考虑大气污染时空分布的风火联合系统多目标优化调度
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摘要
提出一种考虑大气污染时空分布的风火联合多目标优化调度方法。首先,构建一种考虑大气边界层日变化的污染物时空分布模型,从污染物地面浓度和时空分布的角度衡量污染物影响。然后,基于该模型建立风火联合多目标调度模型,利用地理网格内插方法和风速模型对风力发电和污染物时空分布进行耦合,并在调度模型中充分考虑风电场出力和污染物时空分布的随机性。最后,利用机会约束的求解方法对模型中机会约束进行转化后,针对经济、碳排放和平均污染综合评价值三个目标结合多目标优化方法和随机规划进行求解。IEEE 39节点和广东省算例表明:大气污染体现了极强的时空相关性和天气依赖,该策略不仅可有效减轻火电厂造成的大气污染影响,还可减缓恶劣天气清洁能源出力小且污染物积聚的严重污染情况。
This paper proposes a multi-objective optimization dispatching method for wind-thermal power joint system considering temporal and spatial distribution of air pollutants.Firstly,a temporal and spatial distribution model of pollutants is constructed,which takes the diurnal variation of the atmospheric boundary layer into account.The impact of pollutants emission is evaluated from ground-level air pollutant concentration and the spatial and temporal distribution of pollutants.Besides,based on the model above,a multi-objective optimization dispatching model for wind-thermal power system is constructed.The method of interpolation for geographic grid and the wind speed model are used to couple wind power generation and the spatial and temporal distribution of pollutants,and the randomness of output of wind power plant and temporal and spatial distribution of pollutants is taken into full consideration in dispatching model.Finally,the chance constraint of model is transformed by chance-constrained stochastic program,meanwhile,the multi-objective optimization method is employed to solve the optimization problem of the three targets,which include the economic cost,carbon emission and comprehensive assessment on pollutants.The cases of IEEE 39-bus system and Guangdong power grid indicate that,the distribution of air pollutants has spatial and temporal correlation with the meteorological condition.The method can not only reduce the air pollution caused by thermal power plants effectively,but also handle the extreme cases where the output generated from clean energy is limited and air pollutants are accumulated.
This paper proposes a multi-objective optimization dispatching method for wind-thermal power joint system considering temporal and spatial distribution of air pollutants.Firstly,a temporal and spatial distribution model of pollutants is constructed,which takes the diurnal variation of the atmospheric boundary layer into account.The impact of pollutants emission is evaluated from ground-level air pollutant concentration and the spatial and temporal distribution of pollutants.Besides,based on the model above,a multi-objective optimization dispatching model for wind-thermal power system is constructed.The method of interpolation for geographic grid and the wind speed model are used to couple wind power generation and the spatial and temporal distribution of pollutants,and the randomness of output of wind power plant and temporal and spatial distribution of pollutants is taken into full consideration in dispatching model.Finally,the chance constraint of model is transformed by chance-constrained stochastic program,meanwhile,the multi-objective optimization method is employed to solve the optimization problem of the three targets,which include the economic cost,carbon emission and comprehensive assessment on pollutants.The cases of IEEE 39-bus system and Guangdong power grid indicate that,the distribution of air pollutants has spatial and temporal correlation with the meteorological condition.The method can not only reduce the air pollution caused by thermal power plants effectively,but also handle the extreme cases where the output generated from clean energy is limited and air pollutants are accumulated.
引文
[1] World Health Organization.WHO air quality guidelines-global update 2005[EB/OL].[2019-02-01].http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/environment-and-health/Housing-and-health/publications/pre-2009/air-quality-guidelines.-global-update-2005.-particulate-matter,-ozone,-nitrogen-dioxide-and-sulfur-dioxide.
[2] 耿照为,陈启鑫,夏清,等.环境协同的电力系统调度运行:内涵与展望[J].电力系统自动化,2017,41(22):1-9.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20170528002.GENG Zhaowei,CHEN Qixin,XIA Qing,et al.Dispatching and operation of power system towards environmental synergy:connotations and prospects[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2017,41(22):1-9.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20170528002.
[3] 缪妙,李勇,曹一家,等.考虑环境因素的多能源系统交直流混合供能优化策略[J].电力系统自动化,2018,42(4):128-134.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20170905010.MIAO Miao,LI Yong,CAO Yijia,et al.Optimization strategy of muti-energy hybrid AC/DC power system considering environmental factors[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2018,42(4):128-134.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20170905010.
[4] 陈功贵,陈金富.含风电场电力系统环境经济动态调度建模与算法[J].中国电机工程学报,2013,33(10):27-35.CHEN Gonggui,CHEN Jinfu.Environmental/economic dynamic dispatch modeling and method for power systems integrating wind farms[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2013,33(10):27-35.
