非正规就业正规化发展研究
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摘要
改革开放以来,我国非正规就业获得较大的发展空间,成为解决城镇新增就业人员、流动人口就业和吸收农村剩余劳动力的重要渠道。但是,非正规就业存在先天不足的缺陷,其自身存在的矛盾能否得以有效解决,关系到非正规就业是否可以成为劳动力市场中规范的就业渠道。为此本文以“非正规就业正规化发展研究”为题,对非正规就业正规化发展的现实必要性和历史必然性进行分析,并选取个案以探讨正规化的推动机制。本文主要运用规范分析和实证分析相结合的分析方法,在对非正规就业的基本理论研究进行概述的基础上,通过非正规就业发展状况的国内外比较、历史和现状的分析,选取劳动关系的研究视角,论证本文的论点,并提出对策建议。
“非正规就业以正规化发展为目标”这一论点的提出主要基于三点:其一,非正规就业自经济社会开始以来就一直存在,而在当前引起人们的关注有其深刻的原因,即非正规部门依然是解决就业问题的重要途径,但非正规就业及其劳动关系的现实状况又制约了非正规就业的发展,为适应并促进其长期发展,才提出正规化的观点。因此,在对我国非正规就业的发展现状进行分析的基础上,可以总结出非正规就业正规化的现实必要性。其二,拉美国家近50年发展非正规就业的政策实践,从总体上看是归于失败的,就业政策的成败势必关系到经济社会发展的成败。因此,拉美国家就业政策的实践给了我们有益的启示,即不能以降低劳工标准为代价换取国家经济社会的短暂发展,必须重视劳工保护,制定完善的劳工政策,这是非正规就业获得健康发展的促成因素。其三,上海市发展非正规就业的实践,获得国际劳工组织的认可,从“上海模式”既可以看到非正规就业正规化的现实可能性,又能总结出非正规就业正规化发展的普遍性规律和推动机制(主要有制度化、市场化因素和劳动关系的规范化因素三个方面)。
最后,本文结合对非正规就业正规化推动机制的总结,提出了发展非正规就业的总体思路,并从制度安排和市场调节结合、劳动法律制度的完善、非正规就业劳动关系调整手段的选择等三个方面,提出了促成非正规就业健康发展,即正规化发展的对策建议。
Since the beginning of reform and opening up, China's informal sector employment has obtained a greater development space, which becomes a vital channel to solving the employment of the urban new labor resources and the floating population as well as to absorbing the rural surplus labor forces. But there are some congenital disadvantages in the informal sector employment. Whether its inherent contradictions can be effectively resolved relate to whether the informal sector employment can become a standardize employment channel in labor market. Therefore, this study takes the standardization of informal sector employment as topic, analyses the informal sector employment's practical necessary and historical inevitability, and selects special cases to discuss the promoting mechanism of standardization. Based on the summarization of basic theories research about informal sector employment, through the comparison of development situation between the domestic and foreign and the analysis of historical and present situation, this study uses the method of combining normative analysis and empirical analysis, chooses the labor relationship researching visual angle to validate its issues and put forward some recommendations and suggestions.The issues on the standardization of informal sector employment mainly based on three points: first, informal sector employment has existed since the beginning of economic society, but in nowadays, it brings people's interest. The deep reason is that the informal sector employment is long-standing, but now there are several serious problems for this kind of employment and its relative labor relationship. The topic of standardization is advanced in order to adapting the development of informal sector employment. Therefore, based on the analyses about the development situations of China's informal sector employment, we can realize the realistic necessary of its standardization. Second, Latin American nations' nearly 50 years development of the informal sector employment policies and practices are wholly attributable to the failure. The failure or success of employment policies will inevitably relate to the failure or success of the economic society development. Therefore, one of the lessons about Latin American nations' employment pattern is that labor criterions cannot be reduced to achieving short-term development of economic society. Attaching importance to labor protection and establishing perfect labor policies are successful factors for healthy development of informal sector employment. So, from the point of labor relationship, historical lessons can be summarized follow: the standardization of
informal sector employment has its historical inevitability. Third, the practice of informal sector employment in Shanghai has got the authorization from the International Labor Organization (ILO). From the "Shanghai pattern", we can not only see the realistic possibility of informal sector employment, but also can summarize the common rules and promoting mechanism (mainly contain three factors— systematism> market and standardization of labor relationship) of it.Finally, combined with the summery of the driving mechanism of informal sector employment normalization, this study put forward integrative ideas > recommendations and suggestions about the topic from three aspects: the combination of system arrangement and market regulating, the perfect of labor laws and systems, and the choice of informal sector employment labor relationship.
