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超高压食品处理效果的实验与模拟研究
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摘要
超高压食品真正进入消费者视野只有短短二十多年,但其凭借优越的技术特性、良好的经济效益和社会效益,已经在实际生产中得到了迅速地发展。超高压食品处理技术,有效地克服了传统的热加工法处理食品所带来的种种弊端,给食品加工业注入了新的活力。超高压食品处理以其“灭菌”、“保鲜”、“节能”、“环保”等优点,得到了学术界和工业界的广泛关注。
     作为一个新兴产品,超高压食品全面进入人们的日常食谱还有一定的障碍,主要表现在:一方面不同品种食品超高压处理工艺技术参数和资料不完善,需要进行大量的研究和开发,另一方面超高压作用机理研究还不够深入,无法对实际生产进行必要的指导。
     鉴于此,本文在总结前人成果的基础上,按照实验—模拟—应用一体化的路线,对超高压食品处理技术进行了比较系统全面地研究,具体工作如下:
     (1)对培养基和果汁中细菌进行超高压处理,参照食品卫生标准,考察了灭菌效果和微生物指标变化的动力学特征,并对超高压处理后残存细菌的活性进行了研究;
     (2)对果汁中多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)进行超高压处理,探讨了处理压力、保压时间和pH值对其活性的影响,并对介质温度和抑制剂的协同作用以及各因素之间的交互性进行了研究,得出了最佳工艺条件,同时提出临界处理压力、临界保压时间和临界介质温度概念,明确了其物理含义和生产实用价值;
     (3)对超高压食品处理机理进行初步探讨,并将人工神经网络(ANN)引入超高压食品处理工艺,根据已有实验数据,准确模拟和预测了其它操作条件下的超高压食品处理效果;
     (4)最后对猪肉和水产品进行超高压食品处理,以新鲜度作为评价指标,通过对比感官评定、pH值变化、挥发性盐基氮含量以及微生物数量,系统全面的考察了超高压处理的效果。
The high pressure food has a rapid development in the practical production recently, because of its enormous technology advantages, economic and social benefits, although it is not more than twenty years for the consumers. The high pressure technology for food processing overcomes the defect of the traditional heating Process effectively, and injects the new activation into the food processing industry. The high pressure technology for food processing has attracted wide attention in both academia and industry for its advantages, such as sterilization, fresh-keeping, energy-saving, environment-protecting, and so on.
     As a new production, the high pressure food will still encounter many difficulties. On one hand, sine the technological parameters and data of different food, are scarce, we need a lot of researches and development. On the other, the researches on mechanism are too simple to guide production.
     This paper is aimed to study the high pressure technology for food comprehensively and systematically, and the study route of "Experiment-Simulation-Application" is adopted, on the base of former research work. The work is as follows:
     (1) The bacteria in culture medium or juice have been treated by high pressure technology to study the effect of sterilization and the kinetics characteristics on microorganism based upon food safety standards, and the activity of bacterium after high pressure treatment is also analysed;
     (2) The PPO and POD in juice have been treated by high pressure technology to assesse the main processing parameters and their interaction, such as processing pressure, sustaining time, pH, medium temperature and inhibitors, and the optimum conditions is also analysed. Three concepts—critical processing pressure, critical sustaining time and critical media temperature—are defined with definite physical meaning and practical value;
     (3) The mechanism of high pressure treatment has been discussed. The effects of high pressure treatment have been simulated and predicted by ANN based upon the existing experimental data;
     (4) The pork and fish have been treated by high pressure technology to evaluate the effect of high pressure treatment comprehensively and systematically by the freshness index, including sensory analysis, pH, TVB-N and microorganism.
引文
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