浑善达克沙地正蓝旗沙漠化时空格局
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摘要
浑善达克沙地沙漠化的发展严重危害生态环境、阻碍经济可持续发展,沙漠化的治理刻不容缓。本文以浑善达克腹地正蓝旗为研究区,利用1985—2015年的Landsat TM/OLI遥感影像及气象与社会经济数据,以归一化植被指数为参数指标构建沙漠化指数,采用指数分级、Theil-Sen趋势度分析及Mann-Kendall检验方法,对其沙漠化时空演变过程进行精准分析并采用Spearman等级相关法分析时空尺度上气象对于沙漠化驱动作用的时空差异性。结果表明:1)近30年研究区沙漠化有所扩张且程度加重,在此过程中1985—1989年沙漠化开始扩张程度加重;1989—2000年沙漠化继续扩张但程度减轻; 2000—2004年沙漠化收缩程度减轻; 2004—2015年沙漠化再次发展,程度加重。2)近30年正蓝旗沙漠化以非显著变化趋势为主,面积占比69. 92%,显著变化趋势中上升趋势面积18. 46%,主要位于东部,下降趋势面积11. 62%,主要位于西部。3)近30年正蓝旗沙漠化变化是气候和人类活动尤其是畜牧业叠加的结果,其中人类活动是最主要的影响因素,气候的影响次之,且两者的叠加效应存在时空差异。
[Background] The development of desertification in Hunshandake sandy land seriously endangers the ecological environment and obstructs the sustainable development of economy,the control of desertification is urgent,it is of great significance to study the changing process and main causes of desertification in order to control desertification. Therefore,taking Zhenglan banner in the hinterland of sandy land as the study area to accurately analyze the process and causes of desertification change in this area would provide the basis for desertification control and ecological environment restoration in Hunshandake sandy land. [Methods] LandsatTM/OLI remote sensing image from 1985 to 2015 in the study area were used to calculate the normalized difference vegetation index and to construct the desertification index based on normalized difference vegetation index,the temporal and spatial variation of desertification index was analyzed using the index classification method,Theil-Sen trend analysis method and Mann-Kendall test method. Then based on the annual precipitation,annual average temperature from1985 to 2015 in the study area,spearman grade correlation method was applied to analyze the spatiotemporal difference of the driving effect of meteorological factors on desertification. The influence of human activities on desertification was analyzed by using socio-economic data. [Results] 1) The desertification in the study area has expanded and aggravated in the past 30 years,and experienced 4 evolution in the process. From 1985 to 1989,desertification began to expand in the west and the degree of desertification increased; from 1989 to 2000,desertification continued to expand but the severity decreased; from 2000 to 2004,desertification shrank,the degree of desertification alleviated; from 2004 to 2015, desertification was reversed, the degree of desertification increased, and the degree of desertification expanded again. 2) From 1985 to 2015,the dominant trend of desertification in Zhenglan banner was non-significantly changed,its area reached 69. 92% of the total desertification,and between the significantly change trends,the upward trend was mainly located in the east,its area reached 18. 46%,the downward trend mainly located in the west,its area reached 11. 62%. 3) The correlation between climate and desertification is mainly non-significantly correlation in space,which indicated that climate was not the most important influencing factor for the change of desertification in this area,the main factor was human activity. Therefore,the desertification change in Zhenglan banner was the result of the superposition of climate and human activities,especially animal husbandry. there are temporal and spatial differences in the superposition effects of climate and human activities. [Conclusions]The main reason for the increase of desertification in Zhenglan banner in the past 30 years is human activities,thus human activities should be restricted under the current unfavorable climate conditions,so as to achieve the purpose of ecological control.
[Background] The development of desertification in Hunshandake sandy land seriously endangers the ecological environment and obstructs the sustainable development of economy,the control of desertification is urgent,it is of great significance to study the changing process and main causes of desertification in order to control desertification. Therefore,taking Zhenglan banner in the hinterland of sandy land as the study area to accurately analyze the process and causes of desertification change in this area would provide the basis for desertification control and ecological environment restoration in Hunshandake sandy land. [Methods] LandsatTM/OLI remote sensing image from 1985 to 2015 in the study area were used to calculate the normalized difference vegetation index and to construct the desertification index based on normalized difference vegetation index,the temporal and spatial variation of desertification index was analyzed using the index classification method,Theil-Sen trend analysis method and Mann-Kendall test method. Then based on the annual precipitation,annual average temperature from1985 to 2015 in the study area,spearman grade correlation method was applied to analyze the spatiotemporal difference of the driving effect of meteorological factors on desertification. The influence of human activities on desertification was analyzed by using socio-economic data. [Results] 1) The desertification in the study area has expanded and aggravated in the past 30 years,and experienced 4 evolution in the process. From 1985 to 1989,desertification began to expand in the west and the degree of desertification increased; from 1989 to 2000,desertification continued to expand but the severity decreased; from 2000 to 2004,desertification shrank,the degree of desertification alleviated; from 2004 to 2015, desertification was reversed, the degree of desertification increased, and the degree of desertification expanded again. 2) From 1985 to 2015,the dominant trend of desertification in Zhenglan banner was non-significantly changed,its area reached 69. 92% of the total desertification,and between the significantly change trends,the upward trend was mainly located in the east,its area reached 18. 46%,the downward trend mainly located in the west,its area reached 11. 62%. 3) The correlation between climate and desertification is mainly non-significantly correlation in space,which indicated that climate was not the most important influencing factor for the change of desertification in this area,the main factor was human activity. Therefore,the desertification change in Zhenglan banner was the result of the superposition of climate and human activities,especially animal husbandry. there are temporal and spatial differences in the superposition effects of climate and human activities. [Conclusions]The main reason for the increase of desertification in Zhenglan banner in the past 30 years is human activities,thus human activities should be restricted under the current unfavorable climate conditions,so as to achieve the purpose of ecological control.
引文
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[5]李金亚，徐斌，杨秀春．锡林郭勒盟草原沙化动态变化及驱动力分析:以正蓝旗为例[J]．地理研究，2011,30(9):1669.LI Jinya,XU Bin,YANG Xiuchun. Analysis of dynamic changes and driving forces of grassland desertification in Xilingol League:A case study of Zhenglan Banner[J].Geographical Research,2011,30(9):1669.
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[7]元志辉，包刚，银山，等．2000—2014年浑善达克沙地植被覆盖变化研究[J]．草业学报，2016,25(1):33.YUAN Zhihui,BAO Gang,YIN shan,et al. Study on vegetation cover change in Hunshandak Sandy Land from2000 to 2014[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2016,25(1):33.
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[9]胡斯勒图，宝音，佟宝全．基于遥感GIS的浑善达克沙地土地利用动态变化及其环境效应研究[J]．干旱区资源与环境，2007,21(1):134.Husile Tu,Bao Yin,TONG Baoquan. Analysis on land use dynamic change and environment effect in Hunshandak Desert based on RS and GIS[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment 2007,21(1):134.
[10]刘海江，周成虎，程维明，等．基于多时相遥感影像的浑善达克沙地沙漠化监测[J]．生态学报，2008,28(2):627.LIU Haijiang,ZHOU Chenghu,CHENG Weiming,et al.Monitoring sandy desertification of the Otindag Sandy Land based on multi-date remote sensing images[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(2):627.
[11]乌兰图雅，阿拉腾图雅，长安，等．遥感、GIS支持下的浑善达克沙漠化土地最新特征分析[J]．内蒙古师范大学学报(自然科学汉文版)，2001,30(4):356.Urantuya, Alatendujah, CHANG An, et al. Remote sensing, analysis of the latest characteristics of Hunshandak desertification land supported by GIS[J]. Journal of Inner Mongolia Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2001,30(4):356.
[12] LEPRIEUR C,VERSTRAETE M M,PINTY B. Evaluation of the performance of various vegetation indices to retrieve vegetation cover from AVHRR data[J]. Remote Sensing Reviews,1994,10(4):265.
[13] GUTMAN G,IGNATOV A. The derivation of the green vegetation fraction from NOAA/AVHRR data for use in numerical weather prediction models[J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing,1998,19(8):1533.
[14]穆少杰，李建龙，陈奕兆，等．2001—2010年内蒙古植被覆盖度时空变化特征[J]．地理学报，2012,67(9):1255.MU Shaojie,LI Jianlong,CHEN Yizhao,et al. Spatial differences of variations of vegetation coverage in Inner Mongolia during 2001-2010[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,67(9):1255.
[15] WAN Yongfang,ZHANG Jiquan,TONG Siqin,et al.Monitoring the trends of aeolian desertified lands based on time-series remote sensing data in the Horqin Sandy Land,China[J]. Catena,2017,157:286.
