Ad Hoc网络中按需路由协议的研究与改进
摘要
随着科技的发展,便携式计算机和掌上型电脑日益普遍,无线通信技术得到迅速发展。在某些场合,例如,战场上部队快速展开和推进、发生地震和水灾后的营救,需要一种不依赖于任何预先架设的网络设施的通信技术,Ad Hoc网络应运而生。Ad Hoc网络是移动网络的一种特殊形式,不需要固定的基站,由一组带有无线收发装置的自主的无线节点或终端通过相互合作形成的网络,是一种自创造、自组织和自管理的网络。
在Ad Hoc网络中,每一个主机都必须同时作为路由器。而且网络中的节点可以任意移动,导致Ad Hoc网络拓扑结构不可预测的频繁变化,路由协议就承担起及时维护和重建路径的工作。由于Ad Hoc网络的特性使得传统的距离向量和链路状态路由协议并不适用于拓扑结构高度动态变化Ad Hoc网络。自从1970年美国国防部高级研究规划署资助了一项特别的研究——分组无线网络开始,Ad Hoc移动网络的大量协议就在不断的开发和发展中。Ad Hoc网络路由机制必须适应网络三个不断变化的基本特征:移动节点的总体密度,节点到节点的拓扑,网络的使用模式。
目前Ad Hoc网络的路由协议有表驱动路由协议和按需路由协议。
本文首先阐述了课题研究的意义、目的和国内外研究现状及发展趋势。第二章分析比较了几种经典表驱动协议和按需路由协议的性能,重点对按需路由协议进行阐述。第三章基于AODV协议提出了一种优化协议OAODV,详细介绍了该优化协议的实现。第四章基于目前流行的仿真平台NS对OAODV进行了多种情况下的仿真试验,并根据仿真数据详细分析了OAODV的性能。
With the development of science and technology, portable computer and palmtop computer are increasingly prevalent, and the wireless communication technology develops promptly. In some cases, for instance, the rapid expansion of the army in a war, the rescue after earthquake or flood, it need a communication technology which don't depend on any network facility erected beforehand. Then Ad Hoc network emerge as the times require. Ad Hoc network is one special kind of mobile network which don't need fixed basestation. It's one sort of self-creation , self-organization and self-supervisory network which formed by the cooperation of a boodle of autonomic wireless node or terminal who have wireless R-T unit.
In Ad Hoc network, every host must be a router at the same time. And nodes in the network could move discretionarily, which make the topology change frequently and the routing protocol be assumed to reconstruct and maintain routing path in time. Because of the highly dynamic variation of topology in Ad Hoc network, the conventional distance vector routing protocols and link status routing protocols are not suitable. Since 1970 year, DARPA subsidize one extraordinary research—Ad Hoc network, a lot of protocols of Ad Hoc are under exploitating and developing. The route mechanism of Ad Hoc network should conform to three basic feature: the population density of mobile node, the topology of nodes, and the operating mode of network.
There are two kind of routing protocols for Ad Hoc network : table- driven and on - demand routing protocol.
The article firstly described the significance and the target, it also describes the current status of the schedule. In the second section we analyzed and compared the performances of some kind of table- driven and on - demand routing protocol, in which the expounding of on-demand protocol is highlight. In the third section we present an optimized protocol: OAODV base on AODV, and introduce the realization of this optimistic protocol in detail. In the fourth section we completed simulation with different scenes based on NS2 and analyzed the performance of OAODV according the data obtained by simulation.
在Ad Hoc网络中,每一个主机都必须同时作为路由器。而且网络中的节点可以任意移动,导致Ad Hoc网络拓扑结构不可预测的频繁变化,路由协议就承担起及时维护和重建路径的工作。由于Ad Hoc网络的特性使得传统的距离向量和链路状态路由协议并不适用于拓扑结构高度动态变化Ad Hoc网络。自从1970年美国国防部高级研究规划署资助了一项特别的研究——分组无线网络开始,Ad Hoc移动网络的大量协议就在不断的开发和发展中。Ad Hoc网络路由机制必须适应网络三个不断变化的基本特征:移动节点的总体密度,节点到节点的拓扑,网络的使用模式。
目前Ad Hoc网络的路由协议有表驱动路由协议和按需路由协议。
本文首先阐述了课题研究的意义、目的和国内外研究现状及发展趋势。第二章分析比较了几种经典表驱动协议和按需路由协议的性能,重点对按需路由协议进行阐述。第三章基于AODV协议提出了一种优化协议OAODV,详细介绍了该优化协议的实现。第四章基于目前流行的仿真平台NS对OAODV进行了多种情况下的仿真试验,并根据仿真数据详细分析了OAODV的性能。
With the development of science and technology, portable computer and palmtop computer are increasingly prevalent, and the wireless communication technology develops promptly. In some cases, for instance, the rapid expansion of the army in a war, the rescue after earthquake or flood, it need a communication technology which don't depend on any network facility erected beforehand. Then Ad Hoc network emerge as the times require. Ad Hoc network is one special kind of mobile network which don't need fixed basestation. It's one sort of self-creation , self-organization and self-supervisory network which formed by the cooperation of a boodle of autonomic wireless node or terminal who have wireless R-T unit.
