基于ABBM的组播路由协议的研究与改进
摘要
Ad hoc网络(也称移动自组网)是一种特殊的,不依赖于任何固定通信设施的无线网络。Ad hoc网络的特点使得其路由选择机制与其他网络相比更加复杂。传统的因特网组播协议不能适应Ad hoc网络拓扑结构快速变化的需要,因此对Ad hoc网络设计切合其自身特点的新的组播路由协议成为研究热点。
本文分析总结了多种Ad hoc组播路由协议,并深入研究了其中比较先进的ABBM(Adaptive Backbone-based Multicast routing protocol)协议。通过分析其路由机制,找出了ABBM协议在协议的扩展性、分级的合理性和避免主干网络上的节点成为传输瓶颈等方面存在的缺点。针对这些缺点设计出了一种新的ABBM协议,即E-ABBM协议。
首先,对ABBM协议所采用的WCA(Weighted Clustering Algorithm)分簇算法进行改进。为了提高簇的稳定性,将原分簇算法中的一个权值参数即节点平均速度改为节点间的平均相对速度,提出了新的分簇算法EWCA。
其次,引入了混合路由发现策略,即在簇内采用预选式路由发现策略,在簇间采用随选式路由发现策略。
最后,利用网络仿真软件NS(Network Simulation),建立相关的仿真模型,并进行了仿真实验,通过实验验证E-ABBM协议在分组投递率、网络传输延迟和网络扩展性等方面的先进性。
Ad hoc network is a kind of special wireless network in which no base stations are supported, consisting of a set of mobile hosts that play the role of both host and router, may communicate with one another through multi-hop and roam around at their will. In a word, the specialty of the Ad hoc network makes its routing more complex than other networks. Traditional internet multicast routing protocols can't meet the quickly-changing of the network topology, so designing the new multicast routing protocols which are suitable for Ad hoc network is hotspot.
The paper sorts the existing multicast routing protocols in Ad hoc network into different types, and compares, analyzes, illuminates the content of different types of protocols, especially analyses ABBM (Adaptive Backbone-based Multicast routing protocol), which is advanced than the other. By analyze routing mechanism in ABBM, discovered that it has limitations in the scalability of multicast protocol and cluster stability. Then design the enhance scheme of ABBM: E-ABBM.
Firstly, scheme of WCA (Weighted Clustering Algorithm) in ABBM is improved. Modify the average speed of node which is the weight-parameter of WCA to the average relatively speed among nodes for improving the stability of cluster, design the new clustering algorithm for the large scale Ad hoc networks router.
Secondly, import the hybrid of reactive and proactive routing scheme. Use proactive routing scheme within cluster and reactive routing scheme among clusters.
Finally, the different protocols including E-ABBM and ABBM are simu- lated on platform of the NS (Network Simulation). By the results of simulation,concluded that E-ABBM has better performance as packet delivery ratio and network delay and expansibility.
本文分析总结了多种Ad hoc组播路由协议,并深入研究了其中比较先进的ABBM(Adaptive Backbone-based Multicast routing protocol)协议。通过分析其路由机制,找出了ABBM协议在协议的扩展性、分级的合理性和避免主干网络上的节点成为传输瓶颈等方面存在的缺点。针对这些缺点设计出了一种新的ABBM协议,即E-ABBM协议。
首先,对ABBM协议所采用的WCA(Weighted Clustering Algorithm)分簇算法进行改进。为了提高簇的稳定性,将原分簇算法中的一个权值参数即节点平均速度改为节点间的平均相对速度,提出了新的分簇算法EWCA。
其次,引入了混合路由发现策略,即在簇内采用预选式路由发现策略,在簇间采用随选式路由发现策略。
最后,利用网络仿真软件NS(Network Simulation),建立相关的仿真模型,并进行了仿真实验,通过实验验证E-ABBM协议在分组投递率、网络传输延迟和网络扩展性等方面的先进性。
Ad hoc network is a kind of special wireless network in which no base stations are supported, consisting of a set of mobile hosts that play the role of both host and router, may communicate with one another through multi-hop and roam around at their will. In a word, the specialty of the Ad hoc network makes its routing more complex than other networks. Traditional internet multicast routing protocols can't meet the quickly-changing of the network topology, so designing the new multicast routing protocols which are suitable for Ad hoc network is hotspot.
