新加坡观赏鱼产业发展的机遇与挑战（英文）
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摘要
新加坡是一个小岛国,农业用地及用于养鱼的海域面积均很有限。但新加坡观赏鱼产业相当独特和成功,是世界第一观赏鱼出口国,向80多个国家出售超过1 000种鱼类,2016年的年收入达到4 300万美元。该产业的成功主要源于其在许可证颁发,生物安全控制,养殖,包装,运输和疾病控制等各方面所具有的独特特征。新加坡正在努力驯养和培育许多高价值的海洋物种和新的淡水物种,并开发新型的循环水养殖系统。上游研究侧重于开发和使用基因组工具来培育新品种并维持野外种类的遗传多样性。但由于养殖鱼类的空间有限,邻国竞争激烈,该行业面临诸多挑战,其市场份额正在减少。在这篇综述中,我们将总结新加坡观赏鱼产业的现状和发展,讨论其面临的挑战,并提出保持该产业领先地位的建议。
Singapore is a small island country with limited land for agricultural purposes and restricted sea watersavailable for fish farming. However, the ornamental fish industry of Singapore is quite unique and successful,being the world No. 1 exporter of ornamental fish, selling over 1 000 fish species to over 80 countries andgenerating an annual revenue of USD 43 million in 2016. Its success is mainly thanks to its specific capabilities inlicensing, biosecurity controls, culturing, packing, transporting and disease control. Efforts are being made to breedand domesticate many of the high-value marine species and new freshwater species and to develop novelreciculating culture systems. Upstream research has focused on developing and using genomic tools to breed newvarieties and to maintain genetic diversity in the wild. However, due to limited space for culturing fish and strongcompetitions from neighbouring countries, Singapore's ornamental fish industry is facing many challenges, and itsmarket share is reducing. In this review, we will summarize the status and development of Singapore's ornamentalfish industry, discuss its challenges and make some suggestions for maintaining the leading position of theindustry.
Singapore is a small island country with limited land for agricultural purposes and restricted sea watersavailable for fish farming. However, the ornamental fish industry of Singapore is quite unique and successful,being the world No. 1 exporter of ornamental fish, selling over 1 000 fish species to over 80 countries andgenerating an annual revenue of USD 43 million in 2016. Its success is mainly thanks to its specific capabilities inlicensing, biosecurity controls, culturing, packing, transporting and disease control. Efforts are being made to breedand domesticate many of the high-value marine species and new freshwater species and to develop novelreciculating culture systems. Upstream research has focused on developing and using genomic tools to breed newvarieties and to maintain genetic diversity in the wild. However, due to limited space for culturing fish and strongcompetitions from neighbouring countries, Singapore's ornamental fish industry is facing many challenges, and itsmarket share is reducing. In this review, we will summarize the status and development of Singapore's ornamentalfish industry, discuss its challenges and make some suggestions for maintaining the leading position of theindustry.
引文
[1]Domínguez L M,Botella A S.An overview of marine ornamental fish breeding as a potential support to the aquarium trade and to the conservation of natural fish populations[J].International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning,2014,9(4):608-632.
[2]Ladisa C,Bruni M,Lovatelli A.Overview of marine ornamental species aquaculture[M].FAO Aquaculture Newsletter,2017,39.
[3]Corlett R T.The ecological transformation of Singapore,1819-1990[J].Journal of Biogeography,1992,19(4):411-420.
[4]Yaakub S M,McKenzie L J,Erftemeijer P L A,et al.Courage under fire:Seagrass persistence adjacent to a highly urbanised city-state[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2014,83(2):417-424.
[5]Ling K H,Lim L Y.The status of ornamental fish industry in Singapore[J].Ornamental Fish Industry in Singapore,2005,32:56-59.
[6]Magurran A E,Seghers B H,Shaw P W,et al.The behavioral diversity and evolution of guppy,Poecilia reticulata,populations in Trinidad[J].Advances in the Study of Behavior,1995,24:155-202.
