埃塞俄比亚加里生态农业示范区建设规划研究
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摘要
根据联合国粮农组织、中国和埃塞俄比亚三方协议，为解决低收入缺粮国家的粮食安全问题，治理水土流失，中国南南合作项目派出中国农业及林业专家赴埃塞俄比亚建立示范区为该国提供可行的综合治理水土流失，合理利用自然资源实现粮食安全的依据。阿姆哈拉州是埃塞俄比亚水土流失最严重地区。建立加里生态农业示范区，是利用中国农林发展，特别是半干旱地区生态恢复、节水农业、水保、土壤改良与种植业成功经验，综合治理水土流失，实现粮食自给。
过度砍伐森林对生态的破坏，造成自然生态系统濒于崩溃，土壤营养损耗，由此导致水土流失日益严重，生态环境退化直接影响到农业。可耕地大量损失，农业经济发展停滞，使得粮食严重短缺。
生态恢复和农业发展问题早就被提出，国际上也给予了大量的技术和经济援助。但由于该国未建立整体完善的生态恢复的规划体系，治理措施单一，生态治理和农业危机状况日益严峻。
本文通过对加里示范区的现状研究，发现问题并分析了示范区不同景观内部元素的结构与功能的关系，遵循生态优先、因地制宜、低成本和可持续原则，合理利用不同景观生态资源，以尊重自然为基础，根据不同地段的结构区别将示范区内划分成不同的小型模拟生态系统，即示范区的森林生态系统，水域生态系统，农田生态系统，草原生态系统，庭院经济为主的院落生态系统，微生物净水生态系统等。依照生态景观的垂直分布：首先，通过封山育林、退耕还林、建设生态林和经济林、侵蚀沟治理和薪炭林营建等多项综合措施恢复示范区森林生态系统，拦截地表径流；第二，保护和发展天然草场，退耕还草，划区轮牧，利用作物秸秆舍饲家畜，恢复草场生态系统；第三，水域的生态及景观恢复，防止低地表土流失，增强河岸自然景观，丰富湿地生物多样性；第四，采取合理耕作、提高土地利用率、改良土壤、合理作物布局、推广良种、覆盖栽培，同时结合水利工程措施，建设不同灌区，因地制宜实现高效节水灌溉，提高农田生态系统输出；第五，庭院生态系统，将畜舍、厕所、沼气池和住宅有机结合和秸秆回田，组成庭院能量流生态系统，最终实现从水的丛林截流、涵养，经蓄水池再回到农田的净水生态系统循环。
According to the tripartite agreement signed by FAO, China and Ethiopia in a bid to settle the food-deficit issue of low income countries and harness the soil erosion, China's South-South Cooperation Program has sent expert panels on agriculture and forestry to Ethiopia to establish demonstration plots which will provide feasible references to the country concerning the soil erosion and the food security issues by properly utilizing the natural resources. Amhara State has become the worst one in soil erosion situation. The establishment of Jari demonstration plot is to perform an integrated control over soil erosion, popularize Chinese experience in agriculture and forestry development and ecological recovery, especially in water saving agriculture, water and soil conservation, soil improvement and crop production.
Over disafforestation has nearly resulted in the natural ecological system on the brink of collapse, soil fertility loss and soil erosion, therefore, the degradation of ecosystems has impacted directly on the agricultural development. The agricultural economy is stagnated due to the great loss of arable land; as a result, food shortage is severe.
Actually, the ecology recovery issue has been posed for quite a long time, the international aid in technology and economy has been rendered from different channels. However, without an effective and integrated planning, the destruction to the forest ecological landscape has been becoming even severer; therefore, the past decade could scarcely see any development in agricultural production.