The paper sorts the existing multicast routing protocols in Ad hoc network into different types, and compares, analyzes, illuminates the content of different types of protocols, especially analyses ABBM (Adaptive Backbone-based Multicast routing protocol), which is advanced than the other. By analyze routing mechanism in ABBM, discovered that it has limitations in the scalability of multicast protocol and cluster stability. Then design the enhance scheme of ABBM: E-ABBM.
Firstly, scheme of WCA (Weighted Clustering Algorithm) in ABBM is improved. Modify the average speed of node which is the weight-parameter of WCA to the average relatively speed among nodes for improving the stability of cluster, design the new clustering algorithm for the large scale Ad hoc networks router.
Secondly, import the hybrid of reactive and proactive routing scheme. Use proactive routing scheme within cluster and reactive routing scheme among clusters.
Finally, the different protocols including E-ABBM and ABBM are simu- lated on platform of the NS (Network Simulation). By the results of simulation,concluded that E-ABBM has better performance as packet delivery ratio and network delay and expansibility.
引文
1 Bangnan Xu, Sven Hischke, Bernhard walke. The Role of Ad hoc Networking in Future Wireless Communications. Proceedings of ICCT2003, Beijing, China, 2003:1353-1358
2 K.Chen, M.Scott.Corson. Effective Location-Guided Tree Construction Algorithms for Small Group Multicast in MANET. Proc. INFOCOM2002, New York, USA, 2002:1180-1189
3 C.W.Wu, Y.C.Tay. AMRIS: A Multicast Protocol for Ad hoc Wireless Networks. Proceedings IEEE MILCOM’99, Atlantic City, USA, 1999:25-29
4 E.M.Royer, C.E.Perkins. Multicast Operation of the Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol. ACM MOBICOM’99, Seattle, USA, 1999:207-218
5 J.J.Garcia-Luna-Aceves, L.Ewerton, Madruga. A Multicast Routing Protocol for Ad hoc Networks. Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM’99, New York, USA, 1999:784-792
6 Mingyan Liu, Rajesh Talpade. AMRoute: Ad hoc Multicast Routing protocol. MONET’99, Landon, UK, 1999:429-439
7 Jorjeta Jetcheva, Devid Johnson. Adaptive Demand-Driven Multicast Routing in Multi-Hop Wireless Ad hoc Networks. Proceedings of the 2001 ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad hoc Networking and Computing, San Francisco, USA, 2001:33-44
8 Sung-Ju Lee, Mario Gerla, Ching-Chuan Chiang. On-Demand Multicast Routing Protocol. Mobile Networks and Applications’2002, Santa Barbara,2002:441-453
9 Meejeong Lee, Ye Kyung Kim. PatchODMRP: An Ad-hoc Multicast Routing Protocol. 15th International Conference on Information Networking, Beppu City ,2003:537-543
10 Kuochen Wang, Chaou-Tang Chang. An Intelligent On-Demand Multicast Routing Protocol in Ad hoc Networks. Proceeding of 15th International Conference on Information Networking, New Orleans, USA, 2001:909-914
11 Soon Y. Oh, Joon-Sang Park, Mario Gerla. E-ODMRP: Enhanced ODMRP with Motion Adaptive Refresh. Wireless Communication Systems, 2005, 2nd International Symposium. wuhan, China, 5-7 Sept.2005:130-134
12 Vijay Devarapalli, Deepinder Sidhu. MZR: A Multicast Protocol for Mobile Ad hoc Networks. Conference on Communications, ICC2001, Beijing, China, 2001:886-891
