排污权交易制度研究
|
摘要
排污收费是目前我国最主要的环境经济政策。但其实施20年来,环境总体状况仍在恶化。在这样的背景下,引进排污权交易机制被国家环保部门提上议事日程。
排污权交易制度是指由政府环境保护部门制定特定区域的特定污染物的排放上限,并按此上限对排污权进行分配,这种权利可以在市场上交易的制度。
从上世纪70年代开始,美国联邦环保局(EPA)尝试将排污权交易用于大气污染源和水污染源管理,已经取得空前成功,获得了巨大的经济效益和社会效益。随后德国、澳大利亚、英国等国家相继进行了排污权交易的实践,从上世纪90年代开始,我国也进行了一系列试点工作,取得了良好效果。
通过对排污权交易概念及其在国内外的实践分析可以看出,排污权交易制度较之排污收费制度有着明显的优势。排污权交易制度可以较好地协调经济发展与环境保护的矛盾;有利于发挥政府环保部门和排污企业两方面的作用;有利于环保组织和公民表达自己的环境意愿。
本文论述了作为一项试点工作的排污权交易,在我国遇到的困难。排污权交易在我国还没有国家层面的法律给予保障;作为排污权交易制度的前提条件,排污总量的确定存在困难;排污权的初始分配也是一个问题;排污权交易市场不规范,没有成熟的排污权交易市场机制,地方保护主义严重,政府职能定位不准,腐败现象时有发生;我国的环境监管体制不健全,排污权交易缺乏技术保障。
作为重点,本文针对排污权交易制度所遇到的困境,提出建立和完善排污权交易制度,使其在中国发挥应有的作用,必须做好以下几项工作:通过政府立法,颁布《排污权交易管理条例》,对排污权的交易标的、交易方式、交易程序等内容予以确认和保障;发挥政府的宏观管理作用,严格总量控制;合理分配初始排污权,既确保企业公平竞争,又要充分考虑污染源周边公民的利益;充分培育排污权交易市场,促进交易的活跃;健全排污权交易的监督管理体制,从技术层面为排污权交易提供保障。
通过对上述问题的分析,可以看出,排污权交易制度的建立和完善是一个较为复杂的系统工程。一方面需要对美国及其它发达国家在该领域的有益经验予以借鉴和吸收,另一方面需要对我国排污权交易试点工作的经验进行评价和总结,并将这一制度在立法中予以明确规定。排污权交易制度必将成为我国环境管理政策体系中的一项重要制度。
Pollution Permits charge is the present most major environmental economic policy ofour country. But in the past 20 years, the total condition of the environment is still atworsening. Under this background, Marketable Pollution Permits system is brought to use.
Marketable Pollution permits that is the government environmental protection sectionexhausts an upper limit and allotment this upper, this kind of right can be trading on themarket of system. It is a kind of to take the market mechanism as basal environment strategy.
Start in 70's from the last century, American federal environmental protection bureau(EPA)'s try will line up dirty power bargain to used for the air pollution source and the waterpollution source management, already obtained unprecedented success, acquiring the hugeeconomic performance and social performance. later German、the Australia、British etc carryon the Pollution Permits. From 20th90s, our country also carried on a series experimental unitwork, obtaining good result. it is becoming the important means that the internationalcommunity resolves the pollution of the environment problem currently.
According to the concept of the Marketable Pollution Permits and the truth of using theMarketable Pollution Permits, it has advantages. Marketable Pollution Permits both side;Canlower a social total pollution to manage expenses;Can promote the development of theenvironmental protection industry enough;Be advantageous to a new distribution of industryof formation;Be advantageous to a government to carry on a macro view to adjust to controlto the environment condition;Be advantageous to suppressing some environmental protectionsections to benefit oneself behavior;Be advantageous to the environmental protectionorganization and citizen expresses an own environment will.
This text discussed Marketable Pollution Permits, which is trying meet lots ofdifficulties. Marketable Pollution Permits In our country also didn't have protection in law.As to Be a prior condition Marketable Pollution Permit's total amount really buy a certificateof savings in the difficulty. Marketable Pollution Permits Allotment is also a problem.Marketable Pollution Permits Have no mature Marketable Pollution Permits mechanism,place protection the doctrine severity the government working talent fixed position prohibit,having occurrence while going bad phenomenon. The environment of the our country takescharge of a system not sound, Marketable Pollution Permits bargain to lack a techniqueguarantee.