“非正规就业以正规化发展为目标”这一论点的提出主要基于三点:其一,非正规就业自经济社会开始以来就一直存在,而在当前引起人们的关注有其深刻的原因,即非正规部门依然是解决就业问题的重要途径,但非正规就业及其劳动关系的现实状况又制约了非正规就业的发展,为适应并促进其长期发展,才提出正规化的观点。因此,在对我国非正规就业的发展现状进行分析的基础上,可以总结出非正规就业正规化的现实必要性。其二,拉美国家近50年发展非正规就业的政策实践,从总体上看是归于失败的,就业政策的成败势必关系到经济社会发展的成败。因此,拉美国家就业政策的实践给了我们有益的启示,即不能以降低劳工标准为代价换取国家经济社会的短暂发展,必须重视劳工保护,制定完善的劳工政策,这是非正规就业获得健康发展的促成因素。其三,上海市发展非正规就业的实践,获得国际劳工组织的认可,从“上海模式”既可以看到非正规就业正规化的现实可能性,又能总结出非正规就业正规化发展的普遍性规律和推动机制(主要有制度化、市场化因素和劳动关系的规范化因素三个方面)。
最后,本文结合对非正规就业正规化推动机制的总结,提出了发展非正规就业的总体思路,并从制度安排和市场调节结合、劳动法律制度的完善、非正规就业劳动关系调整手段的选择等三个方面,提出了促成非正规就业健康发展,即正规化发展的对策建议。
Since the beginning of reform and opening up, China's informal sector employment has obtained a greater development space, which becomes a vital channel to solving the employment of the urban new labor resources and the floating population as well as to absorbing the rural surplus labor forces. But there are some congenital disadvantages in the informal sector employment. Whether its inherent contradictions can be effectively resolved relate to whether the informal sector employment can become a standardize employment channel in labor market. Therefore, this study takes the standardization of informal sector employment as topic, analyses the informal sector employment's practical necessary and historical inevitability, and selects special cases to discuss the promoting mechanism of standardization. Based on the summarization of basic theories research about informal sector employment, through the comparison of development situation between the domestic and foreign and the analysis of historical and present situation, this study uses the method of combining normative analysis and empirical analysis, chooses the labor relationship researching visual angle to validate its issues and put forward some recommendations and suggestions.The issues on the standardization of informal sector employment mainly based on three points: first, informal sector employment has existed since the beginning of economic society, but in nowadays, it brings people's interest. The deep reason is that the informal sector employment is long-standing, but now there are several serious problems for this kind of employment and its relative labor relationship. The topic of standardization is advanced in order to adapting the development of informal sector employment. Therefore, based on the analyses about the development situations of China's informal sector employment, we can realize the realistic necessary of its standardization. Second, Latin American nations' nearly 50 years development of the informal sector employment policies and practices are wholly attributable to the failure. The failure or success of employment policies will inevitably relate to the failure or success of the economic society development. Therefore, one of the lessons about Latin American nations' employment pattern is that labor criterions cannot be reduced to achieving short-term development of economic society. Attaching importance to labor protection and establishing perfect labor policies are successful factors for healthy development of informal sector employment. So, from the point of labor relationship, historical lessons can be summarized follow: the standardization of
informal sector employment has its historical inevitability. Third, the practice of informal sector employment in Shanghai has got the authorization from the International Labor Organization (ILO). From the "Shanghai pattern", we can not only see the realistic possibility of informal sector employment, but also can summarize the common rules and promoting mechanism (mainly contain three factors— systematism> market and standardization of labor relationship) of it.Finally, combined with the summery of the driving mechanism of informal sector employment normalization, this study put forward integrative ideas > recommendations and suggestions about the topic from three aspects: the combination of system arrangement and market regulating, the perfect of labor laws and systems, and the choice of informal sector employment labor relationship.