Through the scientific research on the current situation, existing problems have been probed, and the structural and functional relationship of the factors inside the landscape has been analyzed. Meanwhile, various ecological landscape resources have been properly employed, and the topmost priority to natural factors has been granted. Based on the structural differences in different geo characteristics, we divided the demonstration plot into six small-scale model ecological systems which include forest ecosystem, wetland ecosystem, agro-ecosystem, prairie ecosystem, courtyard ecosystem and microorganism ecosystem. According to the vertical distribution of the ecological landscape, firstly, series reforestation techniques, such as closing hill for reforestation, returning land for farming to forestry, ecological forest and non-timber product forest establishment, integrated erosion control measure and planting firewood forest have been adopted in the planning for the purpose of intercepting surface water. Secondly, rotational grazing based on division of areas, grain for grassland, yard feeding with crop straw are performed to protect and develop the natural grassland and recover the prairie ecosystem. Thirdly, Improve wetland ecosystem and recover natural landscape on the river banks to enrich the biodiversity of Mille River so as to stop surface soil on lower land from losing. Fourthly, different agro-techniques are implemented including rationalization of cultivation, soil improvement, enhancement of soil output coefficient, scientific crop allocation, extension of improved variety and cover culture, together with hydraulic engineering of irrigation sections on farmlands on which water saving irrigations are treated in accordance with local conditions to increase the farmland ecosystem output. Last but
过度砍伐森林对生态的破坏，造成自然生态系统濒于崩溃，土壤营养损耗，由此导致水土流失日益严重，生态环境退化直接影响到农业。可耕地大量损失，农业经济发展停滞，使得粮食严重短缺。
生态恢复和农业发展问题早就被提出，国际上也给予了大量的技术和经济援助。但由于该国未建立整体完善的生态恢复的规划体系，治理措施单一，生态治理和农业危机状况日益严峻。
本文通过对加里示范区的现状研究，发现问题并分析了示范区不同景观内部元素的结构与功能的关系，遵循生态优先、因地制宜、低成本和可持续原则，合理利用不同景观生态资源，以尊重自然为基础，根据不同地段的结构区别将示范区内划分成不同的小型模拟生态系统，即示范区的森林生态系统，水域生态系统，农田生态系统，草原生态系统，庭院经济为主的院落生态系统，微生物净水生态系统等。依照生态景观的垂直分布：首先，通过封山育林、退耕还林、建设生态林和经济林、侵蚀沟治理和薪炭林营建等多项综合措施恢复示范区森林生态系统，拦截地表径流；第二，保护和发展天然草场，退耕还草，划区轮牧，利用作物秸秆舍饲家畜，恢复草场生态系统；第三，水域的生态及景观恢复，防止低地表土流失，增强河岸自然景观，丰富湿地生物多样性；第四，采取合理耕作、提高土地利用率、改良土壤、合理作物布局、推广良种、覆盖栽培，同时结合水利工程措施，建设不同灌区，因地制宜实现高效节水灌溉，提高农田生态系统输出；第五，庭院生态系统，将畜舍、厕所、沼气池和住宅有机结合和秸秆回田，组成庭院能量流生态系统，最终实现从水的丛林截流、涵养，经蓄水池再回到农田的净水生态系统循环。
According to the tripartite agreement signed by FAO, China and Ethiopia in a bid to settle the food-deficit issue of low income countries and harness the soil erosion, China's South-South Cooperation Program has sent expert panels on agriculture and forestry to Ethiopia to establish demonstration plots which will provide feasible references to the country concerning the soil erosion and the food security issues by properly utilizing the natural resources. Amhara State has become the worst one in soil erosion situation. The establishment of Jari demonstration plot is to perform an integrated control over soil erosion, popularize Chinese experience in agriculture and forestry development and ecological recovery, especially in water saving agriculture, water and soil conservation, soil improvement and crop production.
Over disafforestation has nearly resulted in the natural ecological system on the brink of collapse, soil fertility loss and soil erosion, therefore, the degradation of ecosystems has impacted directly on the agricultural development. The agricultural economy is stagnated due to the great loss of arable land; as a result, food shortage is severe.
