基于逆向工程的汽车覆盖件快速原型设计及有限元分析
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摘要
随着现代计算机技术及测量技术的发展,利用CAD/CAM技术,先进制造技术来实现产品实物的逆向设计制造,已成为CAD/CAM领域的一个研究热点,并成为逆向工程技术应用的主要内容。覆盖件作为汽车的重要组成部分,是汽车的整体性能和形象的最重要的决定因素之一,具有材料薄、形状复杂、结构尺寸大、表面质量要求高等特点。为此,本文着重研究了汽车覆盖件的快速原型设计及有限元分析的相干理论和方法。
首先论述逆向工程两大环节:测量和后处理,测量是逆向工程的首要任务,采用非接触式三维激光扫描仪对覆盖件进行扫描得到引擎盖的扫描数据,以用于后续模型的重建。后处理是逆向工程中最重要,最繁杂的一环,主要有点数据的处理,曲面的拟合、构建等组成,本文是在CATIA平台下对扫描得到的点云数据进行曲面重构。然后通过对重新建立的模型进行一些必要的有限元应力应变分析,获得零件在应力应变方面的性能数据,通过分析结果,对原来的零件进行结构或者材料方面的改进,提高覆盖件的质量。
利用逆向工程作为产品制造的一种手段,可以将符合要求的汽车覆盖件零件进行测量并反求出零件和模具的CAD模型,提高汽车覆盖件模具的生产效率,减少修模量,降低了模具制造成本,为吸收国外先进技术来加快汽车工业的发展提供一种途径。
With the development of modern computer technology and measuring technology, the reverse design and manufacture using the CAD/CAM technology and advanced manufacturing technology has become the hot point of research. Automotive panel, the critical part of automobile is one of the most significant determinants in the overall performance and image of the automobile. Automotive panel have to be equipped with such characteristics as thin materials, complex shapes, considerable physical dimensions as well as high-quality surface. Accordingly, in this paper, the theories and methods concerning the rapid original design and finite element analysis of automobile panel are studied in detail and depth.First of all, two respects of reverse engineering are introduced: measure and post-processing. Measure is the principle task of reverse engineering, that is, getting the scanned data of the engine cover by scanning automotive panel via non-contact three-dimensional laser scanner in order to reconstruct the subsequent models. Post-processing is the most pivotal and complex part of reverse engineering, including the handling of point data, surface fitting, reconstructing and border trimming. In this paper, the point cloud data gained by scanning are utilized to reconstruct the curved face. Then through several indispensable finite element stress-stain analysis of the model reconstructed, all the data concerning such characteristics as stress and strain can be gained. By analyzing the results, the original structure and materials of the part can be meliorated.Reverse engineering, a method of manufacturing products could gain the CAD model of the parts and moulds, enhance the efficiency of manufacturing the moulds, reduce mold-repair quantity, and diminish the cost of manufacturing moulds by the way of measuring those automobile automotive panel with standard quality. Therefore, this paper presents a new method of assimilating the outside technology to accelerate the development of national automobile industry.
首先论述逆向工程两大环节:测量和后处理,测量是逆向工程的首要任务,采用非接触式三维激光扫描仪对覆盖件进行扫描得到引擎盖的扫描数据,以用于后续模型的重建。后处理是逆向工程中最重要,最繁杂的一环,主要有点数据的处理,曲面的拟合、构建等组成,本文是在CATIA平台下对扫描得到的点云数据进行曲面重构。然后通过对重新建立的模型进行一些必要的有限元应力应变分析,获得零件在应力应变方面的性能数据,通过分析结果,对原来的零件进行结构或者材料方面的改进,提高覆盖件的质量。
利用逆向工程作为产品制造的一种手段,可以将符合要求的汽车覆盖件零件进行测量并反求出零件和模具的CAD模型,提高汽车覆盖件模具的生产效率,减少修模量,降低了模具制造成本,为吸收国外先进技术来加快汽车工业的发展提供一种途径。
With the development of modern computer technology and measuring technology, the reverse design and manufacture using the CAD/CAM technology and advanced manufacturing technology has become the hot point of research. Automotive panel, the critical part of automobile is one of the most significant determinants in the overall performance and image of the automobile. Automotive panel have to be equipped with such characteristics as thin materials, complex shapes, considerable physical dimensions as well as high-quality surface. Accordingly, in this paper, the theories and methods concerning the rapid original design and finite element analysis of automobile panel are studied in detail and depth.First of all, two respects of reverse engineering are introduced: measure and post-processing. Measure is the principle task of reverse engineering, that is, getting the scanned data of the engine cover by scanning automotive panel via non-contact three-dimensional laser scanner in order to reconstruct the subsequent models. Post-processing is the most pivotal and complex part of reverse engineering, including the handling of point data, surface fitting, reconstructing and border trimming. In this paper, the point cloud data gained by scanning are utilized to reconstruct the curved face. Then through several indispensable finite element stress-stain analysis of the model reconstructed, all the data concerning such characteristics as stress and strain can be gained. By analyzing the results, the original structure and materials of the part can be meliorated.Reverse engineering, a method of manufacturing products could gain the CAD model of the parts and moulds, enhance the efficiency of manufacturing the moulds, reduce mold-repair quantity, and diminish the cost of manufacturing moulds by the way of measuring those automobile automotive panel with standard quality. Therefore, this paper presents a new method of assimilating the outside technology to accelerate the development of national automobile industry.
引文
[1] 袁军成,何卫中.浅谈知识经济对汽车工业的影响.世界汽车.1999.9:1-3
[2] 国庆专稿.中国汽车工业的发展历程.汽车杂志.1999.10:26-27
[3] 张纪康.面对WTO的中国汽车整车业.世界汽车.2000.1:3-7
[4] 刘霞.我国轿车的前景分析.世界汽车.1999.9:26-27
[5] 陈炜.汽车CAD/CAM技术应用研究.汽车技术.1999.3:39-40
[6] 崔琼瑶.模具CAD/CAM中逆向工程和参数化技术的研究.同济大学硕士学位论文.2000
[7] 谢斌.逆向工程在汽车覆盖件成形技术上的应用.合肥工业大学硕士学位论文.2005
[8] 郭竹亭.国内外车身设计技术的差距.汽车技术.1999.8
[9] 刘阳等.快速逆向工程技术及其在产品开发中的应用机械设计与制造.1999.1:26-28
[10] 陈光祖.逆向工程—汽车产品开发的一种高效形式.汽车与配件.2002.12:15-16
[11] 王英章.基于合理化工程思想的汽车冲压模具结构设计的研究与应用.硕士论文重庆大学.1999
[12] 于欣.汽车覆盖件模具设计与制造.国防工业出版社.1998
[13] 栗全庆等.实物反求工程的关键技术分析机械设计.1999.6:4-6
[14] 项耀宇,李德军,刘和山,吴耀华.基于精密测量的复杂零件的快速反求.计算机辅助设计与制造.1999.5:31-33
[15] 李江雄.反求工程中的曲面建模技术及相关软件分析.计算机辅助设计与制造.1999.10:14-16
[16] 贾庆全,王宏,张英杰,赵汝嘉.实物反求工程的关键技术分析.机械设计.1999.6:4-6
[17] 李江雄,柯映林.基于特征的复杂曲面反求建模技术研究.机械工程学报.2000.36(5):18-22
[18] 李江雄,柯映林,程耀东.基于实物的复杂曲面产品反求工程中的CAD建模技术.中国机械工程.1999.10(41:390-393
[19] T. Varady, R. R. Martin, J. Cox. Reverse engineering of geometric models-an introduction. Computer-Aided Design. 1997. 29(4): 255-268
[20] Yasser Hosni, Labiche Ferrerira. Laser based system for reverse engineering. Computers Industry Engineering. 1994. 21(2): 387-394
[21] Robert B.Aronson. Inspection and quality assurance. Manufacturing Engineering. 1994.8:184-195
[22] 王文海.三维几何造型的理论与技术.计算机辅助工程.1994.6:21-30
[23] 孙家广,陈玉键,辜凯宁.计算机辅助几何造型技术.北京:清华大学出版社.1990
[24] 朱心雄.自由曲线曲面造型技术.北京:科学出版社2000
[25] 张曙,刘克轩,蒋大为.计算机辅助几何设计的数学方法.西安:西北工业大学出版社.1986
[26] 马利庄,王荣良.计算机辅助几何造型技术及其应用.北京:科学出版社.1996
[27] 赵东福.复杂曲面测量造型和数控加工技术的研究.浙江大学博士学位论文.1997
[28] 李江雄.复杂曲面反求工程CAD建模技术研究.浙江大学博士学位论文1998
[29] Tames Varady, Ralph R Martin, Jordan Coxt. Reverse engineering of geometric models-an introduction. Computer-Aided Design. 1997.29(4): 255-267
[30] Baining Guo. Surface reconstretion: from points to splines Computer-Aided Design. 1997.29(4): 269-277
[31] P.Veron, J.C Leon. Static polyhedron simplification using error measurrments. Computer-Aided Design. 1997.15(3): 287-298
[32] Xin Chen, Francis Schmitt. Surface modeling of range data by constrained triangulation. C omputer-Aided Design. 1994.26(8): 632-645
[33] Hyungjun Park, Kwangsoon Kim. An adaptive method for smooth surface approximation to scattered 3D points. Computer-Aided Design. 1995.27(12): 929-939
[34] Hoppe H, DeRose T, and Duchamp T et al. Mesh Optimization. SIDRAPHComputer Graphics Proceeding. Annual conference series. 1993:19-26
[35] Hoppe H. Generate of 3D geometric models from unstructured 3D points. SPIE. 1995. 24(10): 424-431
