特厚坚硬煤层超大采高综放开采支架-围岩结构耦合关系
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摘要
针对榆神矿区坚硬特厚煤层综放开采所面临的顶煤悬顶距长、冒放性差、采出率低和采放不协调等问题,探讨了机采割煤高度6. 0 m以上的超大采高综放开采可行性和必要性,分析超大采高综放开采支架-围岩耦合关系,在支架-围岩强度、刚度和稳定性耦合的基础上,提出超大采高综放开采支架-围岩结构耦合理论。从液压支架与围岩相互作用机理角度,阐释了支架-围岩支护系统"小结构"初次耦合主动支撑和"大结构"二次耦合被动承载概念和理论,分析了围岩"大、小结构"耦合对工作面围岩支护效果和适应性的影响,指出综采放顶煤液压支架结构设计除需满足"小结构"支护系统适应"大结构"周期性破断失稳形成的强动载矿压外,还需考虑液压支架结构(特别是放煤机构结构)对顶煤冒放运移规律和支架载荷演化过程的影响,通过支架结构与顶煤冒放结构耦合实现顶煤顺利放出,提高顶煤采出率。采用理论分析、相似模拟、数值模拟和现场调研等研究方法,分析了坚硬顶煤冒落和放出结构以及冒放过程的成拱机理,讨论了液压支架结构高度对矿山压力显现强度、顶煤冒放结构和资源采出率的影响,研究了放煤机构结构对顶煤成拱结构的影响,以及放煤机构结构对顶煤的二次破碎作用,提出了强力放煤机构结构改进和优化策略,并对破煤机理和效果进行探讨,以期为相似坚硬特厚煤层综放开采支架-围岩耦合提拱理论指导和借鉴。
Aimed at the challenges,such as long overhanging top-coal,poor cavability,low recovery and incoordination of coal cutting and coal drawing,faced in longwall top coal caving( LTCC) mining with extra-thick and hard coal seam in Yushen mining area,the authors discussed the feasibility and necessity of LTCC operation with super-large cutting height( greater than 6.0 m),and analyzed the coupling between hydraulic roof support and surrounding rock.Based on the coupling of strength,stiffness and stability of support-surrounding rock,a structure coupling theory of support-surrounding rock in LTCC mining with super-large mining height is put forward. The concepts and theories of "small structure"primary coupling,active supporting,and "large structure"secondary coupling,passive bearing,in the support system of hydraulic supports and the surrounding rock are explained from the perspective of the interaction mechanism between them.The authors analyzed the influence of "large and small structure"coupling of surrounding rock on the supporting effect and adaptability.It is pointed out that the structural design of hydraulic support used in LTCC not only needs to meet the requirement of adaptation of small structure supporting system to the strong dynamic load caused by periodic failure and instability of large structure,but also needs to consider the influence of the structure of hydraulic support( especially the structure of coal drawing mechanism) on the caving and migration law of hard topcoal,as well as the load evolution process of the support.The coupling between the structure of hydraulic support and the structure of caved top-coal can realize a smooth drawing of top coal and improve the recovery rate of top-coal.The methods of theoretical analysis,similarity simulation,numerical simulation and field investigation are adopted to analyze the caving and drawing structure of hard top coal and the arching effect during the coal drawing process.The influence of the structure height of hydraulic support on the caving structure and resource recovery rate of the top coal is discussed.The effect of caving mechanism structure on the arch structure of top coal and the secondary crushing effect of caving mechanism structure on top coal are studied. The structural improvement and optimization strategies of the strong coal drawing mechanism are put forward,and the mechanism and effect of coal breaking are discussed.This paper would provide guidance and reference for the coupling theory of hydraulic roof support and surrounding rock in similar hard and extremely thick coal seam.
Aimed at the challenges,such as long overhanging top-coal,poor cavability,low recovery and incoordination of coal cutting and coal drawing,faced in longwall top coal caving( LTCC) mining with extra-thick and hard coal seam in Yushen mining area,the authors discussed the feasibility and necessity of LTCC operation with super-large cutting height( greater than 6.0 m),and analyzed the coupling between hydraulic roof support and surrounding rock.Based on the coupling of strength,stiffness and stability of support-surrounding rock,a structure coupling theory of support-surrounding rock in LTCC mining with super-large mining height is put forward. The concepts and theories of "small structure"primary coupling,active supporting,and "large structure"secondary coupling,passive bearing,in the support system of hydraulic supports and the surrounding rock are explained from the perspective of the interaction mechanism between them.The authors analyzed the influence of "large and small structure"coupling of surrounding rock on the supporting effect and adaptability.It is pointed out that the structural design of hydraulic support used in LTCC not only needs to meet the requirement of adaptation of small structure supporting system to the strong dynamic load caused by periodic failure and instability of large structure,but also needs to consider the influence of the structure of hydraulic support( especially the structure of coal drawing mechanism) on the caving and migration law of hard topcoal,as well as the load evolution process of the support.The coupling between the structure of hydraulic support and the structure of caved top-coal can realize a smooth drawing of top coal and improve the recovery rate of top-coal.The methods of theoretical analysis,similarity simulation,numerical simulation and field investigation are adopted to analyze the caving and drawing structure of hard top coal and the arching effect during the coal drawing process.The influence of the structure height of hydraulic support on the caving structure and resource recovery rate of the top coal is discussed.The effect of caving mechanism structure on the arch structure of top coal and the secondary crushing effect of caving mechanism structure on top coal are studied. The structural improvement and optimization strategies of the strong coal drawing mechanism are put forward,and the mechanism and effect of coal breaking are discussed.This paper would provide guidance and reference for the coupling theory of hydraulic roof support and surrounding rock in similar hard and extremely thick coal seam.
