菏泽市麦田杂草群落构成及化学防除技术研究
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摘要
本文对菏泽市小麦田杂草发生种类、群落构成进行了调查研究,并对不同群落杂草进行了除草剂田间药效筛选,确定了除草剂混用组合。室内对各混用组合进行了联合作用类型和最佳配比研究。在上述研究的基础上,制定了菏泽市小麦田杂草化学防除技术。研究结果如下:
1、麦田杂草种类调查、群落构成及为害特点
采用目测五级分级法,对菏泽市旱作区麦田,水稻区麦田和黄河滩区麦田进行杂草种类及群落构成调查,结果表明:菏泽市麦田杂草共42种,隶属17个科。常见的杂草有:播娘蒿、荠菜、猪殃殃、小白酒草、小花糖芥、泥胡菜、看麦娘、硬草、野燕麦、雀麦、多花黑麦草、鹅观草、节节麦、芦苇、小蓟、苣荬菜、苦荬菜、山苦菜、苍耳、朝天委陵菜、王不留行、麦瓶草、繁缕、牛繁缕、灰绿碱蓬、小花糖芥、地肤、麦家公、附地菜、夏至草、益母草、婆婆纳、泽漆、田旋花、罗布麻、扁蓄、节节草、地锦、大巢菜等。不同地区杂草发生各有差异,旱作区麦田杂草优势种群有播娘蒿、荠菜、猪殃殃、小白酒草、牛繁缕、朝天委陵菜等。稻产区麦田杂草优势种群有看麦娘、播娘蒿、硬草、小白酒草、牛繁缕、荠菜、猪殃殃等,黄河滩区麦田杂草优势种群有播娘蒿、泥胡菜等。
部分麦田杂草发生量大、出现频率高、危害重。播娘蒿、荠菜、、猪殃殃,小白酒草、牛繁缕、朝天委陵菜、看麦娘、硬草、雀麦、早熟禾、泥胡菜、野燕麦等出现频率在50%以上。
从危害情况看,播娘蒿、看麦娘3级危害分别为70.6%,71.5%;旱作区播娘蒿、荠菜2级以上危害分别为89.9%、54.6%;稻麦轮作区看麦娘、播娘蒿、硬草2级危害分别为89.9%、74.5%、73.4%;黄河滩区播娘蒿、泥胡菜2级以上危害分别为83.9%、68.7%。
2、除草剂混用组合室内联合作用类型及最佳配比确定为了扩大杀草谱,室内进行了以苯磺隆为主体的5种除草剂混用组合
The species and community structure of the weeds were investigated in wheat fields of the city of Heze, Herbicides effect filtration of fields were done to different community weeds and make sure the combination of different herbicides. The coefficient and the optimum combination were studied in laboratory。Make sure the chemical controlling technology of weeds in wheat fields on the base of studies. The results are as follows:
1. Species harm characteristics and community structure in wheat field. The species and community structure of the weeds were investigated using 5 categories rating system by drying district, paddy district and yellow river streamsides of wheat fields in the city of Heze。The result indicated that weeds in these wheat areas almost belonged to 42 species, 17 families. The main grasses are: flixweed tansymustard, shepherdspurse, tender catchweed bedstraw, butter weed, wormseed mustard, lyrate hemistepta, equal alopecurus, keng stiffgrass wild oat, japanese bromegrass, italican ryegrass comm.on roegneria goat grass, common reed little thistle,brachyotus sowthestle, bitter lettuce, chinese lettuce, siberian cocklebur, carpet cinquefoil,cow soapwort, geminate speedwell, aquatic malachium, cow soapwort, common seepweed, broom cypress, creepingthymeleaf sandwort, pedunchlate trigonotis, white- flower lagopsis, wormwoodlike motherwort, corn gromell, sunneuphorbia, field bindweed eruopean glorybind, dogbane, comm.on knotgrasss, branched horsetail, humifuse euphorbia, narrowleaf vetch, etc.
