土壤元素背景值[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社
Zhu D W,Li G.2018.Research on the nutrient and heavy metal pollution characteristics of sediment in Zaoxia River in Shenzhen City[J].IOP Conference Series:Earth and Environmental Science,170(3),DOI:10.1088/1755-1315/170/3/032101
Balkhair K S,Ashraf M A.2016.Field accumulation risks of heavy metals in soil and vegetable crop irrigated with sewage water in western region of Saudi Arabia[J].Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences,23(1):32-44
Cai L M,Xu Z C,Ren M Z,et al.2012.Source identification of eight hazardous heavy metals in agricultural soils of Huizhou,Guangdong Province,China[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,78:2-8
陈凤,董泽琴,王程程,等.2017.锌冶炼区耕地土壤和农作物重金属污染状况及风险评价[J].环境科学,38(10):4360-4369
Dong B,Gan Y D,Zhang R Z,et al.2018.Multiple methods for the identification of heavy metal sources in cropland soils from a resource-based region[J].Science of the Total Environment,651:3127-3138
龚梦丹,朱维琴,顾燕青,等.2016.杭州蔬菜基地重金属污染及风险评价[J].环境科学,37(6):2329-2337
谷阳光,高富代.2017.我国省会城市土壤重金属含量分布与健康风险评价[J].环境化学,36(1):62-71
Gu Y G,Li Q S,Fang J H,et al.2014.Identification of heavy metal sources in the reclaimed farmland soils of the Pearl River estuary in China using a multivariate geostatistical approach[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,105:7-12
Huang S,Wang L,Zhao Y.2018.Ecological risk assessment from the perspective of soil heavy metal accumulations in Xiamen City,China[J].International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology,25(5):411-419
Huang Y,Wang L Y,Wang W J,et al.2019.Current status of agricultural soil pollution by heavy metals in China:A meta-analysis[J].Science of the Total Environment,651:3034-3042
Jiang Y X,Chao S H,Liu J W,et al.2017.Source apportionment and health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil for a township in Jiangsu Province,China[J].Chemosphere,168:1658-1668
李锋,刘思源,李艳,等.2019.工业发达城市土壤重金属时空变异与源解析[J].环境科学,40(2):1-15
李泗清,杨满芽.2014.中山市不同类型企业周边土壤重金属污染特性及潜在生态风险评价[J].地球与环境,42(4):525-531
李勇,余天虹,赵志忠,等.2015.珠三角土壤镉含量时空分布及风险管理[J].地理科学,35(3):373-379
Li J G,Pu L J,Liao Q L,et al.2015.Geological survey of Jiangsu Province[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,73 (4):1823-1835
林媚珍,葛志鹏,纪少婷,等.2016.中山市土地利用变化及其生态风险响应[J].生态科学,35(5):96-104
Lottermoser B G.2012.Effect of long-term irrigation with sewage effluent on the metal content of soils,Berlin,Germany[J].Environmental Geochemistry & Health,34(1):67-76
Lv J S,Liu Y,Zhang Z L,et al.2013.Factorial kriging and stepwise regression approach to identify environmental factors influencing spatial multi-scale variability of heavy metals in soils[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,261:387-397
Lv J S,Wang Y M.2018.Multi-scale analysis of heavy metals sources in soils of Jiangsu Coast,Eastern China[J].Chemosphere,212:964-973
Muchuweti M,Birkett J W,Chinyanga E,et al.2005.Heavy metal content of vegetables irrigated with mixtures of wastewater and sewage sludge in Zimbabwe:Implications for human health[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,112(1):41-48
Pan L B,Ma J,Wang X L,et al.2016.Heavy metals in soils from a typical county in Shanxi Province,China:Levels,sources and spatial distribution[J].Chemosphere,148:248-254
邱孟龙,李芳柏,王琦,等.2015.工业发达城市区域耕地土壤重金属时空变异与来源变化[J].农业工程学报,31(2):298-305
Song Y X,Li H M,Li J Z,et al.2018.Multivariate linear regression model for source apportionment and health risk assessment of heavy metals from different environmental media[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,165:555-563
王北洪,马智宏,冯晓元,等.2015.北京市蔬菜重金属含量及健康风险评价[J].食品安全质量检测学报,6(7):2736-2745
Wang J Y,Liu R H,Ling M,et al.2010.Heavy metals contamination and its sources in the Luoyuan Bay[J].Procedia Environmental Sciences,2:1188-1192
Wang L J,Tao W D,Smardon R C,et al.2018.Department of Environmental Science,College of Tourism and Environment,Shaanxi Normal University[J].Frontiers of Earth Science,12 (2):397-407
Wang X Q,Zeng X D,Liu C P,et al.2016.Heavy metal contaminations in soil-rice system:source identification in relation to a sulfur-rich coal burning power plant in Northern Guangdong Province,China[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,188(8):460
Wang Z Q,Hong C,Xing Y,et al.2018.Spatial distribution and sources of heavy metals in natural pasture soil around copper-molybdenum mine in Northeast China[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,154:329-336
余姝洁,李名,张保见,等.2016.中山市工业园周边土壤重金属污染及风险评估[J].武汉理工大学学报,38(4):70-75
Xia F,Qu L Y,Wang T,et al.2018.Distribution and source analysis of heavy metal pollutants in sediments of a rapid developing urban river system[J].Chemosphere,207:218-228
张海珍,唐宇力,陆骏,等.2014.西湖景区土壤典型重金属污染物的来源及空间分布特征[J].环境科学,35(4):1516-1522
中国环境监测总站.1990.中国土壤元素背景值[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社
Zhu D W,Li G.2018.Research on the nutrient and heavy metal pollution characteristics of sediment in Zaoxia River in Shenzhen City[J].IOP Conference Series:Earth and Environmental Science,170(3),DOI:10.1088/1755-1315/170/3/032101
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