FDI对我国电子及通信设备制造业的技术外溢效应研究
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摘要
外商直接投资对东道国的技术外溢效应已成为我国经济学研究的热点之一。本文选取了外商投资比重较高的电子及通信设备制造业进行研究,首先回顾了外商直接投资对东道国技术外溢效应的理论,分析了电子及通信设备制造业的行业现状,在此基础上对电子及通信设备制造业的技术外溢效应进行实证分析,研究外资对该行业技术进步和技术创新的影响。
实证分析的结果显示:(1)FDI对我国电子及通信设备制造业有显著的技术外溢。技术差距大,人力资本多和竞争程度高有助于FDI技术溢出。外资企业对内资企业的技术外溢会通过示范模仿效应,人力资本流动和竞争效应等途径产生。(2)在电子及通信设备制造业中,外资企业的技术创新对内资企业的技术创新水平有促进作用。内资企业的科技人员投入对内资企业技术创新水平增长作用不大,科技人员优势没有发挥出来。影响内资技术创新水平的主要因素仍是其科研资金投入。(3)国有企业的科研资金投入弹性系数远大于科技人员投入弹性系数。而外资企业正好相反,外资企业主要依靠增强科技人员队伍来促进其技术创新能力的提高。对其他类型企业而言,科研资金投入和科技人员投入都显著促进了技术创新水平。(4)外资企业技术创新水平的提高促进了国有企业和其他类型企业的技术创新水平。但是国有企业和其他类型企业的技术创新水平间有相互的抑制作用,这可能是由于国有企业和其他类型企业的产品相似性较强,产品有替代作用。内资企业技术创新能力的提升会促进外资企业进行更高水平的技术创新。
最后,本文分别从政府和企业层面对如何促进电子及通信设备制造业的技术外溢效应提出了提高人力资本水平,培育激烈竞争的市场环境,提升内资企业的吸收和创新能力以及加大研发投入、增强技术合作等对策建议。
The spillover effect of foreign direct investment on the host country has been a hot issue in the field of economic research. This thesis analyzes electronic and communication device manufacturing which is an active industry in attracting foreign direct investment. At first, the paper reviews theories of spillover effect on the host country from foreign direct investment, and then analyzes the industry of electronic and communication device manufacturing. Then the paper researches into the effects on technology progress and innovation through econometric method.
Empirical analysis suggests the following conclusions: (1) FDI has positive spillover effect on electronic and communication device manufacturing. Larger technology gap, more human capital and higher intensities of competition are conducive to the spillovers. Foreign enterprises produce spillovers through the channels of demonstration effect, turnover effect of human capital and competition effect. (2)In electronic and communication device manufacturing, the technology innovation of foreign enterprises accelerates the innovation of domestic enterprises. Scientific staff of domestic enterprises has little effect on technology innovation. The advantage of scientific staff has not been used properly. Capital is the main factor which affects the technology innovation of domestic enterprises. (3)The index of capital is higher than the index of scientific staff in the state-owned-enterprises, but the situation is the opposite in foreign enterprises. Both factors improve innovation in the enterprises of other ownerships. (4) Innovation in foreign enterprises improves innovation in domestic enterprises. However, State-owned-enterprises and enterprises of other ownerships restrain each other’s innovation, because the products of state-owned-enterprises are similar to the products of the enterprises of other ownerships, their products may replace each other. Innovation in domestic enterprises accelerates higher innovation in foreign enterprises.
In the end, suggestions are made for the government and enterprises on improving the spillover effect in electronic and communication device manufacturing. The suggestions include improving human capital, developing intensive competition in the market, promoting the ability of domestic enterprises to absorb technology and to innovate, increase inputs in research and development and promoting technological cooperation.