13 Chaiporn Jaikaeo, Chien-Chung Shen. Adaptive backbone-based multicast for Ad hoc networks. ICC 2002,IEEE International Conference, New York, USA, 2002:3149-3155
14 蔡绍滨,杨孝宗,高振国.基于双子网的自组网组播协议的研究.哈尔滨工业大学学报,2004,36(5):655-659
15 孙强,李腊元,陈年生.无线 Ad hoc 网络中一种基于簇结构的多播路由算法.武汉理工大学学报,2005,29(1):68-71
16 C.R.Lin, M.Gerla. A distributed architecture for multimedia in dynamic wireless networks. IEEE Globecom’95, Toronto, Canada, 1995:1468-1472
17 S.Basagni. Distributed clustering for Ad hoc networks. International Symposiun on Parallel Architectures, Algorithms and Networks, Perth, German, 1999:310-315
18 M.Gerla, J.T.C.sai. Multicluster, mobile, multimedia radio network. Wireless Networks’95, Phoenix, USA, 1995,1(3):255-265
19 Mainak Chatterjee, Sajal K Das, Damla Turgut. An weighted clustering algorithm (WCA) for Ad hoc networks. IEEE Globecom 2000, Orlando Florida, USA, 2000:1697-1701
20 C.R.Lin, M.Gerla. Adaptive clustering for mobile wireless networks. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Denver, Colorado, 1997,15(7): 1265-1275
21 S.Andrew, Tanenbaum. 计 算 机 网 络 . 熊 桂 喜 , 王 小 虎 . 北 京 : 清 华 大 学 出 版社,1998:13-56
22 Peter T.Davis, Craig R.McGuffin.无线局域网. 刘德贵. 北京:电子工业出版社,1996:156-204
23 Katia Obraczka, Gene Tsudik, Kumar Viswanath. Pushing the limits of multicast in Ad hoc networks. In Distributed Computing Systems,2001,21st International Conference, Tokyo, Japan, 2001:719-722
24 B.M.Leiner, D.L.Nielson, F.A.Tobagi. Issues in Packet Radio Network Design. Proceedings IEEE, 1987, Banff, Canada, 1987, 75(1):6-20
25 J.Jubin, J.D.Tornow. The DARPA packet radio network protocols. Proceedings of the IEEE1987, Banff, Canada, 1987, 75(1):21-32
26 曹常义.自组网技术及其互连.中国数据通信,2002,4(1):40-45
27 英春,史美林.自组网体系结构研究.通信学报,1999,20(9):47-54
28 赵志峰,郑少仁.Ad hoc 网络体系结构研究.电信科学,20001,17(1):14-17
29 王海涛,张学平.Ad hoc 网络中的分簇算法.数据通信,2003,4:32-35
30 A.BRUCE, ZNATIT. A mobility-based framework for Adaptive clustering in wireless Ad hoc networks. IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Communications,1999, Sitges, Barcelona, Spain, 1999, 17(8):1466-1487
31 Deering Setal. Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol.RFC1075,1998:196-203
32 Stephen Deering. An Architecture for Wide-Area Multicast Routing. Comp.Commun. 1993, Phoenix, USA, 1993, 23(4):85-95
33 T.Ballardie, P.Francis, J.Crowcroft. Core Based Trees(CBT)-An Architecture for Scalable Inter-Domain Multicast Routing. In Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM'93, SanFrancisco, CA, 1993:85-95
34 S.Deering, D.L.Estrin, D.Farinacci et al. The PIM Architecture for Wide-Area Multicast Routing. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 1996, San Francisco, USA, 1996, 4(2):153-162
35 S.J. Lee. A Performance Comparison Study of Ad hoc Wireless Multicast Protocols. Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM’2000, New York, USA, 2000:565-574
36 赵金晶 , 朱培栋 , 宋宜谦 . 无线移动环境下的组播路由协议 . 计算机工程 , 2004,30(12):89-91
37 Carlos de Morais Cordeiro, Hrishikesh Gossain, Dharma P.Agrawal. Multicast over Wireless Mobile Ad hoc Networks: Present and Future Directions. IEEE Network'2003, Beijing, China, 2003:52-59
38 C.R.Dow, P.J.Lin, S.C.Chen et al. A Study of Recent Research Trends and Experimental Guidelines in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks. Proceedings of the 19thInternational Conference on AINA'05, Taipei, Taiwan, 2005:1550-1555
