从译者主体性视角解读《红楼梦》灯谜翻译
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摘要
在小说《红楼梦》中不少精致的灯谜不仅成为小说的有机组成部分,而且在揭示人物命运、体现人物性格以及反映时代文化精神生活等方面起到了非常重要的作用。上世纪七八十年代,《红楼梦》的两个全译本相继面世,随即出现了大量研究《红楼梦》翻译的文章。尽管如此,关于《红楼梦》灯谜的翻译研究并未得到充分的认识,与其在小说中的重要地位不相称。此外,多数翻译研究依据传统翻译理论模式,从语言信息的转换出发,寻求译文与原文的各种对等,而忽略了翻译活动中最活跃的因素——译者。
二十世纪七十年代以来,西方出现了翻译研究的“文化转向”,使译者作为翻译主体的身份得以突出,译者主体性随之成为翻译研究的新课题。近些年来,我国翻译界对翻译主体和译者主体性的研究越来越重视,并取得了明显成果。在这一时代背景下,本文将译者主体性视角纳入关于《红楼梦》两个全译本中灯谜翻译的研究之中,试图寻找解读两译本中灯谜翻译的最佳途径。
本文通过追溯翻译史上专家学者们对翻译及译者的有关论述以及翻译批评思路的转换,将译者主体性研究置于当代翻译理论的广阔视野中,科学地考察了译者主体性的内涵及其表现,进而把译者主体性的研究成果引入《红楼梦》的灯谜英译研究之中。然后文章主要从译者的翻译目的、文化取向、读者意识和译者所处的社会历史语境几个方面,从译者对原文版本的选择、译者对原文的理解与阐释、翻译策略的选择以及如何成功再现灯谜的特点这几个阶段,描述和分析两个译本中关于灯谜翻译的差异,从而解读两个译本中的灯谜。将译者主体性研究这一新课题引入到《红楼梦》灯谜翻译研究之中,不仅有助于《红楼梦》翻译研究的多样化和深入开展,而且有利于拓展翻译主体研究,同时为翻译批评多元化提供有益的启示。
In the classical work of Hongloumeng, many exquisite lantern riddles not only form an integral part of the whole novel, but also play an important role in correlating the plots of the story, indicating the destinies and personalities of the characters, and reflecting the cultural life of that time. However, the study on the translation of the lantern riddles in Hongloumeng has not attained deserved attention and it does not correspond to the important status of the lantern riddles in this novel. In addition, under the great influence of the traditional translation theories, which tried to pursue a kind of complete equivalence between the source text and the target text on the basis of the linguistic transfer, the most dynamic element in translation activity― the translator has been overlooked by many researchers.
With the appearance of the“cultural turn”in western translation studies in the 1970s, the translator’s identity and role as the subject of translation have been promoted to a great extent. Thus, the translator’s subjectivity becomes a new focus in translation studies. In recent years, increasing academic attentions have been paid to the studies on the translation subject and translator’s subjectivity in Chinese translation circle and many remarkable achievements on these issues have also been obtained. Inspired by the findings of contemporary translation studies, the author of this thesis adopts the perspective of the translator’s subjectivity to study the translation of the lantern riddles in two complete English versions of Hongloumeng and attempts to find an effective way for interpreting the translation of the lantern riddles in these two versions.
By means of tracing back some scholars’comments on translation and translators through the translation history and following the shifts of translation criticism, this thesis scientifically probes into the connotation of the translator’s subjectivity within the broad framework of contemporary translation theories, and then it applies the achievements of the studies on translator’s subjectivity into the research on the English translation of lantern riddles in Hongloumeng. After that, a comparative analysis and discussion is made at such four phases of the translation process as the translator’s choice of source texts, his or her understanding and interpretation of the source text, his or her choice of translating strategies and how to reproduce the characteristics of lantern riddles, so as to describe and explore the differences on the translation of lantern riddles between the two versions from the perspective of the translator’s subjectivity, which mainly covers the translator’s translation purpose, cultural orientation, reader awareness and aesthetic creativity. The integration of the study on the translator’s subjectivity and the study on the translation of the lantern riddles in Hongloumeng helps to broaden and nourish each individual field. In the meanwhile, it is beneficial to the multi-dimensional development of modern translation criticism.
