辽东半岛滨海地表岩溶形态及特征
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摘要
中国的碳酸岩系极为发育,岩溶分布面积之广、岩溶类型之多,为世界其他国家所不及。中国人民在长期的劳动实践中积累了丰富的岩溶知识,并形成了朴素的岩溶理论。各个地区不同年代、不同大地构造单位的地质发展历史不同,地质构造面貌也不一样,使得岩溶的分布与出露不同,不同的外营力作用下塑造出各种近代岩溶地貌类型及形态,地下水的溶蚀作用也有差异,形成了不同气候带的岩溶类型。
研究区属于北方岩溶区,该区年降水量较少,部分又为固体降水(雪),故地表径流量较小,水流活动时间较短,气温较低,又有寒冷的冬季,生物化学活动明显减弱,故岩溶作用较弱,地表岩溶地貌不突出,以覆盖的宽浅洼地为主,多干谷,地下溶蚀裂隙和小孔洞也较多。由于地下水有低的集中排泄基点,故深部常有细长的岩溶管道发育,局部地段有溶洞,但很少有大的地下河。
《中国岩溶研究》(1976)把我国岩溶分成三大类型,即以溶蚀为主、溶蚀——侵蚀为主、溶蚀——构造为主[1]。本文所研究的辽东半岛滨海岩溶的形成类型即为溶蚀——侵蚀为主。滨海岩溶的形成过程分为两个部分,一是溶蚀作用,二是海水侵蚀作用。基岩形成于晚第三纪,由岩溶溶蚀作用形成被第四纪松散盖层覆盖,后经海水侵蚀作用将上覆盖层冲刷掉,咸淡水混合后进一步对基岩进行侵蚀,改变了岩溶形态。
本区的岩溶形态是形成于古老的晚第三纪时期由地下水的垂直渗透作用形成的。上覆第四纪的松散盖层经过常年的海水作用被冲刷剥蚀将基岩裸露出来,后经海水的溶蚀和侵蚀作用最终形成特殊的岩溶形态类型——滨海岩溶形态。本文主要从岩溶表面形态及海蚀后岩溶形态两个方面来描述滨海地表岩溶的形态特征。介绍岩石表面形态10种、石柱间溶沟3种、海蚀岩溶形态9种其中包括海蚀溶柱形态7种。
滨海岩溶是发育在滨海区碳酸盐岩层中的由咸淡水混合溶蚀作用形成的一种特殊的岩溶类型。滨海岩溶的发育有其特殊的形成机理。本文对比了海蚀岩溶地貌与海蚀地貌的区别,简单记述了岩溶上覆风化壳特征,并介绍了滨海岩溶的形成机理。
Carbonate rocks of China are extremely development. The distribution of karst area is so vast that many types of karst, as other countries in the world beyond. Chinese people in the long-term labor practice has accumulated a wealth of karst knowledge, and formed the simple karst theory. All different age, different tectonic units of the historical development of geological, the geologic structure appearance is dissimilar, enables the karst the distribution with to appear differently. Different outside force molds various types of modern karst landforms type and the shape. The dissolution of groundwater is also differences, forming different climatic zones karst type.
Study area belongs to north karst region. Less precipitation in the area, and some also for the solid precipitation (snow), therefore the surface runoff is smaller. Another cold winter, biochemical activities obviously decreased therefore the karst function is weaker. Karst landforms surface prominence, covers with the wide-shallow depressions, mainly Dry Valleys and underground corrosion cracks and small holes are higher. Because the ground water has the low centralism excretion basic point, therefore the depth portion common tall and slender karst pipeline growth, the partial land sector has the limestone cave, but very little has the big buried river. "Chinese Karst Research" (1976) divides into our country karst three types, that is, mainly to erosion, dissolution -- erosion, erosion -- mainly structure [1]. Littoral karst formation process is divided into two parts, dissolution, and seawater erosion. The bedrock forms to the late tertiary period, forms by the dissolution of karst formation was Quaternary loose cover coverage, After the water erosion on the cover of washouts, a mixture of freshwater further erosion of bedrock. Karst changed the form.
