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粉煤灰水力冲填筑坝技术试验研究
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摘要
粉煤灰是我国火电厂、水泥厂等以煤作为染料、燃烧产生的废弃物。我国已成为世界上排放粉煤灰最多的国家。粉煤灰的大量排放造成极大的危害。我国火力发电厂为此要花大量的人力物力去建设灰场,造成人力财力的极大浪费。而且排放的粉煤灰还污染空气和环境,占用大量耕地。因此如何处理闲置的粉煤灰,化废为利,是我国面临的亟待解决的问题。本文对利用粉煤灰进行水力冲填筑坝的工程应用进行了探讨。
    粉煤灰的特性是粉煤灰综合利用的前提。本文首先从粉煤灰的形成和排放方式出发,阐明了粉煤灰的颗粒形态、细度比重、化学成分、矿物成分、火山灰性等特性,指出了粉煤灰作为筑坝材料与土的特性的不同在于,他们的颗粒组成、化学成分的不同造成了性质的差异性。同时对胜利发电厂沉积的粉煤灰进行了室内试验,测定了粉煤灰的颗粒组成、渗透系数、强度指标和固结特性,结果表明:粉煤灰的颗粒组成以粉粒为主,渗透性属于中等透水性,强度指标中的摩擦角较大,固结速度较快,适合作为水力冲填坝的筑坝材料。
    合理的冲填厚度是水力冲填粉煤灰筑坝的关键因素。本文模拟施工现场的具体工况,进行了室内模拟冲填试验。分别进行了两组灰样的双向排水和单向排水模拟试验,双向排水模拟试验分别进行了冲填层厚度为20cm、30cm、40cm的情况。分析指出:同一试验方法下,冲填厚度越小,振密后的压实度越大,冲填质量越好;振动加密后的压实度要比人工踩扰后的压实度要高,平均提高4.5%的压实度;在确保冲填坝体质量、节约工期的角度下,提出在双向排水情况下,冲填厚度可采用40cm。
    本文同时还对胜利发电厂子坝加高水力冲填粉煤灰坝的施工过程进行了监测。通过对冲填粉煤灰加高子坝过程中坝体压实度、坝体沉降、坝基变形、孔隙水压力的消散情况、坝体中水平压力和垂直压力观测结果的分析,发现坝基挤出变形近似为零,孔隙水压力消散很快,日沉降变形量不到2mm。分析指出运用粉煤灰进行水力冲填筑坝的坝体是安全可靠的,是值得在全国范围内进一步推广的施工筑坝方式。
    本文最后对在粉煤灰水力冲填筑坝施工过程中出现的问题提出了建议,指出在施工工艺上,应边冲填边进行护坡工作,而不是全部冲填完毕后再进行护坡,对今后运用水力冲填粉煤灰方法施工提出了参考意见。
Fly ash is a disused material dumped out from thermal power plant or cement mill which use coal as a kind of fuel. China has become the largest country draining off the fly ash. Fly ash brings great damage to our living environment. Thermal power plant spends enormous manpower and money to deal with it every year. Also disused fly ash contaminate environment and occupy large lands. Therefore, how to utilize the vast harmful fly ash resources is the urgent thing we must do. This paper studied the effect of engineering application in dam construction of hydraulic flushing and filling with fly ash.
    The peculiarity of fly ash is the premise of comprehensive utilization. Firstly we discussed about the process of formation and the way of discharge of fly ash, expounded the properties of fly ash such as particle shape, fineness, specific gravity, chemical constitution, mineral composition, performance of pozzolane, and pointed out the difference of particle dimension and chemical composition is the predominant reason between fly ash and soil as a sort of building material. By doing laboratory experiments, the physical and mechanical characteristics are studied of fly ash deposited from Shengli thermal power plant. Results show that silt is the major constitution of the fly ash particles, and the fly ash has a middling permeability and a higher internal friction angle and a quick concretion velocity. The fly ash is a suitable material to built dam with method of hydraulic flushing and filling.
    The thickness of flushing and filling is the critical factor in construction dam with method of hydraulic flushing and filling with fly ash. A series of indoor analog test are done simulating the site of building dam, including bilateral and single drainage with different thickness with 20cm, 30cm and 40cm. Study indicates that it has a better flushing and filling effect with good compaction density and minor thickness. And it raise the compaction degree of 4.5%. From the aspect of saving money and timelimit for a project, the thickness of 40
    
    
    centimeter is a good thickness to form dam with method of hydraulic flushing and filling with fly ash.
    Also some observation work are done during the dam construction using the method of hydraulic flushing and filling with fly ash. The effect of this method to form dam is evaluated from the result of monitoring construction dam. The result of observation shows that settlement per day is only two millimeter in settlement deformation and the deformation of dam foundation is slight. And the pressure of pore water dissipated rapidly in short times. All this indicates that it is safe and reliable to form dam use the method of hydraulic flushing and filling with fly ash.
    In the last of this paper, some problems are posed during the process of construction dam with the method of hydraulic flushing and filling with fly ash in the second term engineering of heightening dam and put out some suggestions to improve this work method. Especially in the construction technique, it will have a good effect that take the place of way of slope protection after whole finishing flushing and filling with the way slope protection with flushing and filling. This is a good advice for constructor and designer about using the method of hydraulic flushing and filling to form dam with fly ash resources.
引文
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