引文
[1]王国法,庞义辉.液压支架与围岩耦合关系及应用[J].煤炭学报,2015,40(1):30-34.WANG Guofa,PANG Yihui. Relationship between hydraulic support and surrounding rock coupling and its application[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2015,40(1):30-34.
[2]徐亚军,王国法.液压支架群组支护原理与承载特性[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2017,36(S1):3367-3373.XU Yajun,WANG Guofa. Supporting principle and bearing characteristics of hydraulic powered roof support groups[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2017,36(S1):3367-3373.
[3] WANG Guofa,PANG Yihui. Surrounding rock control theory and longwall mining technology innovation[J]. International Journal of Coal Science&Technology,2017,4(4):301-309.
[4]钱鸣高.从围岩移动的力学关系论采场支架基本参数的决定[J].煤炭科学技术,1978(11):1-7.QIAN Minggao. Determination of basic parameters of hydraulic roof support based on the mechanics relationship of surrounding rock movement[J].Coal Science and Technology,1978(11):1-7.
[5]韩哲,赵铁林,解兴智.提高浅埋坚硬特厚煤层顶煤冒放性技术研究[J].煤矿开采,2016,21(1):18-20.HAN Zhe, ZHAO Tielin, XIE Xingzhi. Technology of improving top coal caving property in hard thick coal seam with shallow mining depth[J]. Coal Mining Technology,2016,21(1):18-20.
[6]胡国建,常博.急倾斜厚煤层水平分段注水弱化顶煤综放开采技术[J].煤炭科学技术,2017,45(S1):55-58.HU Jianguo,CHANG Bo. Technology of water injection for weakening top coal with horizontal section in steeply thick coal seam fully mechanized top-coal caving face[J].Coal Science and Technology,2017,45(S1):55-58.
[7]王家臣,富强.低位综放开采顶煤放出的散体介质流理论与应用[J].煤炭学报,2002,27(4):337-341.WANG Jiachen,FU Qiang. The loose medium flow field theory and its application on the longwall top-coal caving[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2002,27(4):337-341.
[8]王新民,肖智政,陈嘉生.采场放矿漏斗临界放矿口直径的确定[J].矿冶工程,1997,17(1):13-16.WANG Xinmin,XIAO Zhizheng,CHEN Jiasheng. Establishment of critical diameter of a discharge hopper[J].Mining and Metallurgical Engineering,1997,17(1):13-16.
[9]中国有色金属工业工业总公司.有色金属矿山地下开采生产技术规程[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1990.
[10]蔡美峰.岩石力学与工程[M].北京:科学出版社,2002.
[11]徐芝纶.弹性力学(第四版)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006.
[12]康建荣,王金庄.采动覆岩力学模型及断裂破坏条件分析[J].煤炭学报,2002,27(1):16-20.KANG Jianrong,WANG Jinzhuang.The mechanical model of the overburden rock under mining and the broken condition analysis[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2002,27(1):16-20.
[13]马念杰,侯朝炯.采准巷道矿压理论及应用[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,1995.
[14]钱鸣高,缪协兴,何富连.采场“砌体梁”结构的关键块分析[J].煤炭学报,1994,19(6):557-563.QIAN Minggao,MIAO Xiexing,HE Fulian. Analysis of key block in the structure of voussoir beam in longwall mining[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,1994,19(6):557-563.
[15]伍永平,解盘石,王红伟,等.大倾角煤层开采覆岩空间倾斜砌体结构[J].煤炭学报,2010,35(8):1252-1256.WU Yongping,XIE Panshi,WANG Hongwei,et al.Incline masonry structure around the coal face of steeply dipping seam mining[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2010,35(8):1252-1256.
[16]闫少宏,于雷,刘全明.综放开采“组合短悬臂梁-铰接岩梁结构”形成机理与应用[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,2017.
[17]卢国志,汤建泉,宋振骐.传递岩梁周期裂断步距与周期来压步距差异分析[J].岩土工程学报,2010,32(4):538-541.LU Guozhi,TANG Jianquan,SONG Zhenqi.Difference between cyclic fracturing and cyclic weighting interval of transferring rock beams[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2010,32(4):538-541.
[18]杨培举,刘长友.综放面端头基本顶结构与合理支护参数[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2012,29(1):26-32.YANG Peiju,LIU Changyou.Structure forms of basic roof and reasonable supporting parameters in ends of fully-mechanized top caving face[J]. Journal of Mining&Safety Engineering,2012,29(1):26-32.
[19]宋振骐.实用矿山压力与控制[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,1988.
[20]钱鸣高,石平五,许家林.矿山压力与岩层控制[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,2010.
[21]李明忠.榆神矿区坚硬特厚煤层大采高综放开采关键技术研究[D].北京:煤炭科学研究总院,2018.
[2]徐亚军,王国法.液压支架群组支护原理与承载特性[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2017,36(S1):3367-3373.XU Yajun,WANG Guofa. Supporting principle and bearing characteristics of hydraulic powered roof support groups[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2017,36(S1):3367-3373.
[3] WANG Guofa,PANG Yihui. Surrounding rock control theory and longwall mining technology innovation[J]. International Journal of Coal Science&Technology,2017,4(4):301-309.
[4]钱鸣高.从围岩移动的力学关系论采场支架基本参数的决定[J].煤炭科学技术,1978(11):1-7.QIAN Minggao. Determination of basic parameters of hydraulic roof support based on the mechanics relationship of surrounding rock movement[J].Coal Science and Technology,1978(11):1-7.
[5]韩哲,赵铁林,解兴智.提高浅埋坚硬特厚煤层顶煤冒放性技术研究[J].煤矿开采,2016,21(1):18-20.HAN Zhe, ZHAO Tielin, XIE Xingzhi. Technology of improving top coal caving property in hard thick coal seam with shallow mining depth[J]. Coal Mining Technology,2016,21(1):18-20.
[6]胡国建,常博.急倾斜厚煤层水平分段注水弱化顶煤综放开采技术[J].煤炭科学技术,2017,45(S1):55-58.HU Jianguo,CHANG Bo. Technology of water injection for weakening top coal with horizontal section in steeply thick coal seam fully mechanized top-coal caving face[J].Coal Science and Technology,2017,45(S1):55-58.
[7]王家臣,富强.低位综放开采顶煤放出的散体介质流理论与应用[J].煤炭学报,2002,27(4):337-341.WANG Jiachen,FU Qiang. The loose medium flow field theory and its application on the longwall top-coal caving[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2002,27(4):337-341.
[8]王新民,肖智政,陈嘉生.采场放矿漏斗临界放矿口直径的确定[J].矿冶工程,1997,17(1):13-16.WANG Xinmin,XIAO Zhizheng,CHEN Jiasheng. Establishment of critical diameter of a discharge hopper[J].Mining and Metallurgical Engineering,1997,17(1):13-16.
[9]中国有色金属工业工业总公司.有色金属矿山地下开采生产技术规程[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1990.
[10]蔡美峰.岩石力学与工程[M].北京:科学出版社,2002.
[11]徐芝纶.弹性力学(第四版)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006.
[12]康建荣,王金庄.采动覆岩力学模型及断裂破坏条件分析[J].煤炭学报,2002,27(1):16-20.KANG Jianrong,WANG Jinzhuang.The mechanical model of the overburden rock under mining and the broken condition analysis[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2002,27(1):16-20.
[13]马念杰,侯朝炯.采准巷道矿压理论及应用[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,1995.
[14]钱鸣高,缪协兴,何富连.采场“砌体梁”结构的关键块分析[J].煤炭学报,1994,19(6):557-563.QIAN Minggao,MIAO Xiexing,HE Fulian. Analysis of key block in the structure of voussoir beam in longwall mining[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,1994,19(6):557-563.
[15]伍永平,解盘石,王红伟,等.大倾角煤层开采覆岩空间倾斜砌体结构[J].煤炭学报,2010,35(8):1252-1256.WU Yongping,XIE Panshi,WANG Hongwei,et al.Incline masonry structure around the coal face of steeply dipping seam mining[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2010,35(8):1252-1256.
[16]闫少宏,于雷,刘全明.综放开采“组合短悬臂梁-铰接岩梁结构”形成机理与应用[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,2017.
[17]卢国志,汤建泉,宋振骐.传递岩梁周期裂断步距与周期来压步距差异分析[J].岩土工程学报,2010,32(4):538-541.LU Guozhi,TANG Jianquan,SONG Zhenqi.Difference between cyclic fracturing and cyclic weighting interval of transferring rock beams[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2010,32(4):538-541.
[18]杨培举,刘长友.综放面端头基本顶结构与合理支护参数[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2012,29(1):26-32.YANG Peiju,LIU Changyou.Structure forms of basic roof and reasonable supporting parameters in ends of fully-mechanized top caving face[J]. Journal of Mining&Safety Engineering,2012,29(1):26-32.
[19]宋振骐.实用矿山压力与控制[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,1988.
[20]钱鸣高,石平五,许家林.矿山压力与岩层控制[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,2010.
[21]李明忠.榆神矿区坚硬特厚煤层大采高综放开采关键技术研究[D].北京:煤炭科学研究总院,2018.
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