Actually, the ecology recovery issue has been posed for quite a long time, the international aid in technology and economy has been rendered from different channels. However, without an effective and integrated planning, the destruction to the forest ecological landscape has been becoming even severer; therefore, the past decade could scarcely see any development in agricultural production.
Through the scientific research on the current situation, existing problems have been probed, and the structural and functional relationship of the factors inside the landscape has been analyzed. Meanwhile, various ecological landscape resources have been properly employed, and the topmost priority to natural factors has been granted. Based on the structural differences in different geo characteristics, we divided the demonstration plot into six small-scale model ecological systems which include forest ecosystem, wetland ecosystem, agro-ecosystem, prairie ecosystem, courtyard ecosystem and microorganism ecosystem. According to the vertical distribution of the ecological landscape, firstly, series reforestation techniques, such as closing hill for reforestation, returning land for farming to forestry, ecological forest and non-timber product forest establishment, integrated erosion control measure and planting firewood forest have been adopted in the planning for the purpose of intercepting surface water. Secondly, rotational grazing based on division of areas, grain for grassland, yard feeding with crop straw are performed to protect and develop the natural grassland and recover the prairie ecosystem. Thirdly, Improve wetland ecosystem and recover natural landscape on the river banks to enrich the biodiversity of Mille River so as to stop surface soil on lower land from losing. Fourthly, different agro-techniques are implemented including rationalization of cultivation, soil improvement, enhancement of soil output coefficient, scientific crop allocation, extension of improved variety and cover culture, together with hydraulic engineering of irrigation sections on farmlands on which water saving irrigations are treated in accordance with local conditions to increase the farmland ecosystem output. Last but
引文
1．李迪华，俞孔坚．景观生态发展规划历程—纪念麦克哈格先生逝世两周年．景观设计专业、学科与教育．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2003，70—92
2．俞孔坚．理想景观探源：风水与理想景观的文化意义．北京：商务印书馆，1998，91—93
3．吉庆萍，李迪华，俞孔坚．景观与城市的生态设计：概念与原理．中国园林，2001，6：03-10
4．李迪华，孟压凡，俞孔坚．湿地及其在高科技园区中的营造．中国园林，2001，2：26-28
5．俞孔坚．生物保护的景观生态安全格局．生态学报，1999，19：15—65
6．李迪华，俞孔坚．城乡与区域规划的景观生态模式．国外城市规划，1997，3：27-31
7．解焱，John MacKinnon．利用天然植被改善中国退化环境．北京：中国林业出版社，2001，50
8．方时姣．对我国生态农业研究的若干思考．农业经济问题，2003，11：39-42
9．刘渝，张俊飚．国外生态农业现状及其对中国西北地区的启示．世界农业，2005，3：3-5
10．李承宗，谢翠蓉．生态农业研究的三个缺陷．北京农业职业学院学报．2005，1：12-17
11．方海东，纪中华，杨艳鲜，拜得珍，廖承飞．浅析干热河谷水土保持型生态农业土壤工程技术—以云南元谋为例．西南农业学报，2004，17：272-275
12．刘国彬，卢宗凡，梁一民．中国黄土高原生态农业．陕西：陕西科学技术出版社，1997，1-292
13．丁珂，朱建宁．法国现代园林景观设计理念及其启示．中国园林，2004，20：3-7
14．刘玉杰．现代景观规划诠释—由西蒙兹的“景观设计学”谈起．中国园林，2002，1：19-23
15．山仑．半干旱地区水保生态修复应坚持综合治理．水利部和中国科学院联合举办的全国水土保持生态修复研讨会，2004，北京
16．山仑．我国半干旱地区生态环境建设与农业可持续发展．为固原党政领导作报告，2003，宁夏固原
17．张玉环．城乡绿化还应注重乡土树种．中国绿色时报，2005，10
18．弋良朋，王雷涛，尹林克．塔里木河中下游还林还草适宜性评价研究．干旱区研究，2004，10：61-66
19．魏青．生态城市与“绿色沙漠”．人民日报海外版．2004，3，2
20．王斌，姜广国，蒋秀丽．乡土树种的优势与价值．中国绿色时报，2005-9-23
22．国家级松毛虫工程治理项目验收报告．国家林业局植树造林司、国家林业局森林病虫害防治总站—森林防火工作简报(9)．2005，5，10
22．朱志方．蔬菜地膜覆盖栽培技术(第二次修订版)．北京：金盾出版社，2005，79-89
23．王旭，尹光彩，刘景时，张德强，周国逸．鼎湖山针阔叶混交林生态系统水文效应研究．热带亚热带植物学报，2004，12：195—201
24．方正，汪洋，姚建国．加里(Jari)示范区农阳蓄水及灌溉工程总体规划及 投资概算．2005，6
25．崔心红．建设湿地园林，改善生态环境—上海市湿地园林建设的探索．中国地理，2005，9：17-22
