日光温室栽培条件下土壤养分累积特性及钾镁养分关系研究
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摘要
近年来蔬菜设施栽培在我国发展很快,已成为现代农业的重要组成部分。发展蔬菜设施栽培对发展农村经济、增加农民收入有巨大的推动作用。设施栽培作物具有生长期短,复种茬口多,需肥量高等特点,因此在实际生产中,过量施肥现象较为严重。不合理的施肥一方面影响了日光温室栽培作物的产量和品质,增加了生产成本。另一方面,对土壤和环境造成了诸多不良的影响,包括土壤养分比例失调、土壤次生盐渍化和土壤酸化等,同时也出现了一些新的营养问题,如石灰性土壤上生长的番茄发生缺镁现象。因此,有必要研究日光温室栽培条件下土壤养分的累积特性,特别是钾肥的过量施入,对土壤养分含量和盐分含量、土壤盐基离子的组成及比例等的影响。
本试验以陕西省长安、杨凌不同地区日光温室土壤为研究对象,研究了不同年限日光温室土壤养分累积特性,不同钾镁肥配施对土壤中养分特别是钾、镁离子含量及比值的影响,以及不同肥料配比对番茄生长及养分吸收的影响,得到以下主要结论:
(1)温室土壤与农田土壤相比,养分含量和电导率有大幅度提高,且随着种植年限的增加有不断增加的趋势,pH值则随着种植年限的增加而降低,温室土壤有酸化的趋势。温室土壤盐分含量随着种植年限的增加有一定的累积,长年限的温室明显高于短年限的温室,更高于农田。随着种植年限的增加,两地区温室土壤中各种交换性盐基含量的变化趋势不同,土壤水溶性镁和交换性镁的含量与农田土壤相比并未降低,而土壤的交换性K/Mg比值均大于0.5,认为两地区日光温室番茄缺镁可能与土壤K/Mg比值的失调有关。
(2)与农田土壤相比较,培养不同时间温室土壤硝态氮含量、电导率、水溶性盐和交换性盐含量均高于农田土壤,而pH则低于农田土壤;供试土壤经过63天的培养后,施入氮肥的处理的NO3--N含量明显增加,说明施入的氮素经过63天的矿化及硝化反应后,从铵态氮、有机态氮转变成作物易吸收的硝态氮。所有处理的pH值均有所降低,电导率均有明显的增加。各处理在培养期间水溶性盐分的变化没有一定的规律。温室土壤中交换性钾含量增加,交换性镁含量除施用NPK肥而未施用镁肥的处理外其他处理均有所增加,交换性钙含量的变化没有一定的规律。而农田土壤的交换性钾、交换性钙和交换性镁含量均有所增加。
(3)经过63天的培养,温室土壤未施用镁肥各处理土壤K/Mg比值随着施钾量的增加而增加,施用镁肥的各处理土壤K/Mg比值也同样随着施钾量的增加而增加,且均低于未施用钾肥的处理,说明施用镁肥有利于调节土壤K/Mg比值。由此认为,日光温室土壤过高的钾含量可能是土壤出现作物缺镁现象的原因。
(4)与不施肥的对照相比,日光温室土壤施用氮、磷、钾肥后番茄干重并未明显增加,说明日光温室土壤养分含量丰富。在未施用镁肥的条件下施用钾肥后,番茄茎叶干重、根干重和总干重有所增加,进一步增加钾肥用量,番茄茎叶干重、根干重和总干重均有所下降。与未施用镁肥的处理相比,施用镁肥的处理植株的株高、叶绿素与光合速率均有所降低,说明施用镁肥并未改善番茄的生长状况。镁肥的施用未促进番茄对镁素的吸收;在一定范围内,增加施钾量会抑制作物对镁的吸收。各处理番茄生长前后土壤的pH值、有效磷、速效钾、水溶性盐分含量和交换性盐分含量均有不同程度降低。
In recent years, cultivating the vegetables in protected facilities such as sunlight greenhouses has increased rapidly, and this cultivating method has become an important part of modern agriculture in China. Development of protected cultivation of vegetables has tremendous impetus not only in developing of rural economy but also in increasing farmer’s income. The crops cultivated in sunlight greenhouses have a short growth period; and the greenhouses are frequently planted, and heavy fertilized. Over-fertilization is a very common in the production. It results in the low yield and poor quality of the crops, and also the low soil quality, especially the imbalance of nutrients in soil, and the salinity and acidity of the soils. The deficiency of magnesium, which usually occurs in acid soil, is reported in the calcareous soil under sunlight greenhouse. Therefore, it is necessary to study the effects of sunlight greenhouse cultivation on the nutrient accumulation in the soils; and the effects of different application of K and Mg fertilizers on the contents and ratios of different ions in soils, and on the growth and nutrient uptake of tomato.