[7]Alda F,Reina R G,Doadrio I,et al.Phylogeny and biogeography of the Poecilia sphenops species complex(Actinopterygii,Poeciliidae)in Central America[J].Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution,2013,66(3):1011-1026.
[8]Kallman K D.Theplaty fish,Xiphophorus maculatus[M]//King R C.Handbook of Genetics.Boston,MA:Springer,1975:81-132.
[9]Chen S C.A history of the domestication and the factors of the varietal formation of the common goldfish,Carassius auratus[J].Scientia Sinica,1956,5:287-321.
[10]Bestor T C.Tsukiji:The Fish Market at the Center of the World[M].Los Angeles:University of California Press,2004.
[11]Greenwood P H,Rosen D E,Weitzman S H,et al.Phyletic Studies of Teleostean Fishes,with AProvisional Classification of Living Forms[M].New York:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History,1996 338-456.
[12]Dawes J,Chuan L L,Cheong L.Dragon Fish[M].Kingdom Books England,1999.
[13]Tavip W J.The Asian Arowana:King of the Aquarium[M].Tropical Fish Hobbyist,1995:84-89.
[14]Goh W,Chua J.The Asian arowana[M].Singapore:Dragon Fish Industry,1999:26-27.
[15]Voigt E.The Dragon Behind the Glass:A True Story of Power,Obsession,and the World's Most Coveted Fish[M].Simon&Schuster,2016.
[16]Fernando A A,Lim L C,Jeyaseelan K,et al.DNAfingerprinting:Application to conservation of the CITES-listed dragon fish,Scleropages formosus(Osteoglossidae)[J].Aquarium Sciences and Conservation,1997,1(2):91-104.
[17]Dawes J.Update on the dragon fish trade[J].Aquarama,2006,7:7-11.
[18]Joseph J,Evans D,Broad S.International trade in Asian bonytongues[J].Traffic Bulletin,1986,8:73-76.
[19]Chang A K W,Liew W C,Orban L.The reproduction of Asian arowana:Analysis by polymorphic DNAmarkers[J].Aquaculture,2007,272(S1):S249.
[20]Lim L C,Dhert P,Sorgeloos P.Recent developments and improvements in ornamental fish packaging systems for air transport[J].Aquaculture Research,2003,34(11):923-935.
[21]Cole B,Tamaru C,Bailey R,et al.Shipping Practices in the Ornamental Fish Industry[M].Waimanalo,Hawaii USA:Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture Publication,Oceanic Institute,1999.
[22]Lim L C,Dhert P,Chew W Y,et al.Enhancement of stress resistance of the guppy Poecilia reticulata through feeding with vitamin C supplement[J].Journal of the World Aquaculture Society,2002,33(1):32-40.
[23]Gratzek J B.Parasites associated with ornamental fish[J].Veterinary Clinics of North America:Small Animal Practice,1988,18(2):375-399.
[24]Brown L A.Anesthesia in fish[J].Veterinary Clinics of North America:Small Animal Practice,1988,18(2):317-330.
[25]AVA.Vol.2(ed AVA)(AVA,2011).
[26]Cheong L.Overview of the current international trade in ornamental fish,with special reference to Singapore[J].Revue Scientifique et Technique(International Office of Epizootics),1996,15(2):445-481.
[27]Fernando A A,Phang V P E.Culture of the guppy,Poecilia reticulata,in Singapore[J].Aquaculture,1985,51(1):49-63.
[28]Khoo G,Lim K F,Gan D K Y,et al.Genetic diversity within and among feral populations and domesticated strains of the guppy(Poecilia reticulata)in Singapore[J].Marine Biotechnology,2002,4(4):367-378.
[29]Khoo G,Lim T M,Chan W K,et al.Genetic basis of the variegated tail pattern in the guppy,Poecilia reticulata[J].Zoological Science,1999,16(3):431-437.