[36] Hoppe H, DeRose T, and Duchamp T et al. Surface Reconstruction from Unorganized points. Computer Graphics. 1992.26(2): 71-78
[37] 王因明等.光学计量仪器设计.北京:机械工业出版社.1983
[38] 戴立铭,江渣君.激光三角测量传感器的精密位移侧量.仪器仪表学报.1994,15(4):400-404
[39] 杨志文.激光三角测头的改进设计.仪器仪表学报.1996,17(10):500-503
[40] 许智钦,孙长库.3D逆向工程技术.中国计量出版社.2002 9-10
[41] 孙长库,叶声华.激光测量技术.天津:天津大学出版社.2001
[42] 钟元.集成化逆向工程系统CAM模块的研究与开发.四川大学硕士学位论文.2003:45-46
[43] B Sarkar, C-14 Mend Smooth-surface approximation and reverse engineering computer-aided design Vol.23.No.9. November 1991: 623-628
[44] F.L. Chen and C. menq. Curve and surface approximation in reverse engineering 3's Int.Conf. On Mould&Die Technique in Asia Taibei China: 771-780
[45] Robert J.Abella. JamesM Dascbbach. Reverse engineering industrial applieations Computer Ind. Engng.
[46] 张海英,杜发荣,马伟.基于逆向工程的柴油机排气道造型研究.拖拉机与农用运输车.2004(6):16-17.
[47] 李景涌.有限元法.北京:北京邮电大学出版社.1999.2.(1):129-13
[48] 王歇成,邵敏.有限元法基本原理与数值方法.北京:清华大学出版社.1988.9
[49] 黄天泽,黄金陵.汽车车身结构与设计.北京:机械工业出版社.1992.10
[50] 张迎滨,朱壮瑞.轻型客车车身侧围有限元建模方法研究.精密制造与自动化.2004(1)26-28
[51] 曾攀.有限元分析及应用.北京:清华大学出版社.2004
[52] 盛选禹,唐守琴.CATIA有限元分析命令详解与实例.北京:机械工业出版社.2005:117-127.
[53] 羊拯民,张树强,方锡帮.汽车车身设计.南京:南京大学出版社.1994
[2] 国庆专稿.中国汽车工业的发展历程.汽车杂志.1999.10:26-27
[3] 张纪康.面对WTO的中国汽车整车业.世界汽车.2000.1:3-7
[4] 刘霞.我国轿车的前景分析.世界汽车.1999.9:26-27
[5] 陈炜.汽车CAD/CAM技术应用研究.汽车技术.1999.3:39-40
[6] 崔琼瑶.模具CAD/CAM中逆向工程和参数化技术的研究.同济大学硕士学位论文.2000
[7] 谢斌.逆向工程在汽车覆盖件成形技术上的应用.合肥工业大学硕士学位论文.2005
[8] 郭竹亭.国内外车身设计技术的差距.汽车技术.1999.8
[9] 刘阳等.快速逆向工程技术及其在产品开发中的应用机械设计与制造.1999.1:26-28
[10] 陈光祖.逆向工程—汽车产品开发的一种高效形式.汽车与配件.2002.12:15-16
[11] 王英章.基于合理化工程思想的汽车冲压模具结构设计的研究与应用.硕士论文重庆大学.1999
[12] 于欣.汽车覆盖件模具设计与制造.国防工业出版社.1998
[13] 栗全庆等.实物反求工程的关键技术分析机械设计.1999.6:4-6
[14] 项耀宇,李德军,刘和山,吴耀华.基于精密测量的复杂零件的快速反求.计算机辅助设计与制造.1999.5:31-33
[15] 李江雄.反求工程中的曲面建模技术及相关软件分析.计算机辅助设计与制造.1999.10:14-16
[16] 贾庆全,王宏,张英杰,赵汝嘉.实物反求工程的关键技术分析.机械设计.1999.6:4-6
[17] 李江雄,柯映林.基于特征的复杂曲面反求建模技术研究.机械工程学报.2000.36(5):18-22
[18] 李江雄,柯映林,程耀东.基于实物的复杂曲面产品反求工程中的CAD建模技术.中国机械工程.1999.10(41:390-393
[19] T. Varady, R. R. Martin, J. Cox. Reverse engineering of geometric models-an introduction. Computer-Aided Design. 1997. 29(4): 255-268
[20] Yasser Hosni, Labiche Ferrerira. Laser based system for reverse engineering. Computers Industry Engineering. 1994. 21(2): 387-394
[21] Robert B.Aronson. Inspection and quality assurance. Manufacturing Engineering. 1994.8:184-195
[22] 王文海.三维几何造型的理论与技术.计算机辅助工程.1994.6:21-30