In this research, we had studied the accumulation of nutrients in the soils under the sunlight greenhouses in Shaanxi Province, and evaluated the effects of the different ratio of potassium and magnesium nutrient addition on the content and ratios of different base cations in soil, and on magnesium uptake by tomato. The main results showed as follows:
1. Compared to the arable fields, the contents of nutrients and the electric conductivity (EC) in the greenhouse soils were increased significantly with the cultivation of the crops in greenhouse; on the contrary, the soil pH was decreased. As the cultivation of the crops, the salt accumulation in the greenhouse soils was also increased. The salt content in the greenhouse soils with long-term cultivation period was significantly higher than that under short-term greenhouse, and also higher than that in the arable fileds. The changes of the exchangeable ions in greenhouse soils were different from that of arable soil. The content of exchangeable and water-soluble magnesium in greenhouse soils was as high as that in arable field soils. However, the ratio of exchangeable potassium and magnesium in the greenhouse soils of Chang’an District and Yangling District were greater than 0.5. It is concluded that the magnesium deficiency of tomato in the greenhouse may relate to the imbalance of the two ions in soils.
2. The incubation experiment showed that the contents of nitrate, water-soluble salt and the exchangeable ions, EC in greenhouse soils under the incubation period were higher than that in the arable field; and the soil pH was lower than that in the arable filed. The content of NO3--N was increased significantly under the treatment added with nitrogen fertilizer after the 63-day of incubation. It indicated the ammonium nitrogen was changed into nitrate after 63-day of nitrogen mineralization; the soil pH was declined in all treatments, the EC was increased significantly. There was no fixed trend of the changes of content of water-soluble salt in all treatments during incubation. The content of exchangeable potassium increased in greenhouse soil, and the content of exchangeable magnesium was decreased in the treatment of adding NPK fertilizer but no magnesium fertilizer, but it was increased in the other treatments. The contents of the exchangeable potassium, calcium, and magnesium in the arable field were increased.
3. After the 63-day of incubation, the ratio of potassium to magnesium was increased in the treatments added with the increasing application rates of potash fertilizer, whether with or without magnesium fertilizer, and lower than the treatment without fertlization. It showed that the application of magnesium fertilizer can adjust the ratio of potassium to magnesium in soil. It is considered that magnesium deficiency of tomato was induced by the excessive content of potassium in soil.
4. Compared to treatment without any fertilizer, the dry yield of tomato in greenhouse soils did not increase significantly, indicating the contents of nutrients was rich in greenhouse soils. The dry weight of stem, leaf, root and total weight of tomato plant were increased when the potassium fertilizer was added and no magnesium fertilizer was added. Higher rates of potassium fertilizer rate decreased the dry weight of stem, leaf, root and total weight of tomato plant. Compared to the treatment without magnesium fertilizer, the height of plant, Chlorophyll content and rate of photosynthesis were decreased when magnesium fertilizer was added. This showed that the application of magnesium fertilizer inhibited the tomato to absorb magnesium and limited the growth of tomato. In a certain range, the increasing amount of potassium addition inhibited the magnesium uptake by the crops. The soil pH, the content of available phosphorus and potassium, water-soluble salts and the exchangeable ions in the soils of the different treatments were decreased after harvesting the tomato.
本试验以陕西省长安、杨凌不同地区日光温室土壤为研究对象,研究了不同年限日光温室土壤养分累积特性,不同钾镁肥配施对土壤中养分特别是钾、镁离子含量及比值的影响,以及不同肥料配比对番茄生长及养分吸收的影响,得到以下主要结论:
(1)温室土壤与农田土壤相比,养分含量和电导率有大幅度提高,且随着种植年限的增加有不断增加的趋势,pH值则随着种植年限的增加而降低,温室土壤有酸化的趋势。温室土壤盐分含量随着种植年限的增加有一定的累积,长年限的温室明显高于短年限的温室,更高于农田。随着种植年限的增加,两地区温室土壤中各种交换性盐基含量的变化趋势不同,土壤水溶性镁和交换性镁的含量与农田土壤相比并未降低,而土壤的交换性K/Mg比值均大于0.5,认为两地区日光温室番茄缺镁可能与土壤K/Mg比值的失调有关。
(2)与农田土壤相比较,培养不同时间温室土壤硝态氮含量、电导率、水溶性盐和交换性盐含量均高于农田土壤,而pH则低于农田土壤;供试土壤经过63天的培养后,施入氮肥的处理的NO3--N含量明显增加,说明施入的氮素经过63天的矿化及硝化反应后,从铵态氮、有机态氮转变成作物易吸收的硝态氮。所有处理的pH值均有所降低,电导率均有明显的增加。各处理在培养期间水溶性盐分的变化没有一定的规律。温室土壤中交换性钾含量增加,交换性镁含量除施用NPK肥而未施用镁肥的处理外其他处理均有所增加,交换性钙含量的变化没有一定的规律。而农田土壤的交换性钾、交换性钙和交换性镁含量均有所增加。
(3)经过63天的培养,温室土壤未施用镁肥各处理土壤K/Mg比值随着施钾量的增加而增加,施用镁肥的各处理土壤K/Mg比值也同样随着施钾量的增加而增加,且均低于未施用钾肥的处理,说明施用镁肥有利于调节土壤K/Mg比值。由此认为,日光温室土壤过高的钾含量可能是土壤出现作物缺镁现象的原因。
(4)与不施肥的对照相比,日光温室土壤施用氮、磷、钾肥后番茄干重并未明显增加,说明日光温室土壤养分含量丰富。在未施用镁肥的条件下施用钾肥后,番茄茎叶干重、根干重和总干重有所增加,进一步增加钾肥用量,番茄茎叶干重、根干重和总干重均有所下降。与未施用镁肥的处理相比,施用镁肥的处理植株的株高、叶绿素与光合速率均有所降低,说明施用镁肥并未改善番茄的生长状况。镁肥的施用未促进番茄对镁素的吸收;在一定范围内,增加施钾量会抑制作物对镁的吸收。各处理番茄生长前后土壤的pH值、有效磷、速效钾、水溶性盐分含量和交换性盐分含量均有不同程度降低。