[16] SEN P K. Estimates of the regression coefficient based on Kendall's tau[J]. Journal of the American Statistical Association1968,63(24):1379.
[17]刘宪锋，潘耀忠，朱秀芳，等．2000—2014年秦巴山区植被覆盖时空变化特征及其归因[J]．地理学报，2015,70(5):705.LIU Xianfeng, PAN Yaozhong, ZHU Xiufang, et al.Spatiotemporal variation of vegetation coverage in QinlingDaba Mountains in relation to environmental factors[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(5):705.
[18] XU Duanyang,LI Chunlei,SONG Xiao,et al. The dynamics of desertification in the farming-pastoral region of North China over the past 10 years and their relationship to climate change and human activity[J]. Catena,2014,123:11.
[19] STEFAINE H. Shape improvement of surfaces[J]. Journal of Computing,1998,13:135.
[20] JIN Qiutong,ZHANG Jutao,SHI Mingchang,et al. Estimating Loess Plateau average annual precipitation with multiple linear regression Kriging and geographically weighted regression Kriging[J]. Water,2016,8(6),266.
[21]刘树林，王涛．浑善达克沙地的土地沙漠化过程研究[J]．中国沙漠，2007,27(5):719.LIU Shulin,WANG Tao. Study on land desertification process in Hunshandake Sandy Land[J]. Journal of Desert Research,2007,27(5):719.
[22]王牧兰，包玉海，银山．浑善达克沙地动态变化影响因素分析[J]．干旱区资源与环境，2004,18(9):44.WANG Mulan,BAO Yuhai,YIN Shan. Dynamic changes of the landscape structure of Hunshandake Sands and analysis on its forming factors[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2004,18(9):44.
[23]杨婷婷，刘朋涛，刘同海，等．正蓝旗沙漠化草地分布格局及2002—2011年动态变化的遥感监测[J]．干旱区资源与环境，2013,27(10):181.YANG Tingting,LIU Pengtao,LIU Tonghai,et al. The remote sensing monitoring on desertification distribution pattern and its dynamic changes in Zhenglanqi area from2002 to 2011[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2013,27(10):181.
[2]李鸿威，杨小平．浑善达克沙地近30年来土地沙漠化研究进展与问题[J]．地球科学进展，2010,25(6):647.LI Hongwei,YANG Xiaoping. Advances and problems in the understanding of desertification in the Hunshandake Sandy Land during the last 30 years[J]. Advances in Earth Science,2010,25(6):647.
[3]丁国栋，蔡京艳，王贤，等．浑善达克沙地沙漠化成因、过程及其防治对策研究[J]．北京林业大学学报，2004,26(4):15.DING Guodong,CAI Jingyan,WANG Xian,et al. Causes,process and countermeasures of desertification in Hunshandake Sandland:Taking Zhenglan banner,Inner Mongolia as an example.[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2004,26(4):15.
[4]刘树林，王涛．浑善达克沙地的土地沙漠化过程研究[J]．中国沙漠，2007,27(5):719.LIU Shulin,WANG Tao. Study on land desertification Process in Hunshandake Sandy Land[J]. Journal of Desert Research,2007,27(5):719.
[5]李金亚，徐斌，杨秀春．锡林郭勒盟草原沙化动态变化及驱动力分析:以正蓝旗为例[J]．地理研究，2011,30(9):1669.LI Jinya,XU Bin,YANG Xiuchun. Analysis of dynamic changes and driving forces of grassland desertification in Xilingol League:A case study of Zhenglan Banner[J].Geographical Research,2011,30(9):1669.
[6]李春兰，朝鲁门，包玉海，等．21世纪初期气候波动下浑善达克沙地荒漠化动态变化分析[J]．干旱区地理，2015,38(3):556.LI Chunlan,ZHAO Lumen,BAO Yuhai,et al. Dynamic changes of desertification in the Hunshandake Desert under the climate fluctuation in early 21st Century[J]. Arid Land Geography,2015,38(3):556.
[7]元志辉，包刚，银山，等．2000—2014年浑善达克沙地植被覆盖变化研究[J]．草业学报，2016,25(1):33.YUAN Zhihui,BAO Gang,YIN shan,et al. Study on vegetation cover change in Hunshandak Sandy Land from2000 to 2014[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2016,25(1):33.
[8]康相武，吴绍洪，刘雪华．浑善达克沙地土地沙漠化时空演变规律研究[J]．水土保持学报，2009,23(1):1.KANG Xiangwu,WU Shaohong,LIU Xuehua. Research on spatio-temporal change of sandy desertification in Hunshandake[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,23(1):1.