二十世纪七十年代以来,西方出现了翻译研究的“文化转向”,使译者作为翻译主体的身份得以突出,译者主体性随之成为翻译研究的新课题。近些年来,我国翻译界对翻译主体和译者主体性的研究越来越重视,并取得了明显成果。在这一时代背景下,本文将译者主体性视角纳入关于《红楼梦》两个全译本中灯谜翻译的研究之中,试图寻找解读两译本中灯谜翻译的最佳途径。
本文通过追溯翻译史上专家学者们对翻译及译者的有关论述以及翻译批评思路的转换,将译者主体性研究置于当代翻译理论的广阔视野中,科学地考察了译者主体性的内涵及其表现,进而把译者主体性的研究成果引入《红楼梦》的灯谜英译研究之中。然后文章主要从译者的翻译目的、文化取向、读者意识和译者所处的社会历史语境几个方面,从译者对原文版本的选择、译者对原文的理解与阐释、翻译策略的选择以及如何成功再现灯谜的特点这几个阶段,描述和分析两个译本中关于灯谜翻译的差异,从而解读两个译本中的灯谜。将译者主体性研究这一新课题引入到《红楼梦》灯谜翻译研究之中,不仅有助于《红楼梦》翻译研究的多样化和深入开展,而且有利于拓展翻译主体研究,同时为翻译批评多元化提供有益的启示。
In the classical work of Hongloumeng, many exquisite lantern riddles not only form an integral part of the whole novel, but also play an important role in correlating the plots of the story, indicating the destinies and personalities of the characters, and reflecting the cultural life of that time. However, the study on the translation of the lantern riddles in Hongloumeng has not attained deserved attention and it does not correspond to the important status of the lantern riddles in this novel. In addition, under the great influence of the traditional translation theories, which tried to pursue a kind of complete equivalence between the source text and the target text on the basis of the linguistic transfer, the most dynamic element in translation activity― the translator has been overlooked by many researchers.
With the appearance of the“cultural turn”in western translation studies in the 1970s, the translator’s identity and role as the subject of translation have been promoted to a great extent. Thus, the translator’s subjectivity becomes a new focus in translation studies. In recent years, increasing academic attentions have been paid to the studies on the translation subject and translator’s subjectivity in Chinese translation circle and many remarkable achievements on these issues have also been obtained. Inspired by the findings of contemporary translation studies, the author of this thesis adopts the perspective of the translator’s subjectivity to study the translation of the lantern riddles in two complete English versions of Hongloumeng and attempts to find an effective way for interpreting the translation of the lantern riddles in these two versions.
By means of tracing back some scholars’comments on translation and translators through the translation history and following the shifts of translation criticism, this thesis scientifically probes into the connotation of the translator’s subjectivity within the broad framework of contemporary translation theories, and then it applies the achievements of the studies on translator’s subjectivity into the research on the English translation of lantern riddles in Hongloumeng. After that, a comparative analysis and discussion is made at such four phases of the translation process as the translator’s choice of source texts, his or her understanding and interpretation of the source text, his or her choice of translating strategies and how to reproduce the characteristics of lantern riddles, so as to describe and explore the differences on the translation of lantern riddles between the two versions from the perspective of the translator’s subjectivity, which mainly covers the translator’s translation purpose, cultural orientation, reader awareness and aesthetic creativity. The integration of the study on the translator’s subjectivity and the study on the translation of the lantern riddles in Hongloumeng helps to broaden and nourish each individual field. In the meanwhile, it is beneficial to the multi-dimensional development of modern translation criticism.