The weeds which happen in different areas are different. In dry farminges, the dominance weed communities of the wheat croplands include flixweed tansymustard, shepherdspurse, tender catchweedbedstraw, canadian fleabane, cow soapwort, carpet cinquefoil etc. In rice paddy areas the dominance weed communities of the wheat croplands include flixweed tansymustard、keng stiffgrass, canadian fleabane, cowsoapwort, shepherdspurse, tender catchweed bedstraw etc. In Yellow River bottomlands the dominance weed communities of the wheat croplands include Flixweed Tansymustard, lyrate hemistepta .etc.
1、麦田杂草种类调查、群落构成及为害特点
采用目测五级分级法,对菏泽市旱作区麦田,水稻区麦田和黄河滩区麦田进行杂草种类及群落构成调查,结果表明:菏泽市麦田杂草共42种,隶属17个科。常见的杂草有:播娘蒿、荠菜、猪殃殃、小白酒草、小花糖芥、泥胡菜、看麦娘、硬草、野燕麦、雀麦、多花黑麦草、鹅观草、节节麦、芦苇、小蓟、苣荬菜、苦荬菜、山苦菜、苍耳、朝天委陵菜、王不留行、麦瓶草、繁缕、牛繁缕、灰绿碱蓬、小花糖芥、地肤、麦家公、附地菜、夏至草、益母草、婆婆纳、泽漆、田旋花、罗布麻、扁蓄、节节草、地锦、大巢菜等。不同地区杂草发生各有差异,旱作区麦田杂草优势种群有播娘蒿、荠菜、猪殃殃、小白酒草、牛繁缕、朝天委陵菜等。稻产区麦田杂草优势种群有看麦娘、播娘蒿、硬草、小白酒草、牛繁缕、荠菜、猪殃殃等,黄河滩区麦田杂草优势种群有播娘蒿、泥胡菜等。
部分麦田杂草发生量大、出现频率高、危害重。播娘蒿、荠菜、、猪殃殃,小白酒草、牛繁缕、朝天委陵菜、看麦娘、硬草、雀麦、早熟禾、泥胡菜、野燕麦等出现频率在50%以上。
从危害情况看,播娘蒿、看麦娘3级危害分别为70.6%,71.5%;旱作区播娘蒿、荠菜2级以上危害分别为89.9%、54.6%;稻麦轮作区看麦娘、播娘蒿、硬草2级危害分别为89.9%、74.5%、73.4%;黄河滩区播娘蒿、泥胡菜2级以上危害分别为83.9%、68.7%。
2、除草剂混用组合室内联合作用类型及最佳配比确定为了扩大杀草谱,室内进行了以苯磺隆为主体的5种除草剂混用组合
The species and community structure of the weeds were investigated in wheat fields of the city of Heze, Herbicides effect filtration of fields were done to different community weeds and make sure the combination of different herbicides. The coefficient and the optimum combination were studied in laboratory。Make sure the chemical controlling technology of weeds in wheat fields on the base of studies. The results are as follows:
1. Species harm characteristics and community structure in wheat field. The species and community structure of the weeds were investigated using 5 categories rating system by drying district, paddy district and yellow river streamsides of wheat fields in the city of Heze。The result indicated that weeds in these wheat areas almost belonged to 42 species, 17 families. The main grasses are: flixweed tansymustard, shepherdspurse, tender catchweed bedstraw, butter weed, wormseed mustard, lyrate hemistepta, equal alopecurus, keng stiffgrass wild oat, japanese bromegrass, italican ryegrass comm.on roegneria goat grass, common reed little thistle,brachyotus sowthestle, bitter lettuce, chinese lettuce, siberian cocklebur, carpet cinquefoil,cow soapwort, geminate speedwell, aquatic malachium, cow soapwort, common seepweed, broom cypress, creepingthymeleaf sandwort, pedunchlate trigonotis, white- flower lagopsis, wormwoodlike motherwort, corn gromell, sunneuphorbia, field bindweed eruopean glorybind, dogbane, comm.on knotgrasss, branched horsetail, humifuse euphorbia, narrowleaf vetch, etc.
