基于微生物发酵的废弃菜叶无害化处理及腐熟安全性评价
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摘要
[目的]探讨添加微生物菌剂的废弃菜叶无害化处理及腐熟安全性,解决发酵过程中污染环境、提高发酵堆体孔隙度、通气量、温度上升慢等问题。[方法]以废弃菜叶为原料,以玉米秸秆、牛粪等为辅料,采用调控发酵原料的碳氮比、微生物菌剂种类、发酵堆体的水分及温度等方法。[结果]优化了废弃菜叶微生物发酵原料的最佳配比:废弃菜叶、玉米秸秆、牛粪、发酵菌剂的重量比100∶4∶2∶0.25;建立了一套废弃菜叶微生物发酵腐熟度指标评价体系,即发酵堆体温度≥50℃,持续3～5 d, pH值小于等于8.0,电导率小于等于2.0 mS/cm,E_4/E_6比小于等于2.5,C/N比小于20,发芽指数GI大于80;发酵产物的全氮、有机质、碱解氮、速效钾等养分及安全限量指标均符合行业标准。[结论]废弃菜叶微生物发酵终产物的pH值、电导率、E_4/E_6值、C/N值、GI等理化指标和生物指标均符合腐熟度指标,并达到蔬菜栽培基质的肥力及安全限量指标要求。
[Objective] This study aims at discussing the harmlessness treatment and maturity safety of waste vegetable leaves with microbial agent, in order to solve the problems of environmental pollution during fermentation, and improve the porosity, ventilation and temperature of fermentation reactor. [Methods] Waste vegetable leaves were used as raw materials, corn straw and cow dung were used as auxiliary materials, and methods such as adjusting the carbon-nitrogen ratio of fermentation raw materials, types of microbial inoculum, moisture and temperature of fermentation stack were adopted. [Results] The optimal ratio of microbial fermentation raw materials for waste vegetable leaves was optimized, and the weight ratio of waste vegetable leaves, corn stalks, cow dung and fermenting agent was 100∶4∶2∶0.25. A set of evaluation system for microbial fermentation maturity index of waste vegetable leaves was established. The temperature of the fermentation reactor was≥50 ℃, lasts for 3～5 days, pH value was ≤ 8.0, conductivity was ≥ 2.0 mS/cm, E_4/E_6 ratio was ≤2.5, C/N ratio was < 20, and germination index GI was >80. The nutrients and safety limit indexes of total nitrogen, organic matter, alkali nitrogen and available potassium of the fermentation products were in line with industry standards. [Conclusion] The pH value, electrical conductivity, E_4/E_6, C/N, GI and other physicochemical and biological indicators of the product of microbial fermentation in the waste cabbage leaves all meet the requirements of the fertility and safety limits of vegetable cultivation matrix.
[Objective] This study aims at discussing the harmlessness treatment and maturity safety of waste vegetable leaves with microbial agent, in order to solve the problems of environmental pollution during fermentation, and improve the porosity, ventilation and temperature of fermentation reactor. [Methods] Waste vegetable leaves were used as raw materials, corn straw and cow dung were used as auxiliary materials, and methods such as adjusting the carbon-nitrogen ratio of fermentation raw materials, types of microbial inoculum, moisture and temperature of fermentation stack were adopted. [Results] The optimal ratio of microbial fermentation raw materials for waste vegetable leaves was optimized, and the weight ratio of waste vegetable leaves, corn stalks, cow dung and fermenting agent was 100∶4∶2∶0.25. A set of evaluation system for microbial fermentation maturity index of waste vegetable leaves was established. The temperature of the fermentation reactor was≥50 ℃, lasts for 3～5 days, pH value was ≤ 8.0, conductivity was ≥ 2.0 mS/cm, E_4/E_6 ratio was ≤2.5, C/N ratio was < 20, and germination index GI was >80. The nutrients and safety limit indexes of total nitrogen, organic matter, alkali nitrogen and available potassium of the fermentation products were in line with industry standards. [Conclusion] The pH value, electrical conductivity, E_4/E_6, C/N, GI and other physicochemical and biological indicators of the product of microbial fermentation in the waste cabbage leaves all meet the requirements of the fertility and safety limits of vegetable cultivation matrix.