引文
Bassnett, Susan. Translation Studies. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004
―――, and Lefevere, André. Constructing Cultures: Essays on Literary Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001
―――, and Trivedi, Harish. Post-colonial Translation: Theory and Practice. London: Rutledge, 1999
Even-Zohar, Itamar. Polysystem Studies. Poetics Today, 1990 (11): 1
Hawkes, David. tr. The Story of the Stone (Vols.1-2). London: Penguin Books, 1973, 1977
Hermans, Theo. The Manipulation of Literature: studies in literary translation. Beckenham: Croom Helm, 1985
―――. Translation in Systems: Descriptive and System-oriented Approaches Explained. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004
Lefevere, André. Translation/ History/ Culture. London: Routledge, 1992
―――. Translation, Rewriting and the Manipulation of Literary Fame. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004
Liu Xie. Dragon-Carving and the Literary Mind. Yang Guobin. tr. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2003
Newmark, Peter. Approaches to Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001
Nord, Christiane. Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functionalist Approaches Explained. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001
Poupard, Dennis. ed. Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800 (Vol.1). New Jersey: Gale Research Company, 1984
Toury, Gideon. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001
Venuti, L. The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004
Yang Hsien-yi & Gladys Yang. tr. A Dream of Red Mansions (Vols.1-2). Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1978, 1994
蔡义江. 红楼梦诗词曲赋评注. 北京:团结出版社,1991
曹雪芹,高鹗. 红楼梦. 上海:上海古籍出版社,1991
―――. 红楼梦. 北京:人民文学出版社,1992
陈大亮. 谁是翻译主体,中国翻译,2004(2)
陈德鸿,张南峰. 西方翻译理论精选. 香港:城市大学出版社,2000
陈福康. 中国译学理论史稿. 上海:上海外语教育出版社,2000
陈宏薇,江帆. 难忘的历程—《红楼梦》英译事业的描写性研究,中国翻译,2003(5)
陈可培. 译者的文化意识与译作的再生——论 David Hawkes 译《红楼梦》的一组诗,天津外国语学院学报,2003(1)
冯庆华. 文体翻译论. 上海:上海外语教育出版社,2002
高宁. 论译者的主体性——兼论翻译标准的设立原则,上海科技翻译,1997(1)
郭建中. 文化与翻译. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1999
汉斯—格奥尔格? 伽达默尔. 真理与方法.(上卷) 上海:上海译文出版社,1999
胡庚申. 从“译者主体”到“译者中心”,中国翻译,2004(3)
胡文彬.《红楼梦》在国外. 北京:中华书局,1993
黄龙. 红楼新论. 南京:江苏教育出版社,1993
蒋洪新. 英美诗歌选读. 长沙:湖南师范大学出版社,2004
李和庆,黄皓,薄振杰. 西方翻译研究方法论:70 年代以后. 北京:北京大学出版社,2005
李绍年. 红楼梦翻译学概说,语言与翻译,1995(2)
林方直.《红楼梦》春灯谜解读,内蒙古大学学报,1996(2)
刘二安. 中国当代灯谜艺术家大词典. 郑州:中州古籍出版社,2002
刘宓庆. 翻译与语言哲学. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2001
刘士聪. 红楼译评:《红楼梦》翻译研究论文集. 天津:南开大学出版社,2004
―――,谷启楠. 论《红楼梦》文化内容的翻译,中国翻译,1997(1)
罗新璋. 翻译论集. 北京:商务印书馆,1984
马祖毅,任荣珍. 汉籍外译史. 武汉:湖北教育出版社,2003
钱钟书. 林纾的翻译. 北京:商务印书馆,1981
任生名. 杨宪益的文学翻译思想散论,中国翻译,1993(4)
舒奇志,杨华. 互文性理论与文学翻译中译者的主体性,湘潭大学社会科学院学报,1999(6)
孙艺风. 翻译规范与主体意识,中国翻译,2003(3)
屠国元,朱献珑. 译者主体性:阐释学的阐释,中国翻译,2003(6)
王宏印.《红楼梦》诗词曲赋英译比较研究. 西安:陕西师范大学出版社,2001
王克非. 翻译文化史论. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社,1997
王玉樑. 论主体性的基本内涵与特点,天府新论,1995(6)
魏芳. 翻译策略:译者在特定翻译情境下的选择,刘士聪. 红楼译评:《红楼梦》翻译研究论文集. 天津:南开大学出版社,2004
魏小萍.“主体性”涵义辨析,哲学研究,1998(2)
吴世昌. 红楼梦探源外编. 上海:上海古籍出版社,1980
肖维青. 欲婉而正,欲隐而显——谈《红楼梦》灯谜及其翻译,四川外语学院学报,2002(2)
谢天振. 译介学. 上海:上海外语教育出版社,1999
―――. 翻译的理论建构与文化透视.上海:上海外语教育出版社,2000
许钧. 翻译思考录. 武汉:湖北教育出版社,1998
――.“创造性叛逆”和翻译主体性的确立,中国翻译,2003(1)
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杨武能. 阐释,接受与创造的循环——文学翻译断想,中国翻译,1987(6)
―――. 再谈文学翻译主体,中国翻译,2003(3)
于舟,牛武. 红楼梦诗词联语评注. 太原:山西人民出版社,1980