26．陈自新．城市大园林-现代化城市园林发展的必由之路．中国园林，2001，5：7-10
27．宋朝枢．城市绿色肾肺工程与可持续发展．见：第三届中国国际园林花卉博览会论文集．上海，2000，10-15
28．彭少麟，任海．恢复生态学导论．北京：科学出版社，2001
29．中华人民共和国水土保持综合治理技术规范—荒地治理技术．GB／T16453.2-1996
30. McHarg I L. Design With Nature. John Wiley&Sons, Inc, 1969 (1992edition)
31. Y.P.S. Bajaj. Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry 48 Transgenic Crops Ⅲ. Berlin: Springer-Versag Berlin Heidelberg, 2001.323-343
32. Reed D D, Mroz G D. Resource Assessment in Forested Landscapes. Chapman & Hall, 2002. 84-259
33. Wang Y, Wokru A. Agarfa Agriculture College Plantation Handouts, 2003
34. Debela Seme. First Natural Resources Conservation Conference: Natural Resources Degradation: A Challenge to Ethiopia. Institution of Agriculture Research, 1989
35. Land Degradation and Strategies for Sustainable Development in the Ethiopian Highlands: Amhara Region. International Livestock Research Institute. 2001. 27-45
36. Adams D D, Anderson M, Arruda J, Banks S W. Environmental Science: A Global Concern. 4th ed. Cunningham & Saigo. 2003:385-409
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38. Degraaf R M, Miller R I. Conservation of Faunal Diversity in Forested Landscapes. Chapman & Hall, 1996. 403-408
39. Breitenbach F V, Thumin M. Trees and Shrubs from some Hillside Closures in Wello: A JointStudy Carried Out by SIDA Wello. Program (MOA) and Upper Mille Cheleka Catchment Disaster Prevention Program. 1987
40. Bowes B G. A Colour Atlas of Plant Propagation and Conservation. Lnodon: Manson Publishing, 2003. 223-237
41. Amin M, Willetts D. Ethiopia: A Tourist Paradise. Addis Ababa: Camerapix for the Ethiopia Tourist Commission, 1996. 69-77
2．俞孔坚．理想景观探源：风水与理想景观的文化意义．北京：商务印书馆，1998，91—93
3．吉庆萍，李迪华，俞孔坚．景观与城市的生态设计：概念与原理．中国园林，2001，6：03-10
4．李迪华，孟压凡，俞孔坚．湿地及其在高科技园区中的营造．中国园林，2001，2：26-28
5．俞孔坚．生物保护的景观生态安全格局．生态学报，1999，19：15—65
6．李迪华，俞孔坚．城乡与区域规划的景观生态模式．国外城市规划，1997，3：27-31
7．解焱，John MacKinnon．利用天然植被改善中国退化环境．北京：中国林业出版社，2001，50
8．方时姣．对我国生态农业研究的若干思考．农业经济问题，2003，11：39-42
9．刘渝，张俊飚．国外生态农业现状及其对中国西北地区的启示．世界农业，2005，3：3-5
10．李承宗，谢翠蓉．生态农业研究的三个缺陷．北京农业职业学院学报．2005，1：12-17
11．方海东，纪中华，杨艳鲜，拜得珍，廖承飞．浅析干热河谷水土保持型生态农业土壤工程技术—以云南元谋为例．西南农业学报，2004，17：272-275
12．刘国彬，卢宗凡，梁一民．中国黄土高原生态农业．陕西：陕西科学技术出版社，1997，1-292
13．丁珂，朱建宁．法国现代园林景观设计理念及其启示．中国园林，2004，20：3-7
14．刘玉杰．现代景观规划诠释—由西蒙兹的“景观设计学”谈起．中国园林，2002，1：19-23
15．山仑．半干旱地区水保生态修复应坚持综合治理．水利部和中国科学院联合举办的全国水土保持生态修复研讨会，2004，北京
16．山仑．我国半干旱地区生态环境建设与农业可持续发展．为固原党政领导作报告，2003，宁夏固原
17．张玉环．城乡绿化还应注重乡土树种．中国绿色时报，2005，10
18．弋良朋，王雷涛，尹林克．塔里木河中下游还林还草适宜性评价研究．干旱区研究，2004，10：61-66
19．魏青．生态城市与“绿色沙漠”．人民日报海外版．2004，3，2
20．王斌，姜广国，蒋秀丽．乡土树种的优势与价值．中国绿色时报，2005-9-23
22．国家级松毛虫工程治理项目验收报告．国家林业局植树造林司、国家林业局森林病虫害防治总站—森林防火工作简报(9)．2005，5，10
22．朱志方．蔬菜地膜覆盖栽培技术(第二次修订版)．北京：金盾出版社，2005，79-89
23．王旭，尹光彩，刘景时，张德强，周国逸．鼎湖山针阔叶混交林生态系统水文效应研究．热带亚热带植物学报，2004，12：195—201
24．方正，汪洋，姚建国．加里(Jari)示范区农阳蓄水及灌溉工程总体规划及 投资概算．2005，6
25．崔心红．建设湿地园林，改善生态环境—上海市湿地园林建设的探索．中国地理，2005，9：17-22
26．陈自新．城市大园林-现代化城市园林发展的必由之路．中国园林，2001，5：7-10
27．宋朝枢．城市绿色肾肺工程与可持续发展．见：第三届中国国际园林花卉博览会论文集．上海，2000，10-15
28．彭少麟，任海．恢复生态学导论．北京：科学出版社，2001
29．中华人民共和国水土保持综合治理技术规范—荒地治理技术．GB／T16453.2-1996
30. McHarg I L. Design With Nature. John Wiley&Sons, Inc, 1969 (1992edition)
31. Y.P.S. Bajaj. Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry 48 Transgenic Crops Ⅲ. Berlin: Springer-Versag Berlin Heidelberg, 2001.323-343
32. Reed D D, Mroz G D. Resource Assessment in Forested Landscapes. Chapman & Hall, 2002. 84-259
33. Wang Y, Wokru A. Agarfa Agriculture College Plantation Handouts, 2003
34. Debela Seme. First Natural Resources Conservation Conference: Natural Resources Degradation: A Challenge to Ethiopia. Institution of Agriculture Research, 1989
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