[5] LEPPITSCH M J,HOBBS B F.The effect of NOx regulations on emissions dispatch:a probabilistic production costing analysis[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1996,11(4):1711-1717.
[6] MANDAL K K,MANDAL S,BHATTACHARYA B,et al.Non-convex emission constrained economic dispatch using a new self-adaptive particle swarm optimization technique[J].Applied Soft Computing,2015,28(28):188-195.
[7] 陈启鑫,康重庆,夏清,等.低碳电力调度方式及其决策模型[J].电力系统自动化,2010,34(12):18-23.CHEN Qixin,KANG Chongqing,XIA Qing,et al.Mechanism and modelling approach to low-carbon power dispatch[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2010,34(12):18-23.
[8] WANG S J,SHAHIDEHPOUR S M,KIRSCHEN D S,et al.Short-term generation scheduling with transmission and environmental constraints using an augmented Lagrangian relaxation[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1995,10(3):1294-1301.
[9] GENT M,LAMONT J.Minimum-emission dispatch[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus Systems,1971,90(6):2650-2660.
[10] SCHWEIZER P.Determining optimal fuel mix for environmental dispatch[J].IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control,1974,19(5):534-537.
[11] CHU K C,JAMSHIDI M,LEVITAN R E.An approach to on-line power dispatch with ambient air pollution constraints[J].IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control,1976,22(3):385-396.
[12] 尹楠,于继来.考虑火电对空气质量影响的机组检修计划与电能分解方法[J].电力系统自动化,2017,41(6):72-79.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20160503010.YIN Nan,YU Jilai.Generator maintenance scheduling and electric energy decomposition method considering influence of thermal power on air quality[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2017,41(6):72-79.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20160503010.
[13] LEI S,HU Y,WANG X,et al.Unit commitment incorporating spatial distribution control of air pollutant dispersion[J].IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics,2017,13(3):995-1005.
[14] 李志刚,吴文传,张伯明.消纳大规模风电的鲁棒区间经济调度(一)调度模式与数学模型[J].电力系统自动化,2014,38(20):33-39.LI Zhigang,WU Wenchuan,ZHANG Boming.A robust interval economic dispatch method accommodating large-scale wind power generation:Part one dispatch scheme and mathematical model[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2014,38(20):33-39.
[15] 李志刚,吴文传,张伯明.消纳大规模风电的鲁棒区间经济调度(二)不确定集合构建与保守度调节[J].电力系统自动化,2014,38(21):32-38.LI Zhigang,WU Wenchuan,ZHANG Boming.A robust Interval economic dispatch method accommodating large-scale wind power generation:Part two uncertainty set modeling and conservativeness adjustment[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2014,38(21):32-38.
[16] 魏韡,刘锋,梅生伟.电力系统鲁棒经济调度(一)理论基础[J].电力系统自动化,2013,37(17):37-43.WEI Wei,LIU Feng,MEI Shengwei.Robust and economical scheduling methodology for power systems:Part one theoretical foundations[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2013,37(17):37-43.
[17] 魏韡,刘锋,梅生伟.电力系统鲁棒经济调度(二)应用实例[J].电力系统自动化,2013,37(18):60-67.WEI Wei,LIU Feng,MEI Shengwei.Robust and economical scheduling methodology for power systems:Part two application examples[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2013,37(18):60-67.
[18] 于丹文,杨明,翟鹤峰,等.鲁棒优化在电力系统调度决策中的应用研究综述[J].电力系统自动化,2016,40(7):134-143.YU Danwen,YANG Ming,QU Hefeng,et al.An overview of robust optimization used for power system dispatch and decision-marketing[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2016,40(7):134-143.
[19] 邱威,张建华,刘念.含大型风电场的环境经济调度模型与解法[J].中国电机工程学报,2011,31(19):8-16.QIU Wei,ZHANG Jianhua,LIU Nian.Model and solution for environmental/economic dispatch considering large-scale wind power penetration[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2011,31(19):8-16.
[20] 马燕峰,陈磊,李鑫,等.基于机会约束混合整数规划的风火协调滚动调度[J].电力系统自动化,2018,42(5):127-132.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20170918001.MA Yanfeng,CHEN Lei,LI Xin,et al.Rolling dispatch of wind-coal coordinated system based on chance-constrained mixed integer programming[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2018,42(5):127-132.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20170918001.
[21] WANG Q,GUAN Y,WANG J.A chance-constrained two-stage stochastic program for unit commitment with uncertain wind power output[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2012,27(1):206-215.