Karst area of the pattern is formed in the ancient late tertiary period from groundwater vertical permeability of the formation. Quaternary loose cover after the role of perennial water erosion will be exposed bedrock, and after the seawater corrosion and erosion eventual formation of a special form of karst type -- Littoral karst forms. This paper mainly from the karst topography and sea karst form after two aspects to describe the coastal karst surface morphology. Introduced the rock surface contours 10 kind, between the stone column dissolves the ditch 3 kinds, the sea eclipse karst shape 9 kinds dissolves the cylindrical condition 7 kinds including the sea eclipse.
Littoral karst is development in the coastal zones of carbonate rocks by the dissolution of salt and fresh water mix to form a special type of karst. Coastal karst growth has its special formation mechanism. This article will offer a contrast to the sea of karst landforms and topography of the difference between simple descriptions of karst weathering crust overlying features and on the coastal karst formation mechanism.
研究区属于北方岩溶区,该区年降水量较少,部分又为固体降水(雪),故地表径流量较小,水流活动时间较短,气温较低,又有寒冷的冬季,生物化学活动明显减弱,故岩溶作用较弱,地表岩溶地貌不突出,以覆盖的宽浅洼地为主,多干谷,地下溶蚀裂隙和小孔洞也较多。由于地下水有低的集中排泄基点,故深部常有细长的岩溶管道发育,局部地段有溶洞,但很少有大的地下河。
《中国岩溶研究》(1976)把我国岩溶分成三大类型,即以溶蚀为主、溶蚀——侵蚀为主、溶蚀——构造为主[1]。本文所研究的辽东半岛滨海岩溶的形成类型即为溶蚀——侵蚀为主。滨海岩溶的形成过程分为两个部分,一是溶蚀作用,二是海水侵蚀作用。基岩形成于晚第三纪,由岩溶溶蚀作用形成被第四纪松散盖层覆盖,后经海水侵蚀作用将上覆盖层冲刷掉,咸淡水混合后进一步对基岩进行侵蚀,改变了岩溶形态。
本区的岩溶形态是形成于古老的晚第三纪时期由地下水的垂直渗透作用形成的。上覆第四纪的松散盖层经过常年的海水作用被冲刷剥蚀将基岩裸露出来,后经海水的溶蚀和侵蚀作用最终形成特殊的岩溶形态类型——滨海岩溶形态。本文主要从岩溶表面形态及海蚀后岩溶形态两个方面来描述滨海地表岩溶的形态特征。介绍岩石表面形态10种、石柱间溶沟3种、海蚀岩溶形态9种其中包括海蚀溶柱形态7种。
滨海岩溶是发育在滨海区碳酸盐岩层中的由咸淡水混合溶蚀作用形成的一种特殊的岩溶类型。滨海岩溶的发育有其特殊的形成机理。本文对比了海蚀岩溶地貌与海蚀地貌的区别,简单记述了岩溶上覆风化壳特征,并介绍了滨海岩溶的形成机理。
Carbonate rocks of China are extremely development. The distribution of karst area is so vast that many types of karst, as other countries in the world beyond. Chinese people in the long-term labor practice has accumulated a wealth of karst knowledge, and formed the simple karst theory. All different age, different tectonic units of the historical development of geological, the geologic structure appearance is dissimilar, enables the karst the distribution with to appear differently. Different outside force molds various types of modern karst landforms type and the shape. The dissolution of groundwater is also differences, forming different climatic zones karst type.
Study area belongs to north karst region. Less precipitation in the area, and some also for the solid precipitation (snow), therefore the surface runoff is smaller. Another cold winter, biochemical activities obviously decreased therefore the karst function is weaker. Karst landforms surface prominence, covers with the wide-shallow depressions, mainly Dry Valleys and underground corrosion cracks and small holes are higher. Because the ground water has the low centralism excretion basic point, therefore the depth portion common tall and slender karst pipeline growth, the partial land sector has the limestone cave, but very little has the big buried river. "Chinese Karst Research" (1976) divides into our country karst three types, that is, mainly to erosion, dissolution -- erosion, erosion -- mainly structure [1]. Littoral karst formation process is divided into two parts, dissolution, and seawater erosion. The bedrock forms to the late tertiary period, forms by the dissolution of karst formation was Quaternary loose cover coverage, After the water erosion on the cover of washouts, a mixture of freshwater further erosion of bedrock. Karst changed the form.