In Ad Hoc network, every host must be a router at the same time. And nodes in the network could move discretionarily, which make the topology change frequently and the routing protocol be assumed to reconstruct and maintain routing path in time. Because of the highly dynamic variation of topology in Ad Hoc network, the conventional distance vector routing protocols and link status routing protocols are not suitable. Since 1970 year, DARPA subsidize one extraordinary research—Ad Hoc network, a lot of protocols of Ad Hoc are under exploitating and developing. The route mechanism of Ad Hoc network should conform to three basic feature: the population density of mobile node, the topology of nodes, and the operating mode of network.
There are two kind of routing protocols for Ad Hoc network : table- driven and on - demand routing protocol.
The article firstly described the significance and the target, it also describes the current status of the schedule. In the second section we analyzed and compared the performances of some kind of table- driven and on - demand routing protocol, in which the expounding of on-demand protocol is highlight. In the third section we present an optimized protocol: OAODV base on AODV, and introduce the realization of this optimistic protocol in detail. In the fourth section we completed simulation with different scenes based on NS2 and analyzed the performance of OAODV according the data obtained by simulation.
引文
[1] 李腊元，李春林．计算机网络技术(第二版)．北京，国防工业出版社，2004．
[2] R Ramanathan, Jason Redi. A Brief Overview of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks:Challenges and Directions. IEEE Communications Magazine, 50th Anniversary Commemorative Issue, 2002, (5).
[3] 王金龙，王呈贵等．Ad Hoc移动无线网络．国防工业出版社，2004．5
[4] 臧婉瑜，于勐，谢立，孙钟秀．按需式Ad Hoc网络路由协议的研究进展．计算机学报，第25卷第10期，2002年10月
[5] 孙宝林，李腊元．多跳无线Ad Hoc路由协议技术研究．小型微型计算机系统，2004，25(10)：1737~1741
[6] Dainiel Lang. A comprehensive overview about selected Ad Hoc Networking Routing Protocols. March 14,2003
[7] 孙宝林，李腊元，李相棚．移动Ad Hoc网络多播路由协议的研究进展．计算机工程与应用，2004，40(32)：139~143
[8] 桂超，孙宝林，王虹．无线移动 Ad Hoc 网络的路由技术研究．计算机系统应用，(5)，2005年．
[9] 廖登．基于 NS2 的移动 Ad Hoc 网络典型网络协议比较．邵阳学院学报 (自然科学版)，2(3)，2005年9月．
[10] 肖书成，邱珊．Adhoc 网络及其路由性能研究．重庆邮电学院学报，2004，16(3)：102~107
[11] 史美林，英春．自组网路由协议综述．通信学报，2001 (11)：93~103．
[12] 张禄林，李承恕．MANET 路由选择协议的比较分析研究．电子学报，2000(11)：88~92．
[13] 孙宝林，李腊元．Ad Hoc 网络 QoS 多播路由协议．计算机学报，2004，27 (10)：1402~1407
[14] Johnson D B. Routing in Ad Hoc networks of mobile hosts[A].Proceedings of Work shop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications[C].1994.158~163.
[15] GPei, MGerla,T-WChen. Fisheye state routing: A routing scheme for adhoc wireless networks. TheIEEEInt’lConfonCommunications(ICC),NewOrleans, LA, 2000.
[16] C E PERKINS, P BHAGWAT. Highly Dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing (DSDV) for Nobile Computer. In: Proc ACMSIGCOMM' 94, 1994.8.
[17] 张远．DSDV算法实现及其性能分析．移动通信2004/S2
[18] SMURTHY, GARCIA2LUNA2ACEVES J J. An efficient routing protocol for wireless networks. ACM Balzer Mobile Networks and Applications ( Special Issue on Routing in Mobile Communication Networks),1996,1(2).
[19] GUPTA P, KUMAR P. A system and traffic dependent adaptive routing algorithm for Ad Hoc networks. The 36th Conference on Decision and Control.San Diego, California, Dec 1997, 17(8).