[30]Hegde A,Teh H C,Lam T J,et al.Nodavirus infection in freshwater ornamental fish,guppy,Poicelia reticulatacomparative characterization and pathogenicity studies[J].Archives of Virology,2003,148(3):575-586.
[31]Phang V P E,Fernando A A.linkage analysis of the X-linked green tail and blue tail color genes in the guppy,Poecilia reticulata(Genetics)[J].Zoological Science,1991,8:975-981.
[32]Teo L H,Chen T W,Lee B H.Packaging of the guppy,Poecilia reticulata,for air transport in a closed system[J].Aquaculture,1989,78(3-4):321-332.
[33]Gong Z Y,Wan H Y,Ju B S,et al.Generation of living color transgenic zebrafish[M]//Shimizu N,Akoi T,Hirono I,et al.Aquatic Genomics.Tokyo:Springer,2003:329-339.
[34]Gong Z Y,Wan H Y,Chen M R,et al.Applications of transgenic technology in ornamental fish[J].Fisheries Science,2002,68(S2):1063-1066.
[35]Yue G H,Chen F,Orban L.Rapid isolation and characterization of microsatellites from the genome of A s i a n a r o w a n a(S c l e r o p a g e s f o r m o s u s,Osteoglossidae,Pisces)[J].Molecular Ecology,2000,9(7):1007-1009.
[36]Yue G H,Li Y,Chen F,et al.Comparison of three DNAmarker systems for assessing genetic diversity in Asian arowana(Scleropages formosus)[J].Electrophoresis,2002,23(7-8):1025-1032.
[37]Yue G H,Zhu Z Y,Lin G,et al.Novel polymorphic microsatellites for studying genetic diversity of red Asian arowanas[J].Conservation Genetics,2006,7(4):627-629.
[38]Yue G H,Ong D,Wong C C,et al.A strain-specific and a sex-associated STS marker for Asian arowana(Scleropages formosus,Osteoglossidae)[J].Aquaculture Research,2003,34(11):951-957.
[39]Shen X Y,Kwan H Y,Thevasagayam N M,et al.The first transcriptome and genetic linkage map for Asian arowana[J].Molecular Ecology Resources,2014,14(3):622-635.
[40]Yue G H,Liew W C,Orban L.The complete mitochondrial genome of a basal teleost,the Asian arowana(Scleropages formosus,Osteoglossidae)[J].BMC Genomics,2006,7:242.
[41]Bian C,Hu Y C,Ravi V,et al.The Asian arowana(Scleropages formosus)genome provides new insights into the evolution of an early lineage of teleosts[J].Scientific Reports,2016,6:24501.
[42]Yue G H,Chang A.Molecular evidence for high frequency of multiple paternity in a freshwater shrimp species Caridina ensifera[J].PLoS One,2010,5(9):e12721.
[43]Wallbrunn H M.Genetics of the Siamese fighting fish,Betta splendens[J].Genetics,1958,43(3):289-298.
[44]Yue G H.Recent advances of genome mapping and marker‐assisted selection in aquaculture[J].Fish and Fisheries,2014,15(3):376-396.
[45]Shin K J.Development of autonomous bio-mimetic ornamental aquarium fish robotic[J].KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering,2015,4(5):219-224.
[46]Kiruthika S U,Raja S K S,Jaich R.IOT based automation of fish farming[J].Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical&Control Systems,2017,9(1):50-57.
[47]Ran F A,Hsu P D,Wright J,et al.Genome engineering using the CRISPR-Cas9 system[J].Nature Protocols,2013,8(11):2281-2308.
[2]Ladisa C,Bruni M,Lovatelli A.Overview of marine ornamental species aquaculture[M].FAO Aquaculture Newsletter,2017,39.
[3]Corlett R T.The ecological transformation of Singapore,1819-1990[J].Journal of Biogeography,1992,19(4):411-420.
[4]Yaakub S M,McKenzie L J,Erftemeijer P L A,et al.Courage under fire:Seagrass persistence adjacent to a highly urbanised city-state[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2014,83(2):417-424.