实证分析的结果显示:(1)FDI对我国电子及通信设备制造业有显著的技术外溢。技术差距大,人力资本多和竞争程度高有助于FDI技术溢出。外资企业对内资企业的技术外溢会通过示范模仿效应,人力资本流动和竞争效应等途径产生。(2)在电子及通信设备制造业中,外资企业的技术创新对内资企业的技术创新水平有促进作用。内资企业的科技人员投入对内资企业技术创新水平增长作用不大,科技人员优势没有发挥出来。影响内资技术创新水平的主要因素仍是其科研资金投入。(3)国有企业的科研资金投入弹性系数远大于科技人员投入弹性系数。而外资企业正好相反,外资企业主要依靠增强科技人员队伍来促进其技术创新能力的提高。对其他类型企业而言,科研资金投入和科技人员投入都显著促进了技术创新水平。(4)外资企业技术创新水平的提高促进了国有企业和其他类型企业的技术创新水平。但是国有企业和其他类型企业的技术创新水平间有相互的抑制作用,这可能是由于国有企业和其他类型企业的产品相似性较强,产品有替代作用。内资企业技术创新能力的提升会促进外资企业进行更高水平的技术创新。
最后,本文分别从政府和企业层面对如何促进电子及通信设备制造业的技术外溢效应提出了提高人力资本水平,培育激烈竞争的市场环境,提升内资企业的吸收和创新能力以及加大研发投入、增强技术合作等对策建议。
The spillover effect of foreign direct investment on the host country has been a hot issue in the field of economic research. This thesis analyzes electronic and communication device manufacturing which is an active industry in attracting foreign direct investment. At first, the paper reviews theories of spillover effect on the host country from foreign direct investment, and then analyzes the industry of electronic and communication device manufacturing. Then the paper researches into the effects on technology progress and innovation through econometric method.
Empirical analysis suggests the following conclusions: (1) FDI has positive spillover effect on electronic and communication device manufacturing. Larger technology gap, more human capital and higher intensities of competition are conducive to the spillovers. Foreign enterprises produce spillovers through the channels of demonstration effect, turnover effect of human capital and competition effect. (2)In electronic and communication device manufacturing, the technology innovation of foreign enterprises accelerates the innovation of domestic enterprises. Scientific staff of domestic enterprises has little effect on technology innovation. The advantage of scientific staff has not been used properly. Capital is the main factor which affects the technology innovation of domestic enterprises. (3)The index of capital is higher than the index of scientific staff in the state-owned-enterprises, but the situation is the opposite in foreign enterprises. Both factors improve innovation in the enterprises of other ownerships. (4) Innovation in foreign enterprises improves innovation in domestic enterprises. However, State-owned-enterprises and enterprises of other ownerships restrain each other’s innovation, because the products of state-owned-enterprises are similar to the products of the enterprises of other ownerships, their products may replace each other. Innovation in domestic enterprises accelerates higher innovation in foreign enterprises.
In the end, suggestions are made for the government and enterprises on improving the spillover effect in electronic and communication device manufacturing. The suggestions include improving human capital, developing intensive competition in the market, promoting the ability of domestic enterprises to absorb technology and to innovate, increase inputs in research and development and promoting technological cooperation.
引文
[1] Aitken B and Harrison A. Do Domestic Firms Benefit from Foreign Direct In-vestment? Evidence from Venezuela. American Economic Review, 1999(89):605-618
[2] Blomstrom M, Kokko A. Multinational Corporations and Spillovers. Journal of Economic Surveys, 1998(12): 247-277
[3] Caves R E. Multinational Firms, Competition and Productivity in Host-country Markets. Economics, 1974(41): 176-193