引文
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[18] 孟国欣,查同刚,巩潇,等.污泥添加园林废弃物堆肥过程参数变化及腐熟度综合评价[J].生态环境学报,2018,27(8):1538-1546.
[19] 黄国锋,钟流举,张振钿,等.有机固体废弃物堆肥的物质变化及腐熟度评价[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(5):813-818.
[20] 李艳霞,王敏健,王菊思.有机固体废弃物堆肥的腐熟度参数及指标[J].环境科学,1999,20(2):98-100.
[2] 戴洪伟,解耀钦.玉米秸秆和莲花菜尾菜酵母菌发酵试验[J].甘肃畜牧兽医,2015,45(3):31-33.
[3] 李衍素,于贤昌.我国蔬菜绿色发展“4H”理念[J].中国蔬菜,2018(6):5-8.
[4] 常瑞雪.蔬菜废弃物超高温堆肥工艺构建及其过程中的氮素损失研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2017.
[5] 徐路魏,王旭东.生物质炭对蔬菜废弃物堆肥化过程氮素转化的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2016,35(6):1160-1166.
[6] 戚如鑫,魏涛,王梦芝,等.尾菜饲料化利用技术及其在畜禽养殖生产中的应用[J].动物营养学报,2018,30(4):1297-1302.
[7] 杨富民,张克平,杨敏.3种尾菜饲料化利用技术研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2014,22(4):491-495.
[8] 宋亚楠,宋梓梅,裴梦富,等.蔬菜类废弃物甲烷发酵的产气潜能及过程特征[J].环境工程学报,2018(2):645-653.
[9] 李瑞琴,于安芬,白滨,等.蔬菜废弃物栽培基质对番茄生长发育和营养品质的影响[J].水土保持通报,2016,36(2):110-114.
[10] 席旭东,晋小军,张俊科.蔬菜废弃物快速堆肥方法研究[J].中国土壤与肥料,2010(3):62-66.
[11] 王辉,晋小军,赵洁,等.蔬菜废弃物不同堆制方法对微生物数量的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2012(4):84-86.
[12] 李剑,李玉奇,王涛,等.蔬菜废弃物、稻草与猪牛粪不同配比厌氧堆肥研究[J].上海交通大学学报:农业科学版,2011,29(1):54-57.
[13] 焦秀梅,刘月敏,马华继.温度对蔬菜废弃物厌氧发酵的影响[J].农业环境与发展,2013(3):82-85.
[14] 李鸣雷,商鸿生,谷洁,等.促进农业废弃物腐解的复合微生物菌剂的筛选[J].西北农业学报,2005,14(2):101-104.
[15] 殷培杰,孙军德,石星群,等.微生物菌剂在鸡粪有机肥料堆制发酵中的应用[J].微生物学杂志,2004,24(6):43-46.
[16] 刘芳,邱凌,李自林,等.蔬菜废弃物厌氧发酵产气特性研究[J].西北农业学报,2013,22(10):162-170.
[17] 张相锋,王洪涛,聂永丰,等.高水分蔬菜废物和花卉、鸡舍废物联合堆肥的中试研究[J].环境科学,2003,24(2):147-151.
[18] 孟国欣,查同刚,巩潇,等.污泥添加园林废弃物堆肥过程参数变化及腐熟度综合评价[J].生态环境学报,2018,27(8):1538-1546.
[19] 黄国锋,钟流举,张振钿,等.有机固体废弃物堆肥的物质变化及腐熟度评价[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(5):813-818.
[20] 李艳霞,王敏健,王菊思.有机固体废弃物堆肥的腐熟度参数及指标[J].环境科学,1999,20(2):98-100.
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