[5]Ling K H,Lim L Y.The status of ornamental fish industry in Singapore[J].Ornamental Fish Industry in Singapore,2005,32:56-59.
[6]Magurran A E,Seghers B H,Shaw P W,et al.The behavioral diversity and evolution of guppy,Poecilia reticulata,populations in Trinidad[J].Advances in the Study of Behavior,1995,24:155-202.
[7]Alda F,Reina R G,Doadrio I,et al.Phylogeny and biogeography of the Poecilia sphenops species complex(Actinopterygii,Poeciliidae)in Central America[J].Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution,2013,66(3):1011-1026.
[8]Kallman K D.Theplaty fish,Xiphophorus maculatus[M]//King R C.Handbook of Genetics.Boston,MA:Springer,1975:81-132.
[9]Chen S C.A history of the domestication and the factors of the varietal formation of the common goldfish,Carassius auratus[J].Scientia Sinica,1956,5:287-321.
[10]Bestor T C.Tsukiji:The Fish Market at the Center of the World[M].Los Angeles:University of California Press,2004.
[11]Greenwood P H,Rosen D E,Weitzman S H,et al.Phyletic Studies of Teleostean Fishes,with AProvisional Classification of Living Forms[M].New York:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History,1996 338-456.
[12]Dawes J,Chuan L L,Cheong L.Dragon Fish[M].Kingdom Books England,1999.
[13]Tavip W J.The Asian Arowana:King of the Aquarium[M].Tropical Fish Hobbyist,1995:84-89.
[14]Goh W,Chua J.The Asian arowana[M].Singapore:Dragon Fish Industry,1999:26-27.
[15]Voigt E.The Dragon Behind the Glass:A True Story of Power,Obsession,and the World's Most Coveted Fish[M].Simon&Schuster,2016.
[16]Fernando A A,Lim L C,Jeyaseelan K,et al.DNAfingerprinting:Application to conservation of the CITES-listed dragon fish,Scleropages formosus(Osteoglossidae)[J].Aquarium Sciences and Conservation,1997,1(2):91-104.
[17]Dawes J.Update on the dragon fish trade[J].Aquarama,2006,7:7-11.
[18]Joseph J,Evans D,Broad S.International trade in Asian bonytongues[J].Traffic Bulletin,1986,8:73-76.
[19]Chang A K W,Liew W C,Orban L.The reproduction of Asian arowana:Analysis by polymorphic DNAmarkers[J].Aquaculture,2007,272(S1):S249.
[20]Lim L C,Dhert P,Sorgeloos P.Recent developments and improvements in ornamental fish packaging systems for air transport[J].Aquaculture Research,2003,34(11):923-935.
[21]Cole B,Tamaru C,Bailey R,et al.Shipping Practices in the Ornamental Fish Industry[M].Waimanalo,Hawaii USA:Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture Publication,Oceanic Institute,1999.
[22]Lim L C,Dhert P,Chew W Y,et al.Enhancement of stress resistance of the guppy Poecilia reticulata through feeding with vitamin C supplement[J].Journal of the World Aquaculture Society,2002,33(1):32-40.
[23]Gratzek J B.Parasites associated with ornamental fish[J].Veterinary Clinics of North America:Small Animal Practice,1988,18(2):375-399.
[24]Brown L A.Anesthesia in fish[J].Veterinary Clinics of North America:Small Animal Practice,1988,18(2):317-330.
[25]AVA.Vol.2(ed AVA)(AVA,2011).
[26]Cheong L.Overview of the current international trade in ornamental fish,with special reference to Singapore[J].Revue Scientifique et Technique(International Office of Epizootics),1996,15(2):445-481.
[27]Fernando A A,Phang V P E.Culture of the guppy,Poecilia reticulata,in Singapore[J].Aquaculture,1985,51(1):49-63.