[4] Cheung K Y and Lin P. Spillover Effects of FDI on Innovation in China: Evidence from Provincial Data. China Economic Review, 2004(15) : 25-44
[5] Dimelis S, Louri H. Foreign Ownership and Production Efficiency: A Quantile Regression Analysis. Oxford Economic Paper, 2002(54): 449-469
[6] Driffield N, Munday. Foreign Manufacturing: Regional Agglomeration and Technical Efficiency Frontier Approach. Regional Studies, 2001(35): 391-399
[7] Findlay. Relative Backwardness, Direct Foreign Investment and the Transfer of technology: a Simple Dynamic Model. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1978(2): 2-16
[8] Fredrik S. Technology Gap, Competition and Spillovers from Direct Foreign Investment: Evidence from Establishment Data. The Journal of Development Studies, 1999(10) : 53-73
[9] Harris R and Robinson C. Productivity Impacts and Spillovers from Foreign Ownership in the United Kingdom. National Institute Economic Review, 2004(187) : 58-75
[10] Hu A and Jefferson G. FDI, Technology innovation and Spillover : Evidence from large and medium size Chinese enterprises, Mimeo: Brandeis university, 2001(35) :117-137
[11] Kokko A. Foreign Direct Investment, Host Country Characteristics and Spillovers. Stockholm: the Economic Research Institute, 1992
[12] Kokko A. Local Technological Capability and Productivity Spillovers from FDI in the Uruguayan Manufacturing Sector. Journal of Development Studies, 1996(32): 602-606
[13] Lall S. Vertical Inter-firm Linkages in LDCs: An Empirical Study. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 1980(42):203-226
[14] Li X, Liu X, David P. Foreign Direct Investment and Productivity Spillovers in the Chinese Manufacturing Sector. Economic System, 2001(25): 305-321
[15] Swan. The International Diffusion of an Innovation. Journal of Industrial Economics, 1973(22): 61-69
[16] Wang J, Blomstrom M. Foreign Investment and Technology Transfer: A simple model. European Economic Review, 1992(36):137-155
[17]包群,赖明勇.中国外商直接投资与技术进步的实证研究.经济评论, 2002(6): 63-71
[18]陈涛涛,范明曦,马文祥.对影响我国外商直接投资行业内溢出效应的因素的经验研究.金融研究, 2003(5):117-126
[19]国家统计局,国家发展和改革委员会,科学技术部编.中国高技术产业统计年鉴.中国统计出版社,2002
[20]国家统计局,国家发展和改革委员会,科学技术部编.中国高技术产业统计年鉴.中国统计出版社,2003
[21]国家统计局,国家发展和改革委员会,科学技术部编.中国高技术产业统计年鉴.中国统计出版社,2005
[22]何洁,许罗丹.中国工业部门引进外国直接投资外溢效应的实证研究.世界经济文汇,1999(2):16-21
[23]何洁.外国直接投资对中国工业部门外溢效应的进一步精确量化.世界经济,2002(12):29-36
[24]蒋殿春,夏良科.外商直接投资对中国高技术产业技术创新作用的经验分析.世界经济,2005(8): 3-11
[25]江小涓,李蕊.FDI对中国工业增长和技术进步的贡献.中国工业经济, 2002(7):5-16
[26]冷民.从台湾电子产业的发展看利用外资与提高自主创新能力的关系.中国科技论坛, 2005(3):77-81
[27]刘云,夏民,武晓明.中国最大500家外商投资企业在华专利及影响的计量研究.预测, 2003(6):19-23
[28]马天毅,马野青,张二震.外商直接投资与我国技术创新能力.世界经济研究, 2006(7):4-8
[29]潘文卿.外商直接投资对中国工业部门的外溢效应:基于面板数据的分析.世界经济, 2003 (6):3-7
[30]沈坤荣,耿强.外商直接投资、技术外溢与内生经济增长.中国社会科学, 2001(5):82-93
[31]王成岐,张建华,安晖.外商直接投资、地区差异与中国经济增长.世界经济, 2002(4):15-23
[32]王飞.外商直接投资促进了国内工业企业技术进步么?.世界经济研究, 2003(4): 39-44
[33]王志鹏,李子奈.外商直接投资、技术外溢与内生经济增长.世界经济文汇, 2004(3):23-33
[34]王子君,张伟.外国直接投资、技术许可与技术创新.经济研究, 2002(3):69-75
[35]冼国明,严兵.FDI对中国创新能力的溢出效应-基于地区层面相关数据的分析.世界经济, 2005(12):106-117
[36]冼国明,簿文广.外国直接投资对中国企业技术创新作用的影响-基于产业层面的分析.南开经济研究, 2005(6):16-23
[37]徐涛.引进FDI与中国技术进步.世界经济, 2003(10):22-27
[38]严兵.外商在华直接投资的溢出效应.世界经济研究, 2005 (3): 4-10
[39]姚洋,章奇.中国工业企业技术效率分析.经济研究, 2001(10): 13-19
[40]喻世友,史卫,林敏.外商直接投资对内资企业技术效率的溢出渠道研究.世界经济, 2005 (6): 44-52
[41]张建华,欧阳轶雯.外商直接投资、技术外溢与经济增长-对广东数据的实证分析.经济学季刊, 2003(3):647-665
[2] Blomstrom M, Kokko A. Multinational Corporations and Spillovers. Journal of Economic Surveys, 1998(12): 247-277