[23] 孙家广,陈玉键,辜凯宁.计算机辅助几何造型技术.北京:清华大学出版社.1990
[24] 朱心雄.自由曲线曲面造型技术.北京:科学出版社2000
[25] 张曙,刘克轩,蒋大为.计算机辅助几何设计的数学方法.西安:西北工业大学出版社.1986
[26] 马利庄,王荣良.计算机辅助几何造型技术及其应用.北京:科学出版社.1996
[27] 赵东福.复杂曲面测量造型和数控加工技术的研究.浙江大学博士学位论文.1997
[28] 李江雄.复杂曲面反求工程CAD建模技术研究.浙江大学博士学位论文1998
[29] Tames Varady, Ralph R Martin, Jordan Coxt. Reverse engineering of geometric models-an introduction. Computer-Aided Design. 1997.29(4): 255-267
[30] Baining Guo. Surface reconstretion: from points to splines Computer-Aided Design. 1997.29(4): 269-277
[31] P.Veron, J.C Leon. Static polyhedron simplification using error measurrments. Computer-Aided Design. 1997.15(3): 287-298
[32] Xin Chen, Francis Schmitt. Surface modeling of range data by constrained triangulation. C omputer-Aided Design. 1994.26(8): 632-645
[33] Hyungjun Park, Kwangsoon Kim. An adaptive method for smooth surface approximation to scattered 3D points. Computer-Aided Design. 1995.27(12): 929-939
[34] Hoppe H, DeRose T, and Duchamp T et al. Mesh Optimization. SIDRAPHComputer Graphics Proceeding. Annual conference series. 1993:19-26
[35] Hoppe H. Generate of 3D geometric models from unstructured 3D points. SPIE. 1995. 24(10): 424-431
[36] Hoppe H, DeRose T, and Duchamp T et al. Surface Reconstruction from Unorganized points. Computer Graphics. 1992.26(2): 71-78
[37] 王因明等.光学计量仪器设计.北京:机械工业出版社.1983
[38] 戴立铭,江渣君.激光三角测量传感器的精密位移侧量.仪器仪表学报.1994,15(4):400-404
[39] 杨志文.激光三角测头的改进设计.仪器仪表学报.1996,17(10):500-503
[40] 许智钦,孙长库.3D逆向工程技术.中国计量出版社.2002 9-10
[41] 孙长库,叶声华.激光测量技术.天津:天津大学出版社.2001
[42] 钟元.集成化逆向工程系统CAM模块的研究与开发.四川大学硕士学位论文.2003:45-46
[43] B Sarkar, C-14 Mend Smooth-surface approximation and reverse engineering computer-aided design Vol.23.No.9. November 1991: 623-628
[44] F.L. Chen and C. menq. Curve and surface approximation in reverse engineering 3's Int.Conf. On Mould&Die Technique in Asia Taibei China: 771-780
[45] Robert J.Abella. JamesM Dascbbach. Reverse engineering industrial applieations Computer Ind. Engng.
[46] 张海英,杜发荣,马伟.基于逆向工程的柴油机排气道造型研究.拖拉机与农用运输车.2004(6):16-17.
[47] 李景涌.有限元法.北京:北京邮电大学出版社.1999.2.(1):129-13
[48] 王歇成,邵敏.有限元法基本原理与数值方法.北京:清华大学出版社.1988.9
[49] 黄天泽,黄金陵.汽车车身结构与设计.北京:机械工业出版社.1992.10
[50] 张迎滨,朱壮瑞.轻型客车车身侧围有限元建模方法研究.精密制造与自动化.2004(1)26-28
[51] 曾攀.有限元分析及应用.北京:清华大学出版社.2004
[52] 盛选禹,唐守琴.CATIA有限元分析命令详解与实例.北京:机械工业出版社.2005:117-127.
[53] 羊拯民,张树强,方锡帮.汽车车身设计.南京:南京大学出版社.1994
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