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基于几何非线性有限元的膜结构找形分析
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摘要
膜结构是现代空间结构体系的一个重要分支,凭借丰富多彩的造型、适宜的经济性、优异的建筑和结构特性,从其诞生就迅速在世界各地发展起来。与传统结构设计不同,膜结构设计主要包括四个阶段:方案设计、找形分析、荷载分析、裁剪分析。其中,找形分析是膜结构工程设计的基础和关键,关系到整个结构体系是否合理、经济、美观。
     本文在总结国内外膜结构找形分析研究现状的基础上,基于几何非线性有限元理论对膜结构的找形分析作了系统的研究,主要研究内容如下:
     首先,介绍了几何非线性有限元的基本理论,按照U.L式推导了用于膜结构找形分析的三角形膜单元和两点直杆索单元的几何非线性有限元基本方程。选择了求解膜结构非线性有限元方程的合理迭代方法和收敛准则,加快了迭代收敛速度,提高了找形计算效率。
     其次,基于几何非线性有限元理论,创新地提出了膜结构找形的全新设计法——“形”“态”结合法,采用支座提升方式和温度作用对膜施加初始预应力来得到预求的膜结构形状,实现了膜结构“形”和“态”的结合,能够准确、快速地进行膜结构的找形分析。并在“形”“态”结合找形方法基础上,引入膜结构下部支承体系,提出了考虑支承体系的协同找形方法,以探讨支承体系对找形分析的影响程度。
     再次,给出了“形”“态”结合找形方法和协同找形方法在ANSYS上的实现过程和关键处理,为今后膜结构找形分析提供软件使用上的参考。
     最后,根据“形”“态”结合找形方法和实现过程,借助ANSYS对三类不同类型的膜结构工程实例(刚柔性组合支承膜结构、骨架式膜结构、封闭式组合膜结构)进行了找形分析,验证该法的合理性和有效性;然后在此基础上,按照协同找形分析的方法,采用ANSYS分别对上述三类不同类型膜结构工程进行了考虑支承体系的协同找形分析,并与无支承的找形结果进行比较,明确了协同找形的意义,为类似膜结构工程找形分析提供了参考。
Membrane structure is an important branch of modern space structure system. For its rich and colorful forming, proper economical efficiency, outstanding architectural and structural characteristics, membrane structure is rapidly developed all over the world. The design of membrane structure which is different from traditional structures mainly contains four phases: project design, form-finding analysis, load analysis and cutting pattern. Form-finding analysis is the base and key of the design for membrane structure, which will influence whether the whole structure system is sound, economical and handsome.
     After summarizing the research on the form-finding of membrane structure home and abroad, this paper is based on the geometric nonlinear finite element theory, deeply works over the form-finding of membrane structure and discusses the following several aspects.
     Firstly, presents the geometric nonlinear finite element theory, educes the geometric nonlinear finite element equations of triangular membrane element and two-node cable element applied in the form-finding analysis according to U. L. The iteration approach and convergence criterion have been properly adopted to deal with such equations, which can accelerate the convergence of iteration calculation and improve the efficiency of form-finding calculation.
     Secondly, according to the geometric nonlinear finite element theory, an new design method for the form-finding of membrane structure-- combination of shape and state-- is innovatively put forward, drives the initial prestress on the membrane by pedestal shifting and temperature action to obtain the shape. The combination of shape and state is achieved meanwhile the aim of the form-finding is also come true exactly and rapidly. Then, basing on such method and considering the influence of support system, coordinated form-finding analysis is introduced to discuss how the support system affects the form-finding.
     Thirdly, the basic courses and disposals on ANSYS of such two form-finding methods are presented, which provides reference for software choosing during the form-finding analysis of membrane structure henceforth.
     Finally, according to the combination of shape and state method and its basic courses, this paper conducted the form-finding of three types of membrane structure engineering (membrane structure with rigid-flexible combined boundary, framework membrane structure, close combined membrane structure) by ANSYS, which can check up the rationality and validity of this method. Then, in term of the coordinated form-finding analysis method, this paper also conducted the form-finding of the same engineering above considering the support system. After the coordinated form-finding results are compared with the original form-finding results which were not take the support system into account, the significance of the coordinated form-finding is emphasized, which will provide reference for similar engineering.
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