39 周元,毛启容,詹永照.Ad hoc 无线网络中的组播路由协议.计算机工程与应用,2005,(4):155-159
40 肖书成,唐学文,王康等.MANET 路由协议及其性能研究.计算机工程与设计,2004,25(7):1133-1136
41 Tzung-Shi Chen, Yuh-Shyan Chen, Hua-Wen Tsai. A Hierarchy-Based Multicast for Wireless Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks. Ninth IEEE International Conference on Networks. Riverside, California, 2001:248-253
42 Sung-Ju Lee, William Su, Mario Gerla. Ad hoc Wireless Multicast with Mobility Prediction. Mobile Networks and Applications,2001,(6):351-360
43 Beongku An, Symeon Papavassiliou. A Mobility-Based Hybrid Multicast Routing in Mobile Ad-hoc Wireless Networks. Military Communications Conference, 2001, Washington D.C. USA, 2001, (1):316-320
44 张帆,李德敏,陶莉.基于位置信息的 MANET 路由协议综述.计算机工程与应用,2005,(20):120-123
45 Prasun Sinha, Raghupathy Sivakumar, Vaduvur Bharghavan. MCEDAR: Multicast Core-Extraction Distributed Ad hoc Routing. Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, 1999, New Orleans, USA, 1999:1313-1317
46 Stefano Basagni, Imrich Chlamtac, Violet R.Sytotiuk et al. On-demand location aware multicast (OLAM) for Ad hoc networks. Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, 2000, Chicago, USA, 2000, (3):1323-1328
47 Ranveer Chandra, Venugopalan Ramasubramanian, Kenneth Birman. Anonymous Gossip: Improving Multicast Reliability in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks. 21th International Conference on Distributed Computing System, Phoenix, USA, 2001:275-283
48 S.Sajama, Zygmunt J.Haas. Independent-tree Ad hoc multicast routing (ITAMAR). Vehicular Technology Conference, 2001, Atlantic, USA, 2001:600-604
49 胡贵龙,许力,郑宝玉.仿真软件在 MANET 环境下的分析和比较.江苏通信技术,2003,19(16):1-4
50 马健丽.移动 Ad hoc 网络的 NS 仿真.计算机工程,2005,(31):176-180
51 U.C.Kozat, G.Kondylis, B.Ryu et al. Virtual Dynamic Backbone for Mobile Ad hoc Networks. IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), 2001, Hong Kong, China, 2001:1724-1730
52 P.Sinha, R.Sivakumar, V.Bharghavan. CEDAR: A Core-Extraction Distributed Ad hoc Routing Algorithm. IEEE INFOCOM'1999, New York, NY, USA, 1999:1978-1982
53 R.Sivakumar, B.Das, V.Bharghavan. Spine Routing in Ad hoc Networks. ACM/Baltzer Publications Cluster Computing Journal Special Issue on Mobile Computing, 1998:795-782
2 K.Chen, M.Scott.Corson. Effective Location-Guided Tree Construction Algorithms for Small Group Multicast in MANET. Proc. INFOCOM2002, New York, USA, 2002:1180-1189
3 C.W.Wu, Y.C.Tay. AMRIS: A Multicast Protocol for Ad hoc Wireless Networks. Proceedings IEEE MILCOM’99, Atlantic City, USA, 1999:25-29
4 E.M.Royer, C.E.Perkins. Multicast Operation of the Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol. ACM MOBICOM’99, Seattle, USA, 1999:207-218
5 J.J.Garcia-Luna-Aceves, L.Ewerton, Madruga. A Multicast Routing Protocol for Ad hoc Networks. Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM’99, New York, USA, 1999:784-792
6 Mingyan Liu, Rajesh Talpade. AMRoute: Ad hoc Multicast Routing protocol. MONET’99, Landon, UK, 1999:429-439
7 Jorjeta Jetcheva, Devid Johnson. Adaptive Demand-Driven Multicast Routing in Multi-Hop Wireless Ad hoc Networks. Proceedings of the 2001 ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad hoc Networking and Computing, San Francisco, USA, 2001:33-44