Be a point, this text aims at to line up the predicament that Pollution Permits systemmeet, putting forward an establishment with perfect Pollution Permits system. for exertive thefunction of the Pollution Permits, we must do the following: Pass the government lawmaking,promulgate 《line up dirty power to trade the management regulation 》;To the bargainobject that Pollution Permits, trade a way and trade procedure etc. to confirm and guaranteethe contents;The macroscopic management of the exertive government function, the stricttotal amount control;The reasonable allotment beginning starts to line up dirty power, sinceinsure the business enterprise fair competition, and also we must consider of the peripheralcitizen benefits well who is stay around the pollution source;Grow to Pollution Permitsmarket well, promote to trade of active;Sound line up the direct management system that thedirty power trade, from the technique level for line up dirty power bargain to provide a
guarantee.According to the analysis to the above-mentioned problem, we can see, establishment andperfect Marketable Pollution Permits is more complicated system engineering. FirstBeneficial experience that needs to be to flourishing nation in the United States and the otherin that realm on the other hand draws lessons from with the absorption;anther theexperiences of the Marketable Pollution Permits in our country evaluation and summary, andgive this system in the lawmaking explicit provision. Line up the dirty power trade the systemwill become our country environment management policy system necessarily in of animportant system.
排污权交易制度是指由政府环境保护部门制定特定区域的特定污染物的排放上限,并按此上限对排污权进行分配,这种权利可以在市场上交易的制度。
从上世纪70年代开始,美国联邦环保局(EPA)尝试将排污权交易用于大气污染源和水污染源管理,已经取得空前成功,获得了巨大的经济效益和社会效益。随后德国、澳大利亚、英国等国家相继进行了排污权交易的实践,从上世纪90年代开始,我国也进行了一系列试点工作,取得了良好效果。
通过对排污权交易概念及其在国内外的实践分析可以看出,排污权交易制度较之排污收费制度有着明显的优势。排污权交易制度可以较好地协调经济发展与环境保护的矛盾;有利于发挥政府环保部门和排污企业两方面的作用;有利于环保组织和公民表达自己的环境意愿。
本文论述了作为一项试点工作的排污权交易,在我国遇到的困难。排污权交易在我国还没有国家层面的法律给予保障;作为排污权交易制度的前提条件,排污总量的确定存在困难;排污权的初始分配也是一个问题;排污权交易市场不规范,没有成熟的排污权交易市场机制,地方保护主义严重,政府职能定位不准,腐败现象时有发生;我国的环境监管体制不健全,排污权交易缺乏技术保障。
作为重点,本文针对排污权交易制度所遇到的困境,提出建立和完善排污权交易制度,使其在中国发挥应有的作用,必须做好以下几项工作:通过政府立法,颁布《排污权交易管理条例》,对排污权的交易标的、交易方式、交易程序等内容予以确认和保障;发挥政府的宏观管理作用,严格总量控制;合理分配初始排污权,既确保企业公平竞争,又要充分考虑污染源周边公民的利益;充分培育排污权交易市场,促进交易的活跃;健全排污权交易的监督管理体制,从技术层面为排污权交易提供保障。
通过对上述问题的分析,可以看出,排污权交易制度的建立和完善是一个较为复杂的系统工程。一方面需要对美国及其它发达国家在该领域的有益经验予以借鉴和吸收,另一方面需要对我国排污权交易试点工作的经验进行评价和总结,并将这一制度在立法中予以明确规定。排污权交易制度必将成为我国环境管理政策体系中的一项重要制度。
Pollution Permits charge is the present most major environmental economic policy ofour country. But in the past 20 years, the total condition of the environment is still atworsening. Under this background, Marketable Pollution Permits system is brought to use.
Marketable Pollution permits that is the government environmental protection sectionexhausts an upper limit and allotment this upper, this kind of right can be trading on themarket of system. It is a kind of to take the market mechanism as basal environment strategy.
Start in 70's from the last century, American federal environmental protection bureau(EPA)'s try will line up dirty power bargain to used for the air pollution source and the waterpollution source management, already obtained unprecedented success, acquiring the hugeeconomic performance and social performance. later German、the Australia、British etc carryon the Pollution Permits. From 20th90s, our country also carried on a series experimental unitwork, obtaining good result. it is becoming the important means that the internationalcommunity resolves the pollution of the environment problem currently.
According to the concept of the Marketable Pollution Permits and the truth of using theMarketable Pollution Permits, it has advantages. Marketable Pollution Permits both side;Canlower a social total pollution to manage expenses;Can promote the development of theenvironmental protection industry enough;Be advantageous to a new distribution of industryof formation;Be advantageous to a government to carry on a macro view to adjust to controlto the environment condition;Be advantageous to suppressing some environmental protectionsections to benefit oneself behavior;Be advantageous to the environmental protectionorganization and citizen expresses an own environment will.