Karst area of the pattern is formed in the ancient late tertiary period from groundwater vertical permeability of the formation. Quaternary loose cover after the role of perennial water erosion will be exposed bedrock, and after the seawater corrosion and erosion eventual formation of a special form of karst type -- Littoral karst forms. This paper mainly from the karst topography and sea karst form after two aspects to describe the coastal karst surface morphology. Introduced the rock surface contours 10 kind, between the stone column dissolves the ditch 3 kinds, the sea eclipse karst shape 9 kinds dissolves the cylindrical condition 7 kinds including the sea eclipse.
Littoral karst is development in the coastal zones of carbonate rocks by the dissolution of salt and fresh water mix to form a special type of karst. Coastal karst growth has its special formation mechanism. This article will offer a contrast to the sea of karst landforms and topography of the difference between simple descriptions of karst weathering crust overlying features and on the coastal karst formation mechanism.
引文
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[3] 武强,金玉洁,李得安等.大连大魏家岩溶地下水系统海水入侵机理与对策[J],中国地质灾害与防治学报,1994.
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[5] 马希融.云南石林地形学之初步观察[J].理科论丛,1939,(1).
[6] 卢耀如,赵成梁,刘福灿.初论喀斯特的作用过程及其类型[A],第一届全国水文地质工程地质学术会议论文选编,喀斯特问题专集.[C],北京:中国工业出版社,1966:1-28.
[7] 杰显义.云南东部地区喀斯特层组类型、古喀斯特及石林石林形成条件的初步探讨[A].见:第一届全国水文地质工程地质学术会议论文选编.喀斯特问题专集.[C].北京:中国工业出版社,1966:29-38.
[8] 任美锷.中国岩溶发育规律的若干问题[J].南京大学学报(自然科版),1979:4,95-104.
[9] 张寿越.路南石林发育及其演进[J].中国岩溶,1984,3(2):78-87.
[10] YuJinbiao,WangXueyu,and WangZhonghan. Lunan stone forest, Yunnan Province-Its morphological characteristics and Paleo-graphical environments [J],Kexue Tong Bao, Feb,1985:219-223.
[11] 王雪瑜.路南石林石英砂表面微形态的分析[A].见:在喀斯特地貌与洞穴[C].北京:科学出版社,1985,87-95.
[12] Chen zhiping, Song Linhua and Sweeting M. M. The Pinnacle Karst of the stone forest, Lunan, Yunnan, China: an example of a sub-jacent karst[A].(Eds: Paterson K.& Sweeting M.M). New directions in Karst: Proceedings of Anglo-French karst Symposium [C]. Norwich, Geo Books Regency house,1986:591- 596.
[13] 袁道先.中国岩溶学[M].北京,地质出版社,1993.
[14] 袁道先.A global perspective of Lunan stone forest [A].宋林华等主编,石林,自然遗产中的珍宝[C],北京:中国环境科学出版社,1997:68-70.
[15] 石林研究组.中国路南石林岩溶研究[M],昆明:云南科技出版社,1997.
[16] 刘星.云南石林地区钙化的 RSR 测年及其地质意义[J]. 中国岩溶,1998,16(1):9-13.
[17] 李玉辉,梁永宁,耿弘.滇中路南石林的发育年代研究[J].中国区域地质,1998,20(1):44-51.
[18] 李玉辉,杨一光,梁永宁,等.云南石林岩溶发育的古环境研究[J].中国岩溶,桂林,2001,20(2):91-95.
[19] Franci Gabrovsek Martin Knez Janja Kogovsec et al(eds).South China Karst[M].ZRC SAZU,1998,11-133.
[20] 章程,谢运球,姜光辉等.云南石林裂隙渗透张量特征[J].中国岩溶,2001,(2):97-100.
[21] 卢耀如,刘福灿.岩溶研究的发展及基本内容和理论问题的概略探讨, 中国地质学会第二届岩溶学术会议论文选集.
[22] 袁道先.现代岩溶学在我国的发展,中国科学基金.
[23] 章程.站在全球岩溶研究的前沿,中国岩溶,2004.
[24] 王耀凝.我国岩溶研究的一些新进展,中国岩溶,1996.
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