引文
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2.常进雄,程变琴.结构变化、体制改革与非正规就业的发展.中国劳动,2003,2
3.常凯.劳动关系学.北京:中国劳动社会保障出版社.2005
4.常凯,郑宇硕,乔健等.全球化下的劳资关系与劳工政策.北京:中国工人出版社,2003
5.成之约.产业结构调整与政府就业促进政策的探讨.见:杨河清,郑宇硕,张琪等.新世纪人力资源开发与就业.北京:中国劳动社会保障出版社,2005
6.仇恒喜.发展经济学.北京:科学出版社,2004
7.丁金宏,冷熙亮,宋秀坤等.中国对非正规就业概念的移植与发展.中国人口科学,2001,6
8.丁金宏,冷熙亮.城市非正规就业发展及其问题:以上海为例的探讨.社会,2000.11
9.国家统计局.中国统计年鉴(2003、2004年).北京:中国统计出版社,2003(2004)
10.国务院发展研究中心课题组.当前经济形势的特点与走向.经济日报,2003-11-17
11.胡鞍钢,杨韵新.就业模式转变:从正规化到非正规化——我国城镇非正规就业状况分析.管理世界,2001,2
12.胡鞍钢,程永宏,杨韵新等.扩大就业与挑战失业——中国就业政策评估(1949～2001年).北京:中国劳动社会保障出版社,2002
13.胡放之.拉美国家工业化发展模式、就业与工资水平.湖北经济学院学报,2004,1
14.蒋仁翔.阿根廷崩溃:新自由主义经济理论的代价.见:中国教育和科研计算机网
15.金维刚.我国非全日制就业问题研究.经济研究参考,2003,4
16.劳动科学研究所课题组:中国灵活就业基本问题研究.经济研究参考,2005,45
17.刘鹤.为高速增长创造条件.北京:中国计划出版社,1998
18.刘学福,洪伟.非正规就业问题及对策.中国劳动保障,2005,10
19.路德泉.中国的非正规部门就业.见:常凯,郑宇硕,乔健等.全球化下的劳资关系与劳工政策.北京:中国工人出版社,2002
20.罗润东.中国劳动力就业——从转轨经济道知识经济.北京:经济科学出版社,2002
21.马九杰,孟凡友.城市农民工第二市场择业——关于深圳市的个案剖析.开放时代,2003,4
22.莫荣.2002年:中国就业报告.北京:中国劳动社会保障出版社,2003
23.莫荣.2003～2004年:中国就业报告.北京:中国劳动社会保障出版社,2004
24.欧阳华,詹素平.非正规就业劳动者加入工会问题研究.南昌教育学院学报,2005,8
25.乔健.新一轮结构调整下的我国劳动关系及工会的因应对策.中国人力资源开发,2003,9
26.上海市劳动和社会保障局.上海非正规就业劳动组织2004年发展年报.见:上海市劳动保障网
27.上海市统计局.2005年上海市国民经济和社会发展统计公报.见:上海市统计局网站
28.时立荣.非正规就业与政策.见:香港中文大学中国研究服务中心网站
29.苏振兴.拉美国家经济改革整体评估.世界经济导刊,2004.1
30.谢文泽.拉美经济改革的产业经济评价.拉丁美洲研究,2003,6
31.杨河清,郑宇硕,张琪等.新世纪人力资源开发与就业.北京:中国劳动社会保障出版社.2005
32.杨宜勇.加入WTO后的就业形势、就业环境和就业对策.见:人大报刊复印资料.2003,2
33.杨宜勇等.劳动就业体制改制攻坚.北京:中国水利水电出版社,2005
34.杨云彦、蔡昉、陈金永等.城市就业与劳动力市场转型.北京:中国统计出版社,2004
35.姚宇.中国非正规就业理论研究综述.见:《中国劳动经济学》(2004Vol.1 No.2).北京:中国劳动社会保障出版社,2004
36.姚裕群.走向市场的中国就业.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005
37.袁东振.拉美的非正规经济及政府的政策.拉丁美洲研究,2001,5
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