[9]胡斯勒图，宝音，佟宝全．基于遥感GIS的浑善达克沙地土地利用动态变化及其环境效应研究[J]．干旱区资源与环境，2007,21(1):134.Husile Tu,Bao Yin,TONG Baoquan. Analysis on land use dynamic change and environment effect in Hunshandak Desert based on RS and GIS[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment 2007,21(1):134.
[10]刘海江，周成虎，程维明，等．基于多时相遥感影像的浑善达克沙地沙漠化监测[J]．生态学报，2008,28(2):627.LIU Haijiang,ZHOU Chenghu,CHENG Weiming,et al.Monitoring sandy desertification of the Otindag Sandy Land based on multi-date remote sensing images[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(2):627.
[11]乌兰图雅，阿拉腾图雅，长安，等．遥感、GIS支持下的浑善达克沙漠化土地最新特征分析[J]．内蒙古师范大学学报(自然科学汉文版)，2001,30(4):356.Urantuya, Alatendujah, CHANG An, et al. Remote sensing, analysis of the latest characteristics of Hunshandak desertification land supported by GIS[J]. Journal of Inner Mongolia Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2001,30(4):356.
[12] LEPRIEUR C,VERSTRAETE M M,PINTY B. Evaluation of the performance of various vegetation indices to retrieve vegetation cover from AVHRR data[J]. Remote Sensing Reviews,1994,10(4):265.
[13] GUTMAN G,IGNATOV A. The derivation of the green vegetation fraction from NOAA/AVHRR data for use in numerical weather prediction models[J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing,1998,19(8):1533.
[14]穆少杰，李建龙，陈奕兆，等．2001—2010年内蒙古植被覆盖度时空变化特征[J]．地理学报，2012,67(9):1255.MU Shaojie,LI Jianlong,CHEN Yizhao,et al. Spatial differences of variations of vegetation coverage in Inner Mongolia during 2001-2010[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,67(9):1255.
[15] WAN Yongfang,ZHANG Jiquan,TONG Siqin,et al.Monitoring the trends of aeolian desertified lands based on time-series remote sensing data in the Horqin Sandy Land,China[J]. Catena,2017,157:286.
[16] SEN P K. Estimates of the regression coefficient based on Kendall's tau[J]. Journal of the American Statistical Association1968,63(24):1379.
[17]刘宪锋，潘耀忠，朱秀芳，等．2000—2014年秦巴山区植被覆盖时空变化特征及其归因[J]．地理学报，2015,70(5):705.LIU Xianfeng, PAN Yaozhong, ZHU Xiufang, et al.Spatiotemporal variation of vegetation coverage in QinlingDaba Mountains in relation to environmental factors[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(5):705.
[18] XU Duanyang,LI Chunlei,SONG Xiao,et al. The dynamics of desertification in the farming-pastoral region of North China over the past 10 years and their relationship to climate change and human activity[J]. Catena,2014,123:11.
[19] STEFAINE H. Shape improvement of surfaces[J]. Journal of Computing,1998,13:135.
[20] JIN Qiutong,ZHANG Jutao,SHI Mingchang,et al. Estimating Loess Plateau average annual precipitation with multiple linear regression Kriging and geographically weighted regression Kriging[J]. Water,2016,8(6),266.
[21]刘树林，王涛．浑善达克沙地的土地沙漠化过程研究[J]．中国沙漠，2007,27(5):719.LIU Shulin,WANG Tao. Study on land desertification process in Hunshandake Sandy Land[J]. Journal of Desert Research,2007,27(5):719.
[22]王牧兰，包玉海，银山．浑善达克沙地动态变化影响因素分析[J]．干旱区资源与环境，2004,18(9):44.WANG Mulan,BAO Yuhai,YIN Shan. Dynamic changes of the landscape structure of Hunshandake Sands and analysis on its forming factors[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2004,18(9):44.
[23]杨婷婷，刘朋涛，刘同海，等．正蓝旗沙漠化草地分布格局及2002—2011年动态变化的遥感监测[J]．干旱区资源与环境，2013,27(10):181.YANG Tingting,LIU Pengtao,LIU Tonghai,et al. The remote sensing monitoring on desertification distribution pattern and its dynamic changes in Zhenglanqi area from2002 to 2011[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2013,27(10):181.
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