某体校游泳池水氯化消毒副产物致癌风险评价
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摘要
目的对某体校游泳池水氯化消毒副产物皮肤接触途径的危害进行分析评价。方法采用健康风险评价模式,抽样检测某体校游泳池三氯甲烷、二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸的浓度,问卷调查游泳者的游泳时间、游泳频率等,采用美国能源部下属国家实验室建立的风险评估信息系统(Risk Assessment Information System,RAIS)推荐的评价模型,对某体校游泳池氯化消毒副产物皮肤接触途径对人体产生的健康危害进行评价。结果某体校游泳池水中三氯甲烷、二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸的浓度分别为0. 045、0. 050和0. 031 mg/L,参照国际游泳协会(FINA)关于游泳池水水质的卫生标准,其中三氯甲烷浓度超标。健康风险评价结果显示游泳池水中氯化消毒副产物由皮肤途径所致健康危害的风险,由高到低依次为:三氯乙酸(2. 55×10-6)>二氯乙酸(4. 11×10-6)>三氯甲烷(2. 14×10-7),均低于美国环境保护署推荐的可接受的致癌风险值(10-6～10-4)。结论初步认为游泳池中三氯甲烷、二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸对暴露人群产生的致癌风险不明显,建议对游泳池多途径摄入氯化消毒副产物的联合健康效应进行深入研究。
Objective The hazard of skin contact of by-products of chlorination disinfection of swimming pool water in a sports school was analyzed and evaluated. Methods The concentration of trichloromethane,dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid in a swimming pool of a sports school was tested and questionnaire is adopted to investigate the swimming time and frequency of swimmers. Using the Risk Assessment Information System(RAIS) recommended evaluation model established by the national laboratory under the department of energy of the United States,the health hazards caused by the skin contact of the by-products of chlorination disinfection in a swimming pool in an athletic school were evaluated. Results The concentration of chloroform,dichloroacetic acid,trichloroacetic acid were respectively 0. 045,0. 050,0. 031 mg/L. The health risk of chloroform,dichloroacetic acid,trichloroacetic acid in swimming pool through skin touch were respectively 2. 14 × 10-7,4. 11 ×10-6,2. 55 ×10-6. For carcinogens risk,the suggested values of EPA is 10-6～ 10-4. Conclusion According to this,the carcinogens risks of chloroform,dichloroacetic acid,trichloroacetic acid in swimming pool are negligible,and the next study should be pay attention to the united health effect through multi-pathways of chlorination disinfection by-products in swimming pool.
Objective The hazard of skin contact of by-products of chlorination disinfection of swimming pool water in a sports school was analyzed and evaluated. Methods The concentration of trichloromethane,dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid in a swimming pool of a sports school was tested and questionnaire is adopted to investigate the swimming time and frequency of swimmers. Using the Risk Assessment Information System(RAIS) recommended evaluation model established by the national laboratory under the department of energy of the United States,the health hazards caused by the skin contact of the by-products of chlorination disinfection in a swimming pool in an athletic school were evaluated. Results The concentration of chloroform,dichloroacetic acid,trichloroacetic acid were respectively 0. 045,0. 050,0. 031 mg/L. The health risk of chloroform,dichloroacetic acid,trichloroacetic acid in swimming pool through skin touch were respectively 2. 14 × 10-7,4. 11 ×10-6,2. 55 ×10-6. For carcinogens risk,the suggested values of EPA is 10-6～ 10-4. Conclusion According to this,the carcinogens risks of chloroform,dichloroacetic acid,trichloroacetic acid in swimming pool are negligible,and the next study should be pay attention to the united health effect through multi-pathways of chlorination disinfection by-products in swimming pool.
引文
[1]张光贵,张屹.洞庭湖区城市饮用水源地水环境健康风险评价[J].环境化学,2017,36(8):1812-1820.
[2] WEAVER WA,LI J,WEN YL,et al. Volatile disinfection by-product analysis from chlorinated indoor swimming pools[J]. Water Res,2009,43(13):3308-3318.
[3] LANDI S. Mammalian class theta GST and differential susceptibility to carcinogens:a review[J]. Mutat Res,2008,463(3):247-283.
[4]黄磊,李鹏程,刘白薇.长江三角洲地区地下水污染健康风险评价[J].安全与环境工程,2008,15(2):26-29.