This text discussed Marketable Pollution Permits, which is trying meet lots ofdifficulties. Marketable Pollution Permits In our country also didn't have protection in law.As to Be a prior condition Marketable Pollution Permit's total amount really buy a certificateof savings in the difficulty. Marketable Pollution Permits Allotment is also a problem.Marketable Pollution Permits Have no mature Marketable Pollution Permits mechanism,place protection the doctrine severity the government working talent fixed position prohibit,having occurrence while going bad phenomenon. The environment of the our country takescharge of a system not sound, Marketable Pollution Permits bargain to lack a techniqueguarantee.
Be a point, this text aims at to line up the predicament that Pollution Permits systemmeet, putting forward an establishment with perfect Pollution Permits system. for exertive thefunction of the Pollution Permits, we must do the following: Pass the government lawmaking,promulgate 《line up dirty power to trade the management regulation 》;To the bargainobject that Pollution Permits, trade a way and trade procedure etc. to confirm and guaranteethe contents;The macroscopic management of the exertive government function, the stricttotal amount control;The reasonable allotment beginning starts to line up dirty power, sinceinsure the business enterprise fair competition, and also we must consider of the peripheralcitizen benefits well who is stay around the pollution source;Grow to Pollution Permitsmarket well, promote to trade of active;Sound line up the direct management system that thedirty power trade, from the technique level for line up dirty power bargain to provide a
guarantee.According to the analysis to the above-mentioned problem, we can see, establishment andperfect Marketable Pollution Permits is more complicated system engineering. FirstBeneficial experience that needs to be to flourishing nation in the United States and the otherin that realm on the other hand draws lessons from with the absorption;anther theexperiences of the Marketable Pollution Permits in our country evaluation and summary, andgive this system in the lawmaking explicit provision. Line up the dirty power trade the systemwill become our country environment management policy system necessarily in of animportant system.
引文
[1] 张梓太.污染权交易立法构想.中国法学,1998,3:58
[2] 李寿德.排污权交易的基本问题研究.西安:西安交通大学出版社,2001.131
[3] 美.泰坦伯格著.崔卫国,范红延译,林秋华校.排污权交易-—污染控制政策的改革.生活.读书.新知,三联书店,1992.1
[4] 王曦.美国环境法概论.武汉大学出版社,1992.273.
[5]李寿德.排污权交易的基本问题研究.西安:西安交通大学出版社,2001.127-128
[6] 杜红.大气污染物总量控制管理.北京:海洋出版社,1990. 32
[7] 邱劲.排污权交易及其对中国的意义.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1999.57-58.
[8] 张璐.论排污权交易法律制度.河南省政法管理千部学院学报,2000,1:79-83
[9] 耿世刚.排污权交易是控制环境问题的一种有效途径.中国环境管理干部学院学报,2000,3、4:45-50
[10] 杨展甲.中国排污权交易的可行性研究.南京:环境保护,2001,4:31-46
[11]李克国.排污许可证交易的理论与实践.重庆环境科学,2000,22(4):10-19
[12] 张志耀,玉魏,张海明.排污权交易的经济优化机制研究.重庆环境科学,2000,22(5):9-12
[13] 程远,吴敏打.排污权市场交易.环境保护,1998,3:41-43
[14] 张明厄.排污总量控制的最优化原则讨论.海环境科学,1997,16(1):10-12
[15] 李荣月,泰有正. 对一些发达国家环境保护政策的对比研究.内蒙人学学报(人文社会科学版),2000,32(l): 86-90
[16] 宋国君.总量控制与排污权交易.上海环境科学,2000,19(4):146-148
[17] 郑元,张天柱.从理论到实践的美国排污交易.上海环境科学,2000,19(11):505-507
[18] 王勤耕,李宗恺,陈志鹏等.污染控制与资源化研究.中国环境科学,2000,20(1): 68—72
[19] 林红浏,舒生.大气排污交易政策实施的技术原则.环境科学研究,1995,(2):19-22
[20] 王勤耕,李宗恺.城市大气污染排污负荷优化分配模型.环境科学学报,1996,16(4):442-449
[21] 国家环境保护局,中国环境科学研究院城市大气污染总量控制方法手册.北京:中国环境科学出版礼,1991.