8 Sung-Ju Lee, Mario Gerla, Ching-Chuan Chiang. On-Demand Multicast Routing Protocol. Mobile Networks and Applications’2002, Santa Barbara,2002:441-453
9 Meejeong Lee, Ye Kyung Kim. PatchODMRP: An Ad-hoc Multicast Routing Protocol. 15th International Conference on Information Networking, Beppu City ,2003:537-543
10 Kuochen Wang, Chaou-Tang Chang. An Intelligent On-Demand Multicast Routing Protocol in Ad hoc Networks. Proceeding of 15th International Conference on Information Networking, New Orleans, USA, 2001:909-914
11 Soon Y. Oh, Joon-Sang Park, Mario Gerla. E-ODMRP: Enhanced ODMRP with Motion Adaptive Refresh. Wireless Communication Systems, 2005, 2nd International Symposium. wuhan, China, 5-7 Sept.2005:130-134
12 Vijay Devarapalli, Deepinder Sidhu. MZR: A Multicast Protocol for Mobile Ad hoc Networks. Conference on Communications, ICC2001, Beijing, China, 2001:886-891
13 Chaiporn Jaikaeo, Chien-Chung Shen. Adaptive backbone-based multicast for Ad hoc networks. ICC 2002,IEEE International Conference, New York, USA, 2002:3149-3155
14 蔡绍滨,杨孝宗,高振国.基于双子网的自组网组播协议的研究.哈尔滨工业大学学报,2004,36(5):655-659
15 孙强,李腊元,陈年生.无线 Ad hoc 网络中一种基于簇结构的多播路由算法.武汉理工大学学报,2005,29(1):68-71
16 C.R.Lin, M.Gerla. A distributed architecture for multimedia in dynamic wireless networks. IEEE Globecom’95, Toronto, Canada, 1995:1468-1472
17 S.Basagni. Distributed clustering for Ad hoc networks. International Symposiun on Parallel Architectures, Algorithms and Networks, Perth, German, 1999:310-315
18 M.Gerla, J.T.C.sai. Multicluster, mobile, multimedia radio network. Wireless Networks’95, Phoenix, USA, 1995,1(3):255-265
19 Mainak Chatterjee, Sajal K Das, Damla Turgut. An weighted clustering algorithm (WCA) for Ad hoc networks. IEEE Globecom 2000, Orlando Florida, USA, 2000:1697-1701
20 C.R.Lin, M.Gerla. Adaptive clustering for mobile wireless networks. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Denver, Colorado, 1997,15(7): 1265-1275
21 S.Andrew, Tanenbaum. 计 算 机 网 络 . 熊 桂 喜 , 王 小 虎 . 北 京 : 清 华 大 学 出 版社,1998:13-56
22 Peter T.Davis, Craig R.McGuffin.无线局域网. 刘德贵. 北京:电子工业出版社,1996:156-204
23 Katia Obraczka, Gene Tsudik, Kumar Viswanath. Pushing the limits of multicast in Ad hoc networks. In Distributed Computing Systems,2001,21st International Conference, Tokyo, Japan, 2001:719-722
24 B.M.Leiner, D.L.Nielson, F.A.Tobagi. Issues in Packet Radio Network Design. Proceedings IEEE, 1987, Banff, Canada, 1987, 75(1):6-20
25 J.Jubin, J.D.Tornow. The DARPA packet radio network protocols. Proceedings of the IEEE1987, Banff, Canada, 1987, 75(1):21-32
26 曹常义.自组网技术及其互连.中国数据通信,2002,4(1):40-45
27 英春,史美林.自组网体系结构研究.通信学报,1999,20(9):47-54
28 赵志峰,郑少仁.Ad hoc 网络体系结构研究.电信科学,20001,17(1):14-17
29 王海涛,张学平.Ad hoc 网络中的分簇算法.数据通信,2003,4:32-35
30 A.BRUCE, ZNATIT. A mobility-based framework for Adaptive clustering in wireless Ad hoc networks. IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Communications,1999, Sitges, Barcelona, Spain, 1999, 17(8):1466-1487
31 Deering Setal. Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol.RFC1075,1998:196-203
32 Stephen Deering. An Architecture for Wide-Area Multicast Routing. Comp.Commun. 1993, Phoenix, USA, 1993, 23(4):85-95