[22] 蒋维楣.空气污染气象学教程[M].北京:气象出版社,2004.JIANG Weimei.Air pollution meteorology[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,2004.
[23] 盛裴轩.大气物理学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2013.SHENG Peixuan.Atmospheric physics[M].Beijing:Peking University Press,2013.
[24] 国家环境保护局.制定地方大气污染排放标准的技术方法:GB/T 3840—91[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1992.National Environment Protection Agency of China.Technical methods for making local emission standards of air pollutants:GB/T 3840—91[S].Beijing:Standard Press of China,1992.
[25] 杨柳青,林舜江,刘明波,等.考虑风电接入的大型电力系统多目标动态优化调度[J].电工技术学报,2014,29(10):286-295.YANG Liuqing,LIN Shunjiang,LIU Mingbo,et al.Multi-objective dynamic optimal dispatch for largescale power systems considering wind power penetration[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2014,29(10):286-295.
[26] 刘宝碇,赵瑞清,王纲.不确定规划及应用[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2003:79-88.LIU Baoding,ZHAO Ruiqing,WANG Gang.Uncertain programming and applications[M].Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,2003:79-88.
[27] 张晓花,赵晋泉,陈星莺.节能减排多目标机组组合问题的模糊建模及优化[J].中国电机工程学报,2010,30(22):71-76.ZHANG Xiaohua,ZHAO Jinquan,CHEN Xingying.Multi objective commitment fuzzy modeling and optimization for energy-saving and emission reduction[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2010,30(22):71-76.
[28] 朱文波,李楠,黄志炯,等.广东省火电污染物排放特征及其对大气环境的影响[J].环境科学研究,2016,29(6):810-818.ZHU Wenbo,LI Nan,HUANG Zhijiong,et al.Emission characteristics of thermal power in Guangdong province and influence on atmospheric environment[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2016,29(6):810-818.
[2] 耿照为,陈启鑫,夏清,等.环境协同的电力系统调度运行:内涵与展望[J].电力系统自动化,2017,41(22):1-9.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20170528002.GENG Zhaowei,CHEN Qixin,XIA Qing,et al.Dispatching and operation of power system towards environmental synergy:connotations and prospects[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2017,41(22):1-9.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20170528002.
[3] 缪妙,李勇,曹一家,等.考虑环境因素的多能源系统交直流混合供能优化策略[J].电力系统自动化,2018,42(4):128-134.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20170905010.MIAO Miao,LI Yong,CAO Yijia,et al.Optimization strategy of muti-energy hybrid AC/DC power system considering environmental factors[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2018,42(4):128-134.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20170905010.
[4] 陈功贵,陈金富.含风电场电力系统环境经济动态调度建模与算法[J].中国电机工程学报,2013,33(10):27-35.CHEN Gonggui,CHEN Jinfu.Environmental/economic dynamic dispatch modeling and method for power systems integrating wind farms[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2013,33(10):27-35.
[5] LEPPITSCH M J,HOBBS B F.The effect of NOx regulations on emissions dispatch:a probabilistic production costing analysis[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1996,11(4):1711-1717.
[6] MANDAL K K,MANDAL S,BHATTACHARYA B,et al.Non-convex emission constrained economic dispatch using a new self-adaptive particle swarm optimization technique[J].Applied Soft Computing,2015,28(28):188-195.
[7] 陈启鑫,康重庆,夏清,等.低碳电力调度方式及其决策模型[J].电力系统自动化,2010,34(12):18-23.CHEN Qixin,KANG Chongqing,XIA Qing,et al.Mechanism and modelling approach to low-carbon power dispatch[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2010,34(12):18-23.
[8] WANG S J,SHAHIDEHPOUR S M,KIRSCHEN D S,et al.Short-term generation scheduling with transmission and environmental constraints using an augmented Lagrangian relaxation[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1995,10(3):1294-1301.
[9] GENT M,LAMONT J.Minimum-emission dispatch[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus Systems,1971,90(6):2650-2660.
[10] SCHWEIZER P.Determining optimal fuel mix for environmental dispatch[J].IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control,1974,19(5):534-537.
[11] CHU K C,JAMSHIDI M,LEVITAN R E.An approach to on-line power dispatch with ambient air pollution constraints[J].IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control,1976,22(3):385-396.
[12] 尹楠,于继来.考虑火电对空气质量影响的机组检修计划与电能分解方法[J].电力系统自动化,2017,41(6):72-79.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20160503010.YIN Nan,YU Jilai.Generator maintenance scheduling and electric energy decomposition method considering influence of thermal power on air quality[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2017,41(6):72-79.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20160503010.