In recent years, cultivating the vegetables in protected facilities such as sunlight greenhouses has increased rapidly, and this cultivating method has become an important part of modern agriculture in China. Development of protected cultivation of vegetables has tremendous impetus not only in developing of rural economy but also in increasing farmer’s income. The crops cultivated in sunlight greenhouses have a short growth period; and the greenhouses are frequently planted, and heavy fertilized. Over-fertilization is a very common in the production. It results in the low yield and poor quality of the crops, and also the low soil quality, especially the imbalance of nutrients in soil, and the salinity and acidity of the soils. The deficiency of magnesium, which usually occurs in acid soil, is reported in the calcareous soil under sunlight greenhouse. Therefore, it is necessary to study the effects of sunlight greenhouse cultivation on the nutrient accumulation in the soils; and the effects of different application of K and Mg fertilizers on the contents and ratios of different ions in soils, and on the growth and nutrient uptake of tomato.
In this research, we had studied the accumulation of nutrients in the soils under the sunlight greenhouses in Shaanxi Province, and evaluated the effects of the different ratio of potassium and magnesium nutrient addition on the content and ratios of different base cations in soil, and on magnesium uptake by tomato. The main results showed as follows:
1. Compared to the arable fields, the contents of nutrients and the electric conductivity (EC) in the greenhouse soils were increased significantly with the cultivation of the crops in greenhouse; on the contrary, the soil pH was decreased. As the cultivation of the crops, the salt accumulation in the greenhouse soils was also increased. The salt content in the greenhouse soils with long-term cultivation period was significantly higher than that under short-term greenhouse, and also higher than that in the arable fileds. The changes of the exchangeable ions in greenhouse soils were different from that of arable soil. The content of exchangeable and water-soluble magnesium in greenhouse soils was as high as that in arable field soils. However, the ratio of exchangeable potassium and magnesium in the greenhouse soils of Chang’an District and Yangling District were greater than 0.5. It is concluded that the magnesium deficiency of tomato in the greenhouse may relate to the imbalance of the two ions in soils.
2. The incubation experiment showed that the contents of nitrate, water-soluble salt and the exchangeable ions, EC in greenhouse soils under the incubation period were higher than that in the arable field; and the soil pH was lower than that in the arable filed. The content of NO3--N was increased significantly under the treatment added with nitrogen fertilizer after the 63-day of incubation. It indicated the ammonium nitrogen was changed into nitrate after 63-day of nitrogen mineralization; the soil pH was declined in all treatments, the EC was increased significantly. There was no fixed trend of the changes of content of water-soluble salt in all treatments during incubation. The content of exchangeable potassium increased in greenhouse soil, and the content of exchangeable magnesium was decreased in the treatment of adding NPK fertilizer but no magnesium fertilizer, but it was increased in the other treatments. The contents of the exchangeable potassium, calcium, and magnesium in the arable field were increased.
3. After the 63-day of incubation, the ratio of potassium to magnesium was increased in the treatments added with the increasing application rates of potash fertilizer, whether with or without magnesium fertilizer, and lower than the treatment without fertlization. It showed that the application of magnesium fertilizer can adjust the ratio of potassium to magnesium in soil. It is considered that magnesium deficiency of tomato was induced by the excessive content of potassium in soil.
4. Compared to treatment without any fertilizer, the dry yield of tomato in greenhouse soils did not increase significantly, indicating the contents of nutrients was rich in greenhouse soils. The dry weight of stem, leaf, root and total weight of tomato plant were increased when the potassium fertilizer was added and no magnesium fertilizer was added. Higher rates of potassium fertilizer rate decreased the dry weight of stem, leaf, root and total weight of tomato plant. Compared to the treatment without magnesium fertilizer, the height of plant, Chlorophyll content and rate of photosynthesis were decreased when magnesium fertilizer was added. This showed that the application of magnesium fertilizer inhibited the tomato to absorb magnesium and limited the growth of tomato. In a certain range, the increasing amount of potassium addition inhibited the magnesium uptake by the crops. The soil pH, the content of available phosphorus and potassium, water-soluble salts and the exchangeable ions in the soils of the different treatments were decreased after harvesting the tomato.
引文
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