[28]Khoo G,Lim K F,Gan D K Y,et al.Genetic diversity within and among feral populations and domesticated strains of the guppy(Poecilia reticulata)in Singapore[J].Marine Biotechnology,2002,4(4):367-378.
[29]Khoo G,Lim T M,Chan W K,et al.Genetic basis of the variegated tail pattern in the guppy,Poecilia reticulata[J].Zoological Science,1999,16(3):431-437.
[30]Hegde A,Teh H C,Lam T J,et al.Nodavirus infection in freshwater ornamental fish,guppy,Poicelia reticulatacomparative characterization and pathogenicity studies[J].Archives of Virology,2003,148(3):575-586.
[31]Phang V P E,Fernando A A.linkage analysis of the X-linked green tail and blue tail color genes in the guppy,Poecilia reticulata(Genetics)[J].Zoological Science,1991,8:975-981.
[32]Teo L H,Chen T W,Lee B H.Packaging of the guppy,Poecilia reticulata,for air transport in a closed system[J].Aquaculture,1989,78(3-4):321-332.
[33]Gong Z Y,Wan H Y,Ju B S,et al.Generation of living color transgenic zebrafish[M]//Shimizu N,Akoi T,Hirono I,et al.Aquatic Genomics.Tokyo:Springer,2003:329-339.
[34]Gong Z Y,Wan H Y,Chen M R,et al.Applications of transgenic technology in ornamental fish[J].Fisheries Science,2002,68(S2):1063-1066.
[35]Yue G H,Chen F,Orban L.Rapid isolation and characterization of microsatellites from the genome of A s i a n a r o w a n a(S c l e r o p a g e s f o r m o s u s,Osteoglossidae,Pisces)[J].Molecular Ecology,2000,9(7):1007-1009.
[36]Yue G H,Li Y,Chen F,et al.Comparison of three DNAmarker systems for assessing genetic diversity in Asian arowana(Scleropages formosus)[J].Electrophoresis,2002,23(7-8):1025-1032.
[37]Yue G H,Zhu Z Y,Lin G,et al.Novel polymorphic microsatellites for studying genetic diversity of red Asian arowanas[J].Conservation Genetics,2006,7(4):627-629.
[38]Yue G H,Ong D,Wong C C,et al.A strain-specific and a sex-associated STS marker for Asian arowana(Scleropages formosus,Osteoglossidae)[J].Aquaculture Research,2003,34(11):951-957.
[39]Shen X Y,Kwan H Y,Thevasagayam N M,et al.The first transcriptome and genetic linkage map for Asian arowana[J].Molecular Ecology Resources,2014,14(3):622-635.
[40]Yue G H,Liew W C,Orban L.The complete mitochondrial genome of a basal teleost,the Asian arowana(Scleropages formosus,Osteoglossidae)[J].BMC Genomics,2006,7:242.
[41]Bian C,Hu Y C,Ravi V,et al.The Asian arowana(Scleropages formosus)genome provides new insights into the evolution of an early lineage of teleosts[J].Scientific Reports,2016,6:24501.
[42]Yue G H,Chang A.Molecular evidence for high frequency of multiple paternity in a freshwater shrimp species Caridina ensifera[J].PLoS One,2010,5(9):e12721.
[43]Wallbrunn H M.Genetics of the Siamese fighting fish,Betta splendens[J].Genetics,1958,43(3):289-298.
[44]Yue G H.Recent advances of genome mapping and marker‐assisted selection in aquaculture[J].Fish and Fisheries,2014,15(3):376-396.
[45]Shin K J.Development of autonomous bio-mimetic ornamental aquarium fish robotic[J].KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering,2015,4(5):219-224.
[46]Kiruthika S U,Raja S K S,Jaich R.IOT based automation of fish farming[J].Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical&Control Systems,2017,9(1):50-57.
[47]Ran F A,Hsu P D,Wright J,et al.Genome engineering using the CRISPR-Cas9 system[J].Nature Protocols,2013,8(11):2281-2308.
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