袁莉. 关于翻译主体研究的构想,许钧,张柏然. 面向 21 世纪的译学研究. 北京:商务印书馆,2002
――. 文学翻译主体的诠释学研究构想,解放军外国语学院学报,2003(3)
查明建,田雨. 论译者主体性,中国翻译,2003(1)
张经浩,陈可培. 名家名论名译. 上海:复旦大学出版社,2005
张南峰. 从边缘走向中心(?)——从多元系统论的角度看中国翻译研究的过去与未来,外国语,2001(4)
―――. 中西译学批评. 北京:清华大学出版社,2004
周珏良. 周珏良文集. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1998
周汝昌. 红楼夺目红. 北京:作家出版社,2003
―――, and Lefevere, André. Constructing Cultures: Essays on Literary Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001
―――, and Trivedi, Harish. Post-colonial Translation: Theory and Practice. London: Rutledge, 1999
Even-Zohar, Itamar. Polysystem Studies. Poetics Today, 1990 (11): 1
Hawkes, David. tr. The Story of the Stone (Vols.1-2). London: Penguin Books, 1973, 1977
Hermans, Theo. The Manipulation of Literature: studies in literary translation. Beckenham: Croom Helm, 1985
―――. Translation in Systems: Descriptive and System-oriented Approaches Explained. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004
Lefevere, André. Translation/ History/ Culture. London: Routledge, 1992
―――. Translation, Rewriting and the Manipulation of Literary Fame. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004
Liu Xie. Dragon-Carving and the Literary Mind. Yang Guobin. tr. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2003
Newmark, Peter. Approaches to Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001
Nord, Christiane. Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functionalist Approaches Explained. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001
Poupard, Dennis. ed. Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800 (Vol.1). New Jersey: Gale Research Company, 1984
Toury, Gideon. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001
Venuti, L. The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004
Yang Hsien-yi & Gladys Yang. tr. A Dream of Red Mansions (Vols.1-2). Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1978, 1994
蔡义江. 红楼梦诗词曲赋评注. 北京:团结出版社,1991
曹雪芹,高鹗. 红楼梦. 上海:上海古籍出版社,1991
―――. 红楼梦. 北京:人民文学出版社,1992
陈大亮. 谁是翻译主体,中国翻译,2004(2)
陈德鸿,张南峰. 西方翻译理论精选. 香港:城市大学出版社,2000
陈福康. 中国译学理论史稿. 上海:上海外语教育出版社,2000
陈宏薇,江帆. 难忘的历程—《红楼梦》英译事业的描写性研究,中国翻译,2003(5)
陈可培. 译者的文化意识与译作的再生——论 David Hawkes 译《红楼梦》的一组诗,天津外国语学院学报,2003(1)
冯庆华. 文体翻译论. 上海:上海外语教育出版社,2002
高宁. 论译者的主体性——兼论翻译标准的设立原则,上海科技翻译,1997(1)
郭建中. 文化与翻译. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1999
汉斯—格奥尔格? 伽达默尔. 真理与方法.(上卷) 上海:上海译文出版社,1999
胡庚申. 从“译者主体”到“译者中心”,中国翻译,2004(3)
胡文彬.《红楼梦》在国外. 北京:中华书局,1993
黄龙. 红楼新论. 南京:江苏教育出版社,1993
蒋洪新. 英美诗歌选读. 长沙:湖南师范大学出版社,2004
李和庆,黄皓,薄振杰. 西方翻译研究方法论:70 年代以后. 北京:北京大学出版社,2005
李绍年. 红楼梦翻译学概说,语言与翻译,1995(2)
林方直.《红楼梦》春灯谜解读,内蒙古大学学报,1996(2)
刘二安. 中国当代灯谜艺术家大词典. 郑州:中州古籍出版社,2002
刘宓庆. 翻译与语言哲学. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2001
刘士聪. 红楼译评:《红楼梦》翻译研究论文集. 天津:南开大学出版社,2004
―――,谷启楠. 论《红楼梦》文化内容的翻译,中国翻译,1997(1)
罗新璋. 翻译论集. 北京:商务印书馆,1984
马祖毅,任荣珍. 汉籍外译史. 武汉:湖北教育出版社,2003
钱钟书. 林纾的翻译. 北京:商务印书馆,1981
任生名. 杨宪益的文学翻译思想散论,中国翻译,1993(4)
舒奇志,杨华. 互文性理论与文学翻译中译者的主体性,湘潭大学社会科学院学报,1999(6)
孙艺风. 翻译规范与主体意识,中国翻译,2003(3)
屠国元,朱献珑. 译者主体性:阐释学的阐释,中国翻译,2003(6)
王宏印.《红楼梦》诗词曲赋英译比较研究. 西安:陕西师范大学出版社,2001
王克非. 翻译文化史论. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社,1997
王玉樑. 论主体性的基本内涵与特点,天府新论,1995(6)
魏芳. 翻译策略:译者在特定翻译情境下的选择,刘士聪. 红楼译评:《红楼梦》翻译研究论文集. 天津:南开大学出版社,2004
魏小萍.“主体性”涵义辨析,哲学研究,1998(2)
吴世昌. 红楼梦探源外编. 上海:上海古籍出版社,1980
肖维青. 欲婉而正,欲隐而显——谈《红楼梦》灯谜及其翻译,四川外语学院学报,2002(2)
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―――. 翻译的理论建构与文化透视.上海:上海外语教育出版社,2000
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