The weeds which happen in different areas are different. In dry farminges, the dominance weed communities of the wheat croplands include flixweed tansymustard, shepherdspurse, tender catchweedbedstraw, canadian fleabane, cow soapwort, carpet cinquefoil etc. In rice paddy areas the dominance weed communities of the wheat croplands include flixweed tansymustard、keng stiffgrass, canadian fleabane, cowsoapwort, shepherdspurse, tender catchweed bedstraw etc. In Yellow River bottomlands the dominance weed communities of the wheat croplands include Flixweed Tansymustard, lyrate hemistepta .etc.
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84、Kumar Singh, A. Walker, D. J. Wright. Persistence of Chlorpyrifos, Fenamiphos, Chlorothalonil, Chorothalonil, and Pendimethalin in Soil and Their Effects on Soil Microbial Characteristics [J]. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2002, 69 (2): 181-188.
85、 S. Ismail, L. Quirinus. Mobility and Persistence of Metolachlor in Two Common Malaysian Agricultural Soils[J]. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2000, 65 (4): 530-536.
86、C. Ye. Environmental Behavior of the Herbicide Acetochlor in Soil[J]. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2003, 71 (5): 919-923.
87、D. Sanyal, G. Kulshrestha. Effects of repeated metolachlor applications on its persistence in field soil and degradation kinetics in mixed microbial cultures [J]. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2003, 38(4): 253-256.
88、Espedy, L. Germination of weed seeds and competition in stands of weeds angarley[M]. Ph.D thesis, Uppsala, Sweden, 1989.
89、Hauser, Ellis W, Shaw, w.c. Harrison, H, F, and Parham S, A. [J] weeds, 1962, 10, 139-144.
90、H. Zheng, C. Ye. Adsorption and Mobility of Acetochlor and Butachlor on Soil[J]. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2002, 68(4): 509-516.
91、H. Zheng, C. Ye. Phlotodegradation of Acetochlor and Butachlor in Waters Containing Humic Acid and Inorganic Ion[J]. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2001, 67 (4): 601-608.
92、L. Mazanti, C. Rice, K. Bialek, et al. Aqueous-Phase Disappearance of Atrzaine, Metolachlor, and Chlorpyrifos in Laboratory Aquaria and Outdoor Macrocosms [J]. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2003, 44 (1): 67-76.
93、 J. F. Fairchild, D. S. Ruessler, P. S. Haverland, et al. Comparative Sensitivity of Selenastrum capricornutum and Lemna minor to Sixteen Herbicides [J]. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 1997, 32 (4): 353-357.
94、 J. M. Myers, P. W. Simon. Continuous Callus production and regeneration of garlic(Allium sativum L.) using root setgments from shoot tip-derived plantlets[J]. Plant Cell Reports, 1998, 17(9): 726-730.
95、 J. M. Myers, P. W. Simon. Regeneration of garlic callus as affected by clonal variation, plant growth regulators and culture conditions over time[J]. Plant Cell Reports, 1998, 19 (1): 32-36.
96、 Jornsgard,B.et al. Influence of nitrogen on competition between cereals and their natral weed populations [J]. Weed Research, 1996, 36: 461- 470.
97、Lin Zhen, Jayant K. Routray. Operational Indicators for Measuring Agricultural Sustainability in Developing Countries [J]. Environmental Management, 2003, 31(1): 34- 46.
98、O’Donovan, J. T. Canola (Brassica rape) plant density influence tartary buckwgeat (Fagoyrum tataricum)interference, biomass, andseed yield[J]. weed Sci., 1994, 42: 385- 389.
99、Robert. L. Jimdahl, Fundamental of weed science [J]. Academic Press, Inc. Printed in the USA, 1993.
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