[20] Johnson D, Maltz D. Dynamic source routing in Adhoc wireless networks[A].Mobile Computing, Im ielinski T, Korth H, Eds, Kluwer[C].1996.153～181
[21] Charles E. Perkins, Elizabeth M. Royer, Samir R. Das and Mahesh K.Marina. Performance Comparison of Two On-Demand Routing Protocols for Ad Hoc Nerworks. IEEE Personal Communications, February 2001
[22] Perkins C E, Royer E M. Ad Hoc on demand distance vector routing[A].IEEE WMCSA 1999[C]. 1999.90～100
[23] C. Perkins, E. Belding-Royer, S. Das. Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector(AODV) Routing. 3561. July 2003
[24] NIST Kernel AODV Implementation,http://w3, antd. nist. gov/wctg/aodv_kernel
[25] Multicast Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector(MAODV) Routing draft-ietf-manet- maodv-OO. txt
[26] Elizabeth M. Royer, Charles E. Perkins. “Multicast Operation of the Ad-hoc Ondemand Distance Vector Routing Protocol”
[27] 王亮，朱秋萍，马丽霞．Ad Hoc 网络 DSR 路由协议的优化．武汉大学学报(理学版) Jurle 2005
[28] 王晓燕，刘乃安．一种改进的多路径DSR协议．电子科技 2005 年第2期
[29] 吴东亚，侯紫峰，侯朝桢．移动自组网 DSR 协议路径缓存策略优化．计算机工程与应用．Sep 2004
[30] 陈曙光，李霞．一种高效的 Ad Hoc 网络 AODV 改进路由协议．东南大学学报(自然科学版) Mar.2003
[31] 郑相全，郭伟，李帆．自组网 AODV 路由协议中断链修复的改进．电子科技大学学报 Oct.2003
[32] Lee S J, Mario G. AODV-BR: Backup Routing in Ad Hoc Networks[C].Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, 2000. WCNC. 2000 IEEE, 2000,3:1311-1316
[33] 苏静．移动 Ad Hoc 网中多信道 AODV 路由协议研究．电子科技大学硕士学位论文
[34] 卢昊，无线移动自组织网的路由技术研究 [D]，成都，电子科技大学，2004-5-31
[35] 杨锦亚，郭虹，胡捍英．自组网路由协议性能比较．微计算机信息，2006，22(24)：196~198．
[36] 刘涛，黄本雄．移动多跳自主网多播路由协议的比较与分析．计算机工程，2002，28(8)：165~168
[37] Yufang Zhu and Thomas Kunz. MAODV Implementation for NS-2.26.Systems and Computing Engineering, Carleton University, Technical Report SCE-O4-O1, January 2004
[38] 张远，刘洛琨，卢欣．无线自组网 MAODV 路由协议算法．微计算机信息(测控自动化)2005 21(3)
[39] P. Madhan Mohan, J.James Johnson, K. Murugan and V. Ramachundran. A Comparative and Performance Study of On Demand Multicast Routing Protocols for Ad Hoc Networks.
[40] 周舜，张信明，麻俊，陈囤良．可扩展的 MAODV 协议．计算机工程，September 2005．
[41] 汪小兰，李腊元，孙宝林．基于 MAODV 多播路由协议的改进协议．计算机工程与应用，2001，41(35)：103~105．
[42] 徐雷鸣，庞博，赵耀．NS 与网络模拟．人民邮电出版社．2003
[43] The Network Simulator - ns-2[EB/OL].http://www, isi. edu/nsnam/ns/,2005.
[44] Lee Breslau, Deborah Estrin etc. Advances in Network Simulation. IEEE Computer 2000(5)
[2] R Ramanathan, Jason Redi. A Brief Overview of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks:Challenges and Directions. IEEE Communications Magazine, 50th Anniversary Commemorative Issue, 2002, (5).
[3] 王金龙，王呈贵等．Ad Hoc移动无线网络．国防工业出版社，2004．5
[4] 臧婉瑜，于勐，谢立，孙钟秀．按需式Ad Hoc网络路由协议的研究进展．计算机学报，第25卷第10期，2002年10月
[5] 孙宝林，李腊元．多跳无线Ad Hoc路由协议技术研究．小型微型计算机系统，2004，25(10)：1737~1741
[6] Dainiel Lang. A comprehensive overview about selected Ad Hoc Networking Routing Protocols. March 14,2003
[7] 孙宝林，李腊元，李相棚．移动Ad Hoc网络多播路由协议的研究进展．计算机工程与应用，2004，40(32)：139~143
[8] 桂超，孙宝林，王虹．无线移动 Ad Hoc 网络的路由技术研究．计算机系统应用，(5)，2005年．
[9] 廖登．基于 NS2 的移动 Ad Hoc 网络典型网络协议比较．邵阳学院学报 (自然科学版)，2(3)，2005年9月．
[10] 肖书成，邱珊．Adhoc 网络及其路由性能研究．重庆邮电学院学报，2004，16(3)：102~107
[11] 史美林，英春．自组网路由协议综述．通信学报，2001 (11)：93~103．
[12] 张禄林，李承恕．MANET 路由选择协议的比较分析研究．电子学报，2000(11)：88~92．
[13] 孙宝林，李腊元．Ad Hoc 网络 QoS 多播路由协议．计算机学报，2004，27 (10)：1402~1407
[14] Johnson D B. Routing in Ad Hoc networks of mobile hosts[A].Proceedings of Work shop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications[C].1994.158~163.
