青花菜桃蚜发生规律及综合防治研究
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摘要
随着青花菜栽培面积的不断扩大,青花菜桃蚜害发生日趋严重。单纯依靠化学农药防治,容易使桃蚜产生抗性。为掌握青花菜桃蚜发生规律,采用综合措施进行防治。本研究在对广东佛山青花菜种植区桃蚜种群数量进行了调查,分析了环境因子中气温及天敌因子与青花菜桃蚜种群的关系;应用试验种群生命周期表方法,研究了不同寄主植物、青花菜品种对桃蚜存活和繁殖的影响,及桃蚜对寄主的选择和迁移规律;研究了捕食性天敌六斑月瓢虫、品种、施肥水平对桃蚜种群的控制作用;以干扰作用控制指数作为筛选和评价的指标,从19种非嗜食性植物乙醇提取物中,筛选出对桃蚜有较好驱避作用和产仔抑制作用的乙醇提取物;研究了几种低毒杀虫剂对桃蚜大田种群的控制作用;提出综合防治的措施。主要结果如下:
1.危害青花菜的蚜虫有两种:桃蚜和萝卜蚜;以桃蚜为优势种,萝卜蚜所占比例较少。桃蚜可以在青花菜、小白菜等作物上互相转移为害。无翅蚜是为害青花菜的主要种群。温度影响桃蚜种群数量变动,9月、10月份,平均温度较高,青花菜上桃蚜数量较少,11月上中旬,平均温度比较适合蚜虫生长发育,桃蚜种群数量快速增长,11月下旬到12月上中旬,桃蚜种群数量达到高峰期,12月下旬至1月中旬,气温骡冷,蚜量有所下降。
2.天敌六斑月瓢虫对青花菜桃蚜有一定的捕食功能,六斑月瓢虫捕食量与猎物关系,符合Holling-Ⅱ型模型。六斑月瓢虫1～4龄幼虫及成虫对桃蚜的理论日最大捕食量逐渐增多,3龄以上幼虫及成虫对桃蚜具有较大的捕食潜力。
3.不同品种青花菜(福绿、早青二号、日本旺绿)的营养成分,可以影响桃蚜寻找寄主植物的趋性反应,并且影响桃蚜的生长和生殖。实验结果表明,营养成份总糖、还原糖、蔗糖、蛋白质、脯氨酸和叶绿素与种群数量相关显著。
4.以作用因子组建试验种群生命表,福绿青花菜种群趋势指数最大,有利于桃蚜种群数值增长,其次为日本旺绿,早青二号最少;若以福绿青花菜为标准品种,其干扰控制指数为1.000,则日本旺绿和早青二号分别为0.993和0.202。
5.不同的施肥水平对青花菜桃蚜种群数量有一定的影响。在生长前期、在座莲期、收获期以低氮高磷低钾低硼肥料组合处理,桃蚜的数量最少,结球期,低氮中磷低钾低硼肥料组合处理,桃蚜的数量最少;故此,低氮高磷低钾低硼,有利于抑制桃蚜种群数量增长。
6.进行了乙醇植物提取液对青花菜桃蚜的影响研究。供试的19种植物提取物有16种对青花菜桃蚜有一定的忌避作用。有17种可降低有翅成蚜的繁殖忌避指数,桃蚜干扰作用指数ⅡPC<1的植物有17种。田间试验结果表明,单独使用勒杜鹃、辣椒、马齿苋、蓖麻对桃蚜的自然种群都有一定的控制作用,其中单独使用马齿苋的蚜量变动系数较低;勒杜鹃与马齿苋、辣椒与马齿苋混用、马齿苋与蓖麻混用的组合效果比较好。
7.在大田选用阿维菌素1.8%乳油、蚜虱灭10%WP和蚜虱蓟净1.8%EC三种杀虫剂处理,药后1d,各处理对青花菜上桃蚜的防效较低。药后3d,蚜虱灭1000倍液、蚜虱蓟净1500倍液处理的防效显著高于阿维菌素处理。药后10d,蚜虱灭、蚜虱蓟净处理的桃蚜数量仍保持很低密度,防效高。
Along with the increase of Broccoli cultivation, the damage caused by Myzus persicae becomes more and more severe. Pure chemical control to the pest leads to resistance of the pest to the drugs. In order to learn the occurance of Myzus persicae in the host of Broccoli and take appropriate measure to control it, the paper investigated the population dynamics of Myzus persicae in the Broccoli field in Foshan, Guangdong Province and analysed the influence of temperature and natural enemy on the population of Myzus persicae. Using the method of life table, the influence of different host plant and Broccoli varieties on the survivorship and reproduction of aphid was evaluated. The selection of aphid on host plants and its migration were also studied by life table method. The control effects of predator Coccinella septemptmctata L., resistant varieties and different fertilizer application on Myzus persicae were also studied. Alcohol extracts that had repellent, anti-feeding and reproductive deterrence effects on aphid were selected from 19 no-preferable plant varieties, using interference index of population control (IIPC). The paper investigated the control effect of several low-poison pesticides on Myzus persicae population in field. The major results were as following.1.There were two aphid species hurting Broccoli in Foshan City. They were Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and Aphis craccivora Koch. Myzus persicae was the dominant species. When the plant in field shifted, Myzus persicae can change its host among Broccoli , caabage, chrysanthemum and radish. Temperature had strong effect on the aphid population. The population of Myzus persicae was less from September to October when the temperature was high, while the population grew rapidly in early November when the temperature was suitable for aphid's growth. The population reached its peak from late November to early December and then decreased rapidly from late December to early January while it became colder.2.The larva and adult of Menochilus sexmaculates Fabricius had predation to Myzus persicae . The result showed that the functional response belonged to Holling II model. There was a gradual increase in the predation of larva from 1~st to adult.
3.The result showed that the influence of different varieties on the development of aphid was different. The nutrient in different varieties affected the tropism of Myzus persicae to the host plant, their behavior of eating motion, and even their growth and reproduction. The correlation coefficient among the population with total sugar, deoxidize sugar, sucrose, protein, praline and chlorophyll content in plant were respectively, all of which reached significant level.4.The index of population trend of Myzus persicae on Fulu was the highest, followed by Wanglu, and Zaoqing 2 had the least . While using Fulu as the control variety, the disturbance index of Wanglu and Zaoqing 2 were 0.993 and 0.202, respectively.5.The effect of different fertilizer application on the population dynamics of Myzus persicae was studied. The result showed that under the condition of normal growth for host plant, low nitrogen, low potassium, low boron with high phosphorus nutrient could restrain the population of aphid.6. Alcohol extracts from 19 species of plant were tested against Myzus persicae. Among them 16 plants had control effect and 17 plants showed less reproduction index for Myzus persicae . The sole application of cayenne, purslane, Ricinus communis Land Bougainvillea glabra Choisy showed control effect and the extract from purslane gave the best control. The mixed use of above plants showed better control effects.7.Field experiment showed that ordinary chemical control had less control effect to Myzus persicae . Among them the effect of Yasimie and Yasimiejin were better than Avermectins.
1.危害青花菜的蚜虫有两种:桃蚜和萝卜蚜;以桃蚜为优势种,萝卜蚜所占比例较少。桃蚜可以在青花菜、小白菜等作物上互相转移为害。无翅蚜是为害青花菜的主要种群。温度影响桃蚜种群数量变动,9月、10月份,平均温度较高,青花菜上桃蚜数量较少,11月上中旬,平均温度比较适合蚜虫生长发育,桃蚜种群数量快速增长,11月下旬到12月上中旬,桃蚜种群数量达到高峰期,12月下旬至1月中旬,气温骡冷,蚜量有所下降。
2.天敌六斑月瓢虫对青花菜桃蚜有一定的捕食功能,六斑月瓢虫捕食量与猎物关系,符合Holling-Ⅱ型模型。六斑月瓢虫1～4龄幼虫及成虫对桃蚜的理论日最大捕食量逐渐增多,3龄以上幼虫及成虫对桃蚜具有较大的捕食潜力。
3.不同品种青花菜(福绿、早青二号、日本旺绿)的营养成分,可以影响桃蚜寻找寄主植物的趋性反应,并且影响桃蚜的生长和生殖。实验结果表明,营养成份总糖、还原糖、蔗糖、蛋白质、脯氨酸和叶绿素与种群数量相关显著。
4.以作用因子组建试验种群生命表,福绿青花菜种群趋势指数最大,有利于桃蚜种群数值增长,其次为日本旺绿,早青二号最少;若以福绿青花菜为标准品种,其干扰控制指数为1.000,则日本旺绿和早青二号分别为0.993和0.202。
5.不同的施肥水平对青花菜桃蚜种群数量有一定的影响。在生长前期、在座莲期、收获期以低氮高磷低钾低硼肥料组合处理,桃蚜的数量最少,结球期,低氮中磷低钾低硼肥料组合处理,桃蚜的数量最少;故此,低氮高磷低钾低硼,有利于抑制桃蚜种群数量增长。
6.进行了乙醇植物提取液对青花菜桃蚜的影响研究。供试的19种植物提取物有16种对青花菜桃蚜有一定的忌避作用。有17种可降低有翅成蚜的繁殖忌避指数,桃蚜干扰作用指数ⅡPC<1的植物有17种。田间试验结果表明,单独使用勒杜鹃、辣椒、马齿苋、蓖麻对桃蚜的自然种群都有一定的控制作用,其中单独使用马齿苋的蚜量变动系数较低;勒杜鹃与马齿苋、辣椒与马齿苋混用、马齿苋与蓖麻混用的组合效果比较好。
7.在大田选用阿维菌素1.8%乳油、蚜虱灭10%WP和蚜虱蓟净1.8%EC三种杀虫剂处理,药后1d,各处理对青花菜上桃蚜的防效较低。药后3d,蚜虱灭1000倍液、蚜虱蓟净1500倍液处理的防效显著高于阿维菌素处理。药后10d,蚜虱灭、蚜虱蓟净处理的桃蚜数量仍保持很低密度,防效高。
Along with the increase of Broccoli cultivation, the damage caused by Myzus persicae becomes more and more severe. Pure chemical control to the pest leads to resistance of the pest to the drugs. In order to learn the occurance of Myzus persicae in the host of Broccoli and take appropriate measure to control it, the paper investigated the population dynamics of Myzus persicae in the Broccoli field in Foshan, Guangdong Province and analysed the influence of temperature and natural enemy on the population of Myzus persicae. Using the method of life table, the influence of different host plant and Broccoli varieties on the survivorship and reproduction of aphid was evaluated. The selection of aphid on host plants and its migration were also studied by life table method. The control effects of predator Coccinella septemptmctata L., resistant varieties and different fertilizer application on Myzus persicae were also studied. Alcohol extracts that had repellent, anti-feeding and reproductive deterrence effects on aphid were selected from 19 no-preferable plant varieties, using interference index of population control (IIPC). The paper investigated the control effect of several low-poison pesticides on Myzus persicae population in field. The major results were as following.1.There were two aphid species hurting Broccoli in Foshan City. They were Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and Aphis craccivora Koch. Myzus persicae was the dominant species. When the plant in field shifted, Myzus persicae can change its host among Broccoli , caabage, chrysanthemum and radish. Temperature had strong effect on the aphid population. The population of Myzus persicae was less from September to October when the temperature was high, while the population grew rapidly in early November when the temperature was suitable for aphid's growth. The population reached its peak from late November to early December and then decreased rapidly from late December to early January while it became colder.2.The larva and adult of Menochilus sexmaculates Fabricius had predation to Myzus persicae . The result showed that the functional response belonged to Holling II model. There was a gradual increase in the predation of larva from 1~st to adult.
3.The result showed that the influence of different varieties on the development of aphid was different. The nutrient in different varieties affected the tropism of Myzus persicae to the host plant, their behavior of eating motion, and even their growth and reproduction. The correlation coefficient among the population with total sugar, deoxidize sugar, sucrose, protein, praline and chlorophyll content in plant were respectively, all of which reached significant level.4.The index of population trend of Myzus persicae on Fulu was the highest, followed by Wanglu, and Zaoqing 2 had the least . While using Fulu as the control variety, the disturbance index of Wanglu and Zaoqing 2 were 0.993 and 0.202, respectively.5.The effect of different fertilizer application on the population dynamics of Myzus persicae was studied. The result showed that under the condition of normal growth for host plant, low nitrogen, low potassium, low boron with high phosphorus nutrient could restrain the population of aphid.6. Alcohol extracts from 19 species of plant were tested against Myzus persicae. Among them 16 plants had control effect and 17 plants showed less reproduction index for Myzus persicae . The sole application of cayenne, purslane, Ricinus communis Land Bougainvillea glabra Choisy showed control effect and the extract from purslane gave the best control. The mixed use of above plants showed better control effects.7.Field experiment showed that ordinary chemical control had less control effect to Myzus persicae . Among them the effect of Yasimie and Yasimiejin were better than Avermectins.
引文
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