33 T.Ballardie, P.Francis, J.Crowcroft. Core Based Trees(CBT)-An Architecture for Scalable Inter-Domain Multicast Routing. In Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM'93, SanFrancisco, CA, 1993:85-95
34 S.Deering, D.L.Estrin, D.Farinacci et al. The PIM Architecture for Wide-Area Multicast Routing. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 1996, San Francisco, USA, 1996, 4(2):153-162
35 S.J. Lee. A Performance Comparison Study of Ad hoc Wireless Multicast Protocols. Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM’2000, New York, USA, 2000:565-574
36 赵金晶 , 朱培栋 , 宋宜谦 . 无线移动环境下的组播路由协议 . 计算机工程 , 2004,30(12):89-91
37 Carlos de Morais Cordeiro, Hrishikesh Gossain, Dharma P.Agrawal. Multicast over Wireless Mobile Ad hoc Networks: Present and Future Directions. IEEE Network'2003, Beijing, China, 2003:52-59
38 C.R.Dow, P.J.Lin, S.C.Chen et al. A Study of Recent Research Trends and Experimental Guidelines in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks. Proceedings of the 19thInternational Conference on AINA'05, Taipei, Taiwan, 2005:1550-1555
39 周元,毛启容,詹永照.Ad hoc 无线网络中的组播路由协议.计算机工程与应用,2005,(4):155-159
40 肖书成,唐学文,王康等.MANET 路由协议及其性能研究.计算机工程与设计,2004,25(7):1133-1136
41 Tzung-Shi Chen, Yuh-Shyan Chen, Hua-Wen Tsai. A Hierarchy-Based Multicast for Wireless Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks. Ninth IEEE International Conference on Networks. Riverside, California, 2001:248-253
42 Sung-Ju Lee, William Su, Mario Gerla. Ad hoc Wireless Multicast with Mobility Prediction. Mobile Networks and Applications,2001,(6):351-360
43 Beongku An, Symeon Papavassiliou. A Mobility-Based Hybrid Multicast Routing in Mobile Ad-hoc Wireless Networks. Military Communications Conference, 2001, Washington D.C. USA, 2001, (1):316-320
44 张帆,李德敏,陶莉.基于位置信息的 MANET 路由协议综述.计算机工程与应用,2005,(20):120-123
45 Prasun Sinha, Raghupathy Sivakumar, Vaduvur Bharghavan. MCEDAR: Multicast Core-Extraction Distributed Ad hoc Routing. Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, 1999, New Orleans, USA, 1999:1313-1317
46 Stefano Basagni, Imrich Chlamtac, Violet R.Sytotiuk et al. On-demand location aware multicast (OLAM) for Ad hoc networks. Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, 2000, Chicago, USA, 2000, (3):1323-1328
47 Ranveer Chandra, Venugopalan Ramasubramanian, Kenneth Birman. Anonymous Gossip: Improving Multicast Reliability in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks. 21th International Conference on Distributed Computing System, Phoenix, USA, 2001:275-283
48 S.Sajama, Zygmunt J.Haas. Independent-tree Ad hoc multicast routing (ITAMAR). Vehicular Technology Conference, 2001, Atlantic, USA, 2001:600-604
49 胡贵龙,许力,郑宝玉.仿真软件在 MANET 环境下的分析和比较.江苏通信技术,2003,19(16):1-4
50 马健丽.移动 Ad hoc 网络的 NS 仿真.计算机工程,2005,(31):176-180
51 U.C.Kozat, G.Kondylis, B.Ryu et al. Virtual Dynamic Backbone for Mobile Ad hoc Networks. IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), 2001, Hong Kong, China, 2001:1724-1730
52 P.Sinha, R.Sivakumar, V.Bharghavan. CEDAR: A Core-Extraction Distributed Ad hoc Routing Algorithm. IEEE INFOCOM'1999, New York, NY, USA, 1999:1978-1982
53 R.Sivakumar, B.Das, V.Bharghavan. Spine Routing in Ad hoc Networks. ACM/Baltzer Publications Cluster Computing Journal Special Issue on Mobile Computing, 1998:795-782
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