[5] RICHARDSON SD,DE MARINI DM,KOGEVINAS M,et al. What’s in the pool? A comprehensive identification of disinfection by-products and assessment of mutagenicity of chlorinated and brominated swimming pool water[J]. Environ Health Perspect,2010,118(11):1523-1530.
[6]倪延延,张晋昕.假设检验时样本含量估计中容许误差δ的合理选取[J].循证医学,2011,11(6):370-372.
[7]环境保护部.中国人群暴露参数手册[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2013:142-801.
[8]于明哲,刘月淑,王红娅,等. 2002-2005年银川市游泳场所水质卫生学调查[J].环境与健康杂志,2007,24(5):340-341.
[9] LEE J,JUN MJ,LEE MH,et al. Production of various disinfection byproducts in indoor swimming pool waters treated with different disinfection methods[J]. Int J Hyp Environ Health,2010,213(6):465-474.
[10] LOURENCETTI C,GRIMALT JO,MARCO E,et al. Trihalomethanes in chlorine and bromine disinfected swimming pools:Air-water distributions and human exposure[J]. Environ Int,2012,45(9):59-67.
[11] EPA. 822-S-12-001 2012 Edition of the Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories[S]. Washington DC:US EPA,2012.
[12] GRUMMT T. Abstracts of the workshop on pool water chemistry and health,University of Karlsruhe[M]. Germany,2003.
[13] LANDI S. Mammalian class theta GST and differential susceptibility to carcinogens:a review[J]. Mutat Res,2008,463(3):247-283.
[14]于云江,向明灯,孙朋.健康风险评价中的不确定性[J].环境与健康杂志,2011,28(9):835-838.
[15]杨彦,陆晓松,李定龙.我国环境健康风险评价研究进展[J].环境与健康杂志,2014,31(4):357-363.
[16]汤锐,郑一新.健康风险评价模型在水环境安全评价中的应用研究[J].环境科学导刊,2011,30(3):86-89.
[2] WEAVER WA,LI J,WEN YL,et al. Volatile disinfection by-product analysis from chlorinated indoor swimming pools[J]. Water Res,2009,43(13):3308-3318.
[3] LANDI S. Mammalian class theta GST and differential susceptibility to carcinogens:a review[J]. Mutat Res,2008,463(3):247-283.
[4]黄磊,李鹏程,刘白薇.长江三角洲地区地下水污染健康风险评价[J].安全与环境工程,2008,15(2):26-29.
[5] RICHARDSON SD,DE MARINI DM,KOGEVINAS M,et al. What’s in the pool? A comprehensive identification of disinfection by-products and assessment of mutagenicity of chlorinated and brominated swimming pool water[J]. Environ Health Perspect,2010,118(11):1523-1530.
[6]倪延延,张晋昕.假设检验时样本含量估计中容许误差δ的合理选取[J].循证医学,2011,11(6):370-372.
[7]环境保护部.中国人群暴露参数手册[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2013:142-801.
[8]于明哲,刘月淑,王红娅,等. 2002-2005年银川市游泳场所水质卫生学调查[J].环境与健康杂志,2007,24(5):340-341.
[9] LEE J,JUN MJ,LEE MH,et al. Production of various disinfection byproducts in indoor swimming pool waters treated with different disinfection methods[J]. Int J Hyp Environ Health,2010,213(6):465-474.
[10] LOURENCETTI C,GRIMALT JO,MARCO E,et al. Trihalomethanes in chlorine and bromine disinfected swimming pools:Air-water distributions and human exposure[J]. Environ Int,2012,45(9):59-67.
[11] EPA. 822-S-12-001 2012 Edition of the Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories[S]. Washington DC:US EPA,2012.
[12] GRUMMT T. Abstracts of the workshop on pool water chemistry and health,University of Karlsruhe[M]. Germany,2003.
[13] LANDI S. Mammalian class theta GST and differential susceptibility to carcinogens:a review[J]. Mutat Res,2008,463(3):247-283.
[14]于云江,向明灯,孙朋.健康风险评价中的不确定性[J].环境与健康杂志,2011,28(9):835-838.
[15]杨彦,陆晓松,李定龙.我国环境健康风险评价研究进展[J].环境与健康杂志,2014,31(4):357-363.
[16]汤锐,郑一新.健康风险评价模型在水环境安全评价中的应用研究[J].环境科学导刊,2011,30(3):86-89.
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