[3] Caves R E. Multinational Firms, Competition and Productivity in Host-country Markets. Economics, 1974(41): 176-193
[4] Cheung K Y and Lin P. Spillover Effects of FDI on Innovation in China: Evidence from Provincial Data. China Economic Review, 2004(15) : 25-44
[5] Dimelis S, Louri H. Foreign Ownership and Production Efficiency: A Quantile Regression Analysis. Oxford Economic Paper, 2002(54): 449-469
[6] Driffield N, Munday. Foreign Manufacturing: Regional Agglomeration and Technical Efficiency Frontier Approach. Regional Studies, 2001(35): 391-399
[7] Findlay. Relative Backwardness, Direct Foreign Investment and the Transfer of technology: a Simple Dynamic Model. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1978(2): 2-16
[8] Fredrik S. Technology Gap, Competition and Spillovers from Direct Foreign Investment: Evidence from Establishment Data. The Journal of Development Studies, 1999(10) : 53-73
[9] Harris R and Robinson C. Productivity Impacts and Spillovers from Foreign Ownership in the United Kingdom. National Institute Economic Review, 2004(187) : 58-75
[10] Hu A and Jefferson G. FDI, Technology innovation and Spillover : Evidence from large and medium size Chinese enterprises, Mimeo: Brandeis university, 2001(35) :117-137
[11] Kokko A. Foreign Direct Investment, Host Country Characteristics and Spillovers. Stockholm: the Economic Research Institute, 1992
[12] Kokko A. Local Technological Capability and Productivity Spillovers from FDI in the Uruguayan Manufacturing Sector. Journal of Development Studies, 1996(32): 602-606
[13] Lall S. Vertical Inter-firm Linkages in LDCs: An Empirical Study. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 1980(42):203-226
[14] Li X, Liu X, David P. Foreign Direct Investment and Productivity Spillovers in the Chinese Manufacturing Sector. Economic System, 2001(25): 305-321
[15] Swan. The International Diffusion of an Innovation. Journal of Industrial Economics, 1973(22): 61-69
[16] Wang J, Blomstrom M. Foreign Investment and Technology Transfer: A simple model. European Economic Review, 1992(36):137-155
[17]包群,赖明勇.中国外商直接投资与技术进步的实证研究.经济评论, 2002(6): 63-71
[18]陈涛涛,范明曦,马文祥.对影响我国外商直接投资行业内溢出效应的因素的经验研究.金融研究, 2003(5):117-126
[19]国家统计局,国家发展和改革委员会,科学技术部编.中国高技术产业统计年鉴.中国统计出版社,2002
[20]国家统计局,国家发展和改革委员会,科学技术部编.中国高技术产业统计年鉴.中国统计出版社,2003
[21]国家统计局,国家发展和改革委员会,科学技术部编.中国高技术产业统计年鉴.中国统计出版社,2005
[22]何洁,许罗丹.中国工业部门引进外国直接投资外溢效应的实证研究.世界经济文汇,1999(2):16-21
[23]何洁.外国直接投资对中国工业部门外溢效应的进一步精确量化.世界经济,2002(12):29-36
[24]蒋殿春,夏良科.外商直接投资对中国高技术产业技术创新作用的经验分析.世界经济,2005(8): 3-11
[25]江小涓,李蕊.FDI对中国工业增长和技术进步的贡献.中国工业经济, 2002(7):5-16
[26]冷民.从台湾电子产业的发展看利用外资与提高自主创新能力的关系.中国科技论坛, 2005(3):77-81
[27]刘云,夏民,武晓明.中国最大500家外商投资企业在华专利及影响的计量研究.预测, 2003(6):19-23
[28]马天毅,马野青,张二震.外商直接投资与我国技术创新能力.世界经济研究, 2006(7):4-8
[29]潘文卿.外商直接投资对中国工业部门的外溢效应:基于面板数据的分析.世界经济, 2003 (6):3-7
[30]沈坤荣,耿强.外商直接投资、技术外溢与内生经济增长.中国社会科学, 2001(5):82-93
[31]王成岐,张建华,安晖.外商直接投资、地区差异与中国经济增长.世界经济, 2002(4):15-23
[32]王飞.外商直接投资促进了国内工业企业技术进步么?.世界经济研究, 2003(4): 39-44
[33]王志鹏,李子奈.外商直接投资、技术外溢与内生经济增长.世界经济文汇, 2004(3):23-33
[34]王子君,张伟.外国直接投资、技术许可与技术创新.经济研究, 2002(3):69-75
[35]冼国明,严兵.FDI对中国创新能力的溢出效应-基于地区层面相关数据的分析.世界经济, 2005(12):106-117
[36]冼国明,簿文广.外国直接投资对中国企业技术创新作用的影响-基于产业层面的分析.南开经济研究, 2005(6):16-23
[37]徐涛.引进FDI与中国技术进步.世界经济, 2003(10):22-27
[38]严兵.外商在华直接投资的溢出效应.世界经济研究, 2005 (3): 4-10
[39]姚洋,章奇.中国工业企业技术效率分析.经济研究, 2001(10): 13-19
[40]喻世友,史卫,林敏.外商直接投资对内资企业技术效率的溢出渠道研究.世界经济, 2005 (6): 44-52
[41]张建华,欧阳轶雯.外商直接投资、技术外溢与经济增长-对广东数据的实证分析.经济学季刊, 2003(3):647-665
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