[15] GPei, MGerla,T-WChen. Fisheye state routing: A routing scheme for adhoc wireless networks. TheIEEEInt’lConfonCommunications(ICC),NewOrleans, LA, 2000.
[16] C E PERKINS, P BHAGWAT. Highly Dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing (DSDV) for Nobile Computer. In: Proc ACMSIGCOMM' 94, 1994.8.
[17] 张远．DSDV算法实现及其性能分析．移动通信2004/S2
[18] SMURTHY, GARCIA2LUNA2ACEVES J J. An efficient routing protocol for wireless networks. ACM Balzer Mobile Networks and Applications ( Special Issue on Routing in Mobile Communication Networks),1996,1(2).
[19] GUPTA P, KUMAR P. A system and traffic dependent adaptive routing algorithm for Ad Hoc networks. The 36th Conference on Decision and Control.San Diego, California, Dec 1997, 17(8).
[20] Johnson D, Maltz D. Dynamic source routing in Adhoc wireless networks[A].Mobile Computing, Im ielinski T, Korth H, Eds, Kluwer[C].1996.153～181
[21] Charles E. Perkins, Elizabeth M. Royer, Samir R. Das and Mahesh K.Marina. Performance Comparison of Two On-Demand Routing Protocols for Ad Hoc Nerworks. IEEE Personal Communications, February 2001
[22] Perkins C E, Royer E M. Ad Hoc on demand distance vector routing[A].IEEE WMCSA 1999[C]. 1999.90～100
[23] C. Perkins, E. Belding-Royer, S. Das. Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector(AODV) Routing. 3561. July 2003
[24] NIST Kernel AODV Implementation,http://w3, antd. nist. gov/wctg/aodv_kernel
[25] Multicast Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector(MAODV) Routing draft-ietf-manet- maodv-OO. txt
[26] Elizabeth M. Royer, Charles E. Perkins. “Multicast Operation of the Ad-hoc Ondemand Distance Vector Routing Protocol”
[27] 王亮，朱秋萍，马丽霞．Ad Hoc 网络 DSR 路由协议的优化．武汉大学学报(理学版) Jurle 2005
[28] 王晓燕，刘乃安．一种改进的多路径DSR协议．电子科技 2005 年第2期
[29] 吴东亚，侯紫峰，侯朝桢．移动自组网 DSR 协议路径缓存策略优化．计算机工程与应用．Sep 2004
[30] 陈曙光，李霞．一种高效的 Ad Hoc 网络 AODV 改进路由协议．东南大学学报(自然科学版) Mar.2003
[31] 郑相全，郭伟，李帆．自组网 AODV 路由协议中断链修复的改进．电子科技大学学报 Oct.2003
[32] Lee S J, Mario G. AODV-BR: Backup Routing in Ad Hoc Networks[C].Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, 2000. WCNC. 2000 IEEE, 2000,3:1311-1316
[33] 苏静．移动 Ad Hoc 网中多信道 AODV 路由协议研究．电子科技大学硕士学位论文
[34] 卢昊，无线移动自组织网的路由技术研究 [D]，成都，电子科技大学，2004-5-31
[35] 杨锦亚，郭虹，胡捍英．自组网路由协议性能比较．微计算机信息，2006，22(24)：196~198．
[36] 刘涛，黄本雄．移动多跳自主网多播路由协议的比较与分析．计算机工程，2002，28(8)：165~168
[37] Yufang Zhu and Thomas Kunz. MAODV Implementation for NS-2.26.Systems and Computing Engineering, Carleton University, Technical Report SCE-O4-O1, January 2004
[38] 张远，刘洛琨，卢欣．无线自组网 MAODV 路由协议算法．微计算机信息(测控自动化)2005 21(3)
[39] P. Madhan Mohan, J.James Johnson, K. Murugan and V. Ramachundran. A Comparative and Performance Study of On Demand Multicast Routing Protocols for Ad Hoc Networks.
[40] 周舜，张信明，麻俊，陈囤良．可扩展的 MAODV 协议．计算机工程，September 2005．
[41] 汪小兰，李腊元，孙宝林．基于 MAODV 多播路由协议的改进协议．计算机工程与应用，2001，41(35)：103~105．
[42] 徐雷鸣，庞博，赵耀．NS 与网络模拟．人民邮电出版社．2003
[43] The Network Simulator - ns-2[EB/OL].http://www, isi. edu/nsnam/ns/,2005.
[44] Lee Breslau, Deborah Estrin etc. Advances in Network Simulation. IEEE Computer 2000(5)
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