[22] 王勤耕,吴跃明,李宗恺.一种改进的 A-P 值控制法.环境科学学报,1997.17(3):278-283
[23] 陈安国,王愉吾.污染控制的两种主要经济手段的对比.地质技术经济管理,2002, 24(3):36-40
[24] 张建宇,刘淑琴.排污权交易与中国的总量控制.见:国家环境保护总局科技标准司.市场经济与环境保护.化学工业出版社,2001.78-84
[25] 王霰.排污权交易立法的思考.绥化师专学报,2004,24(4):46-47
[26] 马中.环境与资源经济学概论.北京:高等教育出版社,1999.204、208-210
[27] 蔡 守 秋 . 论 排 污 权 交 易 的 法 律 问 题 . 中 国 民 商 法 律网. www.civillaw.com.cn
[28] 慧聪网.本土化之痛:谁有权分配排污权.http://www.hc360.com
[29] 郄建荣.排污权交易亟需法律护航.法制网 www.legaldaily.com.cn
[30] Selected Environmental Law Statutes,1989-90Ed.,West Publishing Co.,U. S. A,1989
[31] Clean Air Act Amendments 1990,64、154
[32]Clean Air and Environment Protection. Autumn/Winter,1996
[2] 李寿德.排污权交易的基本问题研究.西安:西安交通大学出版社,2001.131
[3] 美.泰坦伯格著.崔卫国,范红延译,林秋华校.排污权交易-—污染控制政策的改革.生活.读书.新知,三联书店,1992.1
[4] 王曦.美国环境法概论.武汉大学出版社,1992.273.
[5]李寿德.排污权交易的基本问题研究.西安:西安交通大学出版社,2001.127-128
[6] 杜红.大气污染物总量控制管理.北京:海洋出版社,1990. 32
[7] 邱劲.排污权交易及其对中国的意义.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1999.57-58.
[8] 张璐.论排污权交易法律制度.河南省政法管理千部学院学报,2000,1:79-83
[9] 耿世刚.排污权交易是控制环境问题的一种有效途径.中国环境管理干部学院学报,2000,3、4:45-50
[10] 杨展甲.中国排污权交易的可行性研究.南京:环境保护,2001,4:31-46
[11]李克国.排污许可证交易的理论与实践.重庆环境科学,2000,22(4):10-19
[12] 张志耀,玉魏,张海明.排污权交易的经济优化机制研究.重庆环境科学,2000,22(5):9-12
[13] 程远,吴敏打.排污权市场交易.环境保护,1998,3:41-43
[14] 张明厄.排污总量控制的最优化原则讨论.海环境科学,1997,16(1):10-12
[15] 李荣月,泰有正. 对一些发达国家环境保护政策的对比研究.内蒙人学学报(人文社会科学版),2000,32(l): 86-90
[16] 宋国君.总量控制与排污权交易.上海环境科学,2000,19(4):146-148
[17] 郑元,张天柱.从理论到实践的美国排污交易.上海环境科学,2000,19(11):505-507
[18] 王勤耕,李宗恺,陈志鹏等.污染控制与资源化研究.中国环境科学,2000,20(1): 68—72
[19] 林红浏,舒生.大气排污交易政策实施的技术原则.环境科学研究,1995,(2):19-22
[20] 王勤耕,李宗恺.城市大气污染排污负荷优化分配模型.环境科学学报,1996,16(4):442-449
[21] 国家环境保护局,中国环境科学研究院城市大气污染总量控制方法手册.北京:中国环境科学出版礼,1991.
[22] 王勤耕,吴跃明,李宗恺.一种改进的 A-P 值控制法.环境科学学报,1997.17(3):278-283
[23] 陈安国,王愉吾.污染控制的两种主要经济手段的对比.地质技术经济管理,2002, 24(3):36-40
[24] 张建宇,刘淑琴.排污权交易与中国的总量控制.见:国家环境保护总局科技标准司.市场经济与环境保护.化学工业出版社,2001.78-84
[25] 王霰.排污权交易立法的思考.绥化师专学报,2004,24(4):46-47
[26] 马中.环境与资源经济学概论.北京:高等教育出版社,1999.204、208-210
[27] 蔡 守 秋 . 论 排 污 权 交 易 的 法 律 问 题 . 中 国 民 商 法 律网. www.civillaw.com.cn
[28] 慧聪网.本土化之痛:谁有权分配排污权.http://www.hc360.com
[29] 郄建荣.排污权交易亟需法律护航.法制网 www.legaldaily.com.cn
[30] Selected Environmental Law Statutes,1989-90Ed.,West Publishing Co.,U. S. A,1989
[31] Clean Air Act Amendments 1990,64、154
[32]Clean Air and Environment Protection. Autumn/Winter,1996
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |