农民素质变化与农村职业技术教育发展对策的研究
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摘要
党的十六大提出了全面建设小康社会的奋斗目标。对于一个农业人口众多的国家,要全面建设小康社会,需要大力开发农村人力资源。要完成这一任务,需要由农村职业技术教育、基础教育和成人教育三者通力合作。其中,农村职业技术教育又有着十分要的作用。目前我国农村职业技术教育的基础还很薄弱,很不适应大力开发农村人力资源的需要。
随着我国改革开放的不断深入以及国际经济形势的巨大变化,我国农村在经济、社会、文化诸多方面发生了翻天覆地的变化,与经济发展多元化趋势相伴生的农民的素质也发生了分化,农民自身对提高素质的要求也越来越强烈,使得不同素质的农民对职业教育的需求层次与教学模式发生了显著变化,构筑了我国农村职业技术教育发展新的背景与环境主体。
本研究从分析农民素质变化入手,分析农村职业技术教育与农民素质变化之间的关系,探讨制约农村职业技术教育发展的因素等,并提出适应农民素质变化的农村职业技术教育发展的思路和对策,以期对我国农村职业技术教育的改革与发展有所裨益。
本文共分四个部分:
第一部分重点研究农民及农民素质变化。首先从农民和农民素质的基本概念入手,分析农民的内涵和范围,并进一步的分析农民的科学文化素质、思想道德素质、身体素质、心理素质的概念和在影响农民整体素质上的作用。其次,通过对农民素质与农村经济发展的关系分析,农民素质是影响农村经济发展的重要变量,农民素质的高低直接制约着农村经济的发展。表现为农民素质影响农业技术推广和技术进步;农民素质影响农业产业结构调整;农民素质影响农村剩余劳动力转移和农民的非农化;农民素质影响农民收入;农民素质影响农业产业化经营和传统农业向现代农业转变。第三由农民素质的演化过程分析来研究我国农民素质状况和农民的分化趋势。建国以来农民素质演变具有以下特点:文化素质明显提高,科技素质得到较大提高,经营素质迅速增强,思想道德素质水平不断提高,思想观念发生较大转变,农民身体素质得到很大改善,心理素质发生转变。改革开放以来,中国农民的分化明显加速,一是大量农民从土地上分离出来,从农业产业中分化出来和转向非农产业;二是原先具有相同农民身份的人们分化为带有明显不同特征的群体。
第二部分主要研究农村职业技术教育的内涵、现状及主要形式。通过对职业教育内涵的新发展和农村职业技术教育的新认识的探析,职业教育内涵呈现以下几个方面的变化:一是转变传统、狭义的职业教育和培训观念,确立包括职业教育、技术教育与培训
The 16~(th) National People's Congress put forward to the struggling aim of establishing a well-to-do society ail-roundly. For a country that has a great agricultural population, it needs great efforts to develop country labor resource to establish a well-to-do society ail-roundly. To finish this task, we need the cooperation among agricultural vocational education, elementary education and adult education. Among them, agricultural vocational education leads a very important role. At present, the basement of our agricultural vocational education is still weak. It is unfit for the need of great efforts to develop country labor resource.With the constant thorough reform and opening up and the great changes of international economical situation, a world-shaking change has changed in many aspects like economy, society and culture, etc. in our country. The farmers' quality that gets along with the trend of diverse economical development appears differentiation, too. Farmers' own requirement for improving quality becomes stronger and stronger. This makes the farmers with different qualities change obviously in the need levels of vocational education and teaching mode. It constructs the new background and environmental main body for the development of our country vocational technical education.From the point of analyzing the changes of farmers' qualities, the article analyzes the relationship between country vocational technical education and the changes of farmers' qualities and talks about the factors that restrict the development of country vocational technical education. And it puts forward to the thoughts and countermeasures about the development of country vocational technical education that adapt to the changes of farmers' qualities in order that it will be helpful for the reform and development of our country vocational technical education.The article is divided into four parts:In the first part, the changes of farmers and their qualities are mainly studied. First of all, farmer's intension and scope are analyzed according to the concept of farmers and their qualities. The concept of farmers' scientific and cultural qualities, thought and moral qualities, physical qualities, psychological qualities is further analyzed as well as the effect on influencing farmers' whole qualities. On the other hand, by analyzing the relationship. Between farmer's quality and the economic development of the countryside, we realize that
farmer's quality is an important variable in influencing the economic development of the countryside. That fanner quality is high or low directly influences the economic development of the countryside. For example: fanner quality influences agricultural technology spreading and technology improvement. It also influences the regulation of agriculture industry structure. It also influences the transformation of the surplus labor forces in the countryside and farmers and non-farmers transformation; It also influences farmer's income, industrial management in agriculture and transformation from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture. In the third aspect, through analyzing the process of changing, we want to analyze the conditions of farmer quality as well as the breaking tendency of the farmers. There are three main characteristics in the changing process of farmers' quality since the establishment of the PRC. Cultural quality has been increased clearly; scientific quality has been increased greatly; marketing quality has been increased quickly and strongly, thought and moral qualities are increasing steadily. Thought ideas are changing greatly, physical quality of farmers has been improved greatly; psychological quality is also changing. Since the opening and reformation, the breaking of farmers has been fastened clearly. One of them is that a lot of farmers get away from their fields, their agricultural industry as well as the transformation from non-agricultural industry. The other is that many farmers with farmers' characters have become another group with different characters. Occupational technology education intension, present situations and main forms of the countryside are studied in the second part. By analyzing the new development and new knowledge of occupational education intension If the countryside, there are several changes in the occupational education intension in the countryside. One is that traditional, narrow occupational education and training ideas must be changed. A grand idea of occupational education, technology education as well as training must be established.In the second part, occupational technology education must be changed from formal education in schools to an important part of the whole-life education. The third is that occupational technology education is no longer the narrow education of emphasizing occupation and technology training; it has been changed into an all-round education regarding the development If nation, society and person. Steadily as the basic starting point. The fourth is to relocate government and other benefit persons in occupational education. The fifth is that occupational education has become an important part in the sustained development strategy. The sixth is that international cooperation tendency is clear.
Occupational education in the countryside is relocated in the new situation. It is presented on the new situation that occupational education on the countryside should be personal, multi-structure education with cultivating ability as the main idea as well as various whole-life education. At the same time, the conditions as well as main forms in the occupational technology education in the countryside has been analyzed. Forms features advantages and shortcomings of regular occupational education, non-regular occupational education, and informal occupational education have been analyzed and studied here systemically.In the third part, it mainly investigates and analyzes the requirement of farmers' quality change to country vocational education. It provided realistic base for the thoughts and countermeasures of the development of country vocational technical education, which is suitable for the changes of farmers' quality. The main problems which farmers' quality change and country vocational education face lie in: the incomplete country vocational educational system; the worse country vocational educational pertinence; uncultured and single educational contents; the rockbound special course setting; illegal educational structure; the single educational mode; the lag educational mode; the single recruiting objects; the illegal time arrangement; the non-expedite information communication, etc. All these are not adaptive to modern farmers' quality changes. Country vocational technical education can't adapt to the new situation of the country and its economical development and can't meet the needs of country market, talent market and the educates. At the same time, it analyzes the restricting factors of the development of country vocational technical education and provides the theory gist for reforming the shortages of country vocational technical education. In the fourth part, it mainly put forward to the thoughts and countermeasures of the development of country vocational technical education: (1) establishing complete laws and rules of country and vocational technical education; (2) quickening the structure adjustment to country vocational technical education, constructing multilevel and diverse country vocational technical educational system; (3) it is a necessary requirement making great efforts to develop higher vocational education which faces countryside; (4) strengthening investigation and research, carrying out planning "the three kinds of educations" as a whole and the combination among agriculture; (5) Launch peasant's job-transfer training and continue educating in a more cost-effective manner;(6) Optimizing educational resources, establishing and completing the training base of country vocational technical education; (7)
Strengthen self-building, improve the competitiveness of rural vocational and technical education; (8) Advance the reform of related system; protect the healthy development of rural vocational and technical education.In the course of rural economy development and structural adjustment, peasants' own qualities get constant improvement. Peasants themselves have split up. The rural vocational education is an important way to improve peasant quality. Compared with the unceasing improvement of peasants' quality at present, the rural vocational education appears downward trend and it is difficult to meet peasants' demand that change quality. At present, the rural vocational education and peasants quality change exists great incompatibility, the factors that restrict the development of the rural vocational education are in many aspects 0 So, in new period, we should explore really and effectively the potentiality of demand, bring about a leap advance in the rural vocational education, give play to its main way function in solving the problem of " three agriculture ", must emancipate the mind further and take various kinds of effective actions to solve fundamentally these problem.By studying on the relation between the change of peasants' quality and the rural vocational education, the reform and development of the rural vocational technical education is the need which meets the development of social economic of our country, the inherent demand for perfecting the education theory. It plays an important theory guidance function in order to build and construct the new rural system of vocational education and management of the education department and the decision level. Meanwhile, as to advancing quality-oriented education in an all-round way, realizing the overall well-off society, training socialist new-type peasants to meet the needs of modernization in the 21st century, it has very important realistic meanings.
随着我国改革开放的不断深入以及国际经济形势的巨大变化,我国农村在经济、社会、文化诸多方面发生了翻天覆地的变化,与经济发展多元化趋势相伴生的农民的素质也发生了分化,农民自身对提高素质的要求也越来越强烈,使得不同素质的农民对职业教育的需求层次与教学模式发生了显著变化,构筑了我国农村职业技术教育发展新的背景与环境主体。
本研究从分析农民素质变化入手,分析农村职业技术教育与农民素质变化之间的关系,探讨制约农村职业技术教育发展的因素等,并提出适应农民素质变化的农村职业技术教育发展的思路和对策,以期对我国农村职业技术教育的改革与发展有所裨益。
本文共分四个部分:
第一部分重点研究农民及农民素质变化。首先从农民和农民素质的基本概念入手,分析农民的内涵和范围,并进一步的分析农民的科学文化素质、思想道德素质、身体素质、心理素质的概念和在影响农民整体素质上的作用。其次,通过对农民素质与农村经济发展的关系分析,农民素质是影响农村经济发展的重要变量,农民素质的高低直接制约着农村经济的发展。表现为农民素质影响农业技术推广和技术进步;农民素质影响农业产业结构调整;农民素质影响农村剩余劳动力转移和农民的非农化;农民素质影响农民收入;农民素质影响农业产业化经营和传统农业向现代农业转变。第三由农民素质的演化过程分析来研究我国农民素质状况和农民的分化趋势。建国以来农民素质演变具有以下特点:文化素质明显提高,科技素质得到较大提高,经营素质迅速增强,思想道德素质水平不断提高,思想观念发生较大转变,农民身体素质得到很大改善,心理素质发生转变。改革开放以来,中国农民的分化明显加速,一是大量农民从土地上分离出来,从农业产业中分化出来和转向非农产业;二是原先具有相同农民身份的人们分化为带有明显不同特征的群体。
第二部分主要研究农村职业技术教育的内涵、现状及主要形式。通过对职业教育内涵的新发展和农村职业技术教育的新认识的探析,职业教育内涵呈现以下几个方面的变化:一是转变传统、狭义的职业教育和培训观念,确立包括职业教育、技术教育与培训
The 16~(th) National People's Congress put forward to the struggling aim of establishing a well-to-do society ail-roundly. For a country that has a great agricultural population, it needs great efforts to develop country labor resource to establish a well-to-do society ail-roundly. To finish this task, we need the cooperation among agricultural vocational education, elementary education and adult education. Among them, agricultural vocational education leads a very important role. At present, the basement of our agricultural vocational education is still weak. It is unfit for the need of great efforts to develop country labor resource.With the constant thorough reform and opening up and the great changes of international economical situation, a world-shaking change has changed in many aspects like economy, society and culture, etc. in our country. The farmers' quality that gets along with the trend of diverse economical development appears differentiation, too. Farmers' own requirement for improving quality becomes stronger and stronger. This makes the farmers with different qualities change obviously in the need levels of vocational education and teaching mode. It constructs the new background and environmental main body for the development of our country vocational technical education.From the point of analyzing the changes of farmers' qualities, the article analyzes the relationship between country vocational technical education and the changes of farmers' qualities and talks about the factors that restrict the development of country vocational technical education. And it puts forward to the thoughts and countermeasures about the development of country vocational technical education that adapt to the changes of farmers' qualities in order that it will be helpful for the reform and development of our country vocational technical education.The article is divided into four parts:In the first part, the changes of farmers and their qualities are mainly studied. First of all, farmer's intension and scope are analyzed according to the concept of farmers and their qualities. The concept of farmers' scientific and cultural qualities, thought and moral qualities, physical qualities, psychological qualities is further analyzed as well as the effect on influencing farmers' whole qualities. On the other hand, by analyzing the relationship. Between farmer's quality and the economic development of the countryside, we realize that
farmer's quality is an important variable in influencing the economic development of the countryside. That fanner quality is high or low directly influences the economic development of the countryside. For example: fanner quality influences agricultural technology spreading and technology improvement. It also influences the regulation of agriculture industry structure. It also influences the transformation of the surplus labor forces in the countryside and farmers and non-farmers transformation; It also influences farmer's income, industrial management in agriculture and transformation from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture. In the third aspect, through analyzing the process of changing, we want to analyze the conditions of farmer quality as well as the breaking tendency of the farmers. There are three main characteristics in the changing process of farmers' quality since the establishment of the PRC. Cultural quality has been increased clearly; scientific quality has been increased greatly; marketing quality has been increased quickly and strongly, thought and moral qualities are increasing steadily. Thought ideas are changing greatly, physical quality of farmers has been improved greatly; psychological quality is also changing. Since the opening and reformation, the breaking of farmers has been fastened clearly. One of them is that a lot of farmers get away from their fields, their agricultural industry as well as the transformation from non-agricultural industry. The other is that many farmers with farmers' characters have become another group with different characters. Occupational technology education intension, present situations and main forms of the countryside are studied in the second part. By analyzing the new development and new knowledge of occupational education intension If the countryside, there are several changes in the occupational education intension in the countryside. One is that traditional, narrow occupational education and training ideas must be changed. A grand idea of occupational education, technology education as well as training must be established.In the second part, occupational technology education must be changed from formal education in schools to an important part of the whole-life education. The third is that occupational technology education is no longer the narrow education of emphasizing occupation and technology training; it has been changed into an all-round education regarding the development If nation, society and person. Steadily as the basic starting point. The fourth is to relocate government and other benefit persons in occupational education. The fifth is that occupational education has become an important part in the sustained development strategy. The sixth is that international cooperation tendency is clear.
Occupational education in the countryside is relocated in the new situation. It is presented on the new situation that occupational education on the countryside should be personal, multi-structure education with cultivating ability as the main idea as well as various whole-life education. At the same time, the conditions as well as main forms in the occupational technology education in the countryside has been analyzed. Forms features advantages and shortcomings of regular occupational education, non-regular occupational education, and informal occupational education have been analyzed and studied here systemically.In the third part, it mainly investigates and analyzes the requirement of farmers' quality change to country vocational education. It provided realistic base for the thoughts and countermeasures of the development of country vocational technical education, which is suitable for the changes of farmers' quality. The main problems which farmers' quality change and country vocational education face lie in: the incomplete country vocational educational system; the worse country vocational educational pertinence; uncultured and single educational contents; the rockbound special course setting; illegal educational structure; the single educational mode; the lag educational mode; the single recruiting objects; the illegal time arrangement; the non-expedite information communication, etc. All these are not adaptive to modern farmers' quality changes. Country vocational technical education can't adapt to the new situation of the country and its economical development and can't meet the needs of country market, talent market and the educates. At the same time, it analyzes the restricting factors of the development of country vocational technical education and provides the theory gist for reforming the shortages of country vocational technical education. In the fourth part, it mainly put forward to the thoughts and countermeasures of the development of country vocational technical education: (1) establishing complete laws and rules of country and vocational technical education; (2) quickening the structure adjustment to country vocational technical education, constructing multilevel and diverse country vocational technical educational system; (3) it is a necessary requirement making great efforts to develop higher vocational education which faces countryside; (4) strengthening investigation and research, carrying out planning "the three kinds of educations" as a whole and the combination among agriculture; (5) Launch peasant's job-transfer training and continue educating in a more cost-effective manner;(6) Optimizing educational resources, establishing and completing the training base of country vocational technical education; (7)
Strengthen self-building, improve the competitiveness of rural vocational and technical education; (8) Advance the reform of related system; protect the healthy development of rural vocational and technical education.In the course of rural economy development and structural adjustment, peasants' own qualities get constant improvement. Peasants themselves have split up. The rural vocational education is an important way to improve peasant quality. Compared with the unceasing improvement of peasants' quality at present, the rural vocational education appears downward trend and it is difficult to meet peasants' demand that change quality. At present, the rural vocational education and peasants quality change exists great incompatibility, the factors that restrict the development of the rural vocational education are in many aspects 0 So, in new period, we should explore really and effectively the potentiality of demand, bring about a leap advance in the rural vocational education, give play to its main way function in solving the problem of " three agriculture ", must emancipate the mind further and take various kinds of effective actions to solve fundamentally these problem.By studying on the relation between the change of peasants' quality and the rural vocational education, the reform and development of the rural vocational technical education is the need which meets the development of social economic of our country, the inherent demand for perfecting the education theory. It plays an important theory guidance function in order to build and construct the new rural system of vocational education and management of the education department and the decision level. Meanwhile, as to advancing quality-oriented education in an all-round way, realizing the overall well-off society, training socialist new-type peasants to meet the needs of modernization in the 21st century, it has very important realistic meanings.
引文
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