[13] LEI S,HU Y,WANG X,et al.Unit commitment incorporating spatial distribution control of air pollutant dispersion[J].IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics,2017,13(3):995-1005.
[14] 李志刚,吴文传,张伯明.消纳大规模风电的鲁棒区间经济调度(一)调度模式与数学模型[J].电力系统自动化,2014,38(20):33-39.LI Zhigang,WU Wenchuan,ZHANG Boming.A robust interval economic dispatch method accommodating large-scale wind power generation:Part one dispatch scheme and mathematical model[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2014,38(20):33-39.
[15] 李志刚,吴文传,张伯明.消纳大规模风电的鲁棒区间经济调度(二)不确定集合构建与保守度调节[J].电力系统自动化,2014,38(21):32-38.LI Zhigang,WU Wenchuan,ZHANG Boming.A robust Interval economic dispatch method accommodating large-scale wind power generation:Part two uncertainty set modeling and conservativeness adjustment[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2014,38(21):32-38.
[16] 魏韡,刘锋,梅生伟.电力系统鲁棒经济调度(一)理论基础[J].电力系统自动化,2013,37(17):37-43.WEI Wei,LIU Feng,MEI Shengwei.Robust and economical scheduling methodology for power systems:Part one theoretical foundations[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2013,37(17):37-43.
[17] 魏韡,刘锋,梅生伟.电力系统鲁棒经济调度(二)应用实例[J].电力系统自动化,2013,37(18):60-67.WEI Wei,LIU Feng,MEI Shengwei.Robust and economical scheduling methodology for power systems:Part two application examples[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2013,37(18):60-67.
[18] 于丹文,杨明,翟鹤峰,等.鲁棒优化在电力系统调度决策中的应用研究综述[J].电力系统自动化,2016,40(7):134-143.YU Danwen,YANG Ming,QU Hefeng,et al.An overview of robust optimization used for power system dispatch and decision-marketing[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2016,40(7):134-143.
[19] 邱威,张建华,刘念.含大型风电场的环境经济调度模型与解法[J].中国电机工程学报,2011,31(19):8-16.QIU Wei,ZHANG Jianhua,LIU Nian.Model and solution for environmental/economic dispatch considering large-scale wind power penetration[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2011,31(19):8-16.
[20] 马燕峰,陈磊,李鑫,等.基于机会约束混合整数规划的风火协调滚动调度[J].电力系统自动化,2018,42(5):127-132.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20170918001.MA Yanfeng,CHEN Lei,LI Xin,et al.Rolling dispatch of wind-coal coordinated system based on chance-constrained mixed integer programming[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2018,42(5):127-132.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20170918001.
[21] WANG Q,GUAN Y,WANG J.A chance-constrained two-stage stochastic program for unit commitment with uncertain wind power output[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2012,27(1):206-215.
[22] 蒋维楣.空气污染气象学教程[M].北京:气象出版社,2004.JIANG Weimei.Air pollution meteorology[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,2004.
[23] 盛裴轩.大气物理学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2013.SHENG Peixuan.Atmospheric physics[M].Beijing:Peking University Press,2013.
[24] 国家环境保护局.制定地方大气污染排放标准的技术方法:GB/T 3840—91[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1992.National Environment Protection Agency of China.Technical methods for making local emission standards of air pollutants:GB/T 3840—91[S].Beijing:Standard Press of China,1992.
[25] 杨柳青,林舜江,刘明波,等.考虑风电接入的大型电力系统多目标动态优化调度[J].电工技术学报,2014,29(10):286-295.YANG Liuqing,LIN Shunjiang,LIU Mingbo,et al.Multi-objective dynamic optimal dispatch for largescale power systems considering wind power penetration[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2014,29(10):286-295.
[26] 刘宝碇,赵瑞清,王纲.不确定规划及应用[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2003:79-88.LIU Baoding,ZHAO Ruiqing,WANG Gang.Uncertain programming and applications[M].Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,2003:79-88.
[27] 张晓花,赵晋泉,陈星莺.节能减排多目标机组组合问题的模糊建模及优化[J].中国电机工程学报,2010,30(22):71-76.ZHANG Xiaohua,ZHAO Jinquan,CHEN Xingying.Multi objective commitment fuzzy modeling and optimization for energy-saving and emission reduction[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2010,30(22):71-76.
[28] 朱文波,李楠,黄志炯,等.广东省火电污染物排放特征及其对大气环境的影响[J].环境科学研究,2016,29(6):810-818.ZHU Wenbo,LI Nan,HUANG Zhijiong,et al.Emission characteristics of thermal power in Guangdong province and influence on atmospheric environment[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2016,29(6):810-818.
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