论惩罚性赔偿
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摘要
侵权和违约行为总是大量的存在于现实生活中,我们虽然无力根除这些现象,但是我们可以为侵权人和违约方设定损害赔偿责任,既可以抑制侵权与违约行为,也可以补偿受害者的损失。我国现行的民法对于损害赔偿责任的规定主要是补偿性赔偿原则,但是惩罚性赔偿原则——这种在英美法系国家损害赔偿法律制度实践有着积极作用的制度,正逐步影响着大陆法系国家,其适用范围也从侵权法领域扩展至合同法领域。惩罚性赔偿原则以其兼具补偿、惩罚、遏制等多重功能,弥补了补偿性赔偿原则适用的不足之处:在对受害者予以充分地补偿的同时,也对不法加害人予以严厉地制裁,从而在一定程度上遏制损害的再度发生。本文以商品房买卖为中心,围绕最高人民法院《关于审理商品房买卖合同纠纷案件适用法律若干问题的解释》中明确规定的五类购房者可以请求商品房的出卖人承担惩罚性赔偿责任的情形,研究了商品房买卖中适用惩罚性赔偿制度的一系列法律问题,并从法经济学的角度论述了商品房买卖中设置惩罚性赔偿制度的合理性及其存在的意义。此外,笔者结合自己的司法实践,对于最高人民法院《关于审理商品房买卖合同纠纷案件适用法律若干问题的解释》的进行了深入解读,探讨了该解释在适用中一些具体问题,提出了具有操作性的解决方案。
本文共分四章,约3万5千字:第一章由惩罚性赔偿与相关基本概念研究出发,从损害赔偿的发生基本原因——侵权行为与违约行为着手,导入惩罚性赔偿及补偿性赔偿的概念,通过比较明晰惩罚性赔偿原则的特点,并着重从合同法领域中,阐述了惩罚性赔偿原则与补偿性赔偿原则的联系以及赔偿原则的确定问题。
Torts and breach occur inevitably. Though we could not eradicate such illegal actions, we could surely remedy the victims by specifying the damage liability of the infringer and the breach parties.The claim for damage within the framework of Civil law of P.R.China adheres to the principle of compensation. But the principle of punitive damages, which has been functioning well on the research and practice of damages institution in Anglo-American Law System, is exerting the influence on the Continental Law System. Also, its application extends from the torts area to the contract one. The principle of punitive damages make up the loopholes of the principle of compensation with the multiple functions including compensating, punishing and checking. It exerts severe punishment on the infringers as well as completely compensating the victims, so as to preventing the reoccurrence of the damages to some extent.With the focus on the dealing of real estate, this paper puts emphasis on the 5 clearly-specified circumstances adopted into the "Interpretation on the Legal Application to Cases Hearing of Real Estates Dealing Contract" by the Supreme Court, under which the purchasers could claim punitive damages against the sellers of real estates, and addresses a series of the legal issues concerning the application of the punitive compensation to the real estates dealings. Also, this paper puts forward the rationality and significance of punitive compensation institution adopted into the real estates dealing. Moreover, this paper, based on the writer's judicial practices, probes into the "Interpretation on the Legal Application to Cases Hearing of Real Estates
Dealing Contract" by the Supreme Court, discussing several legal issues and putting forward the proposals accordingly.This paper is comprised of 4 chapters, amounting to 35000 words.Chapter one, with the basis of analysis on the fundamental causation of damages, torts and breach, introduces the concepts of punitive damages and compensative damages. After analyzing the attributes of punitive damages, this paper addresses the relation between principles of punitive damages and compensative damages, and thereafter it discusses how we should apply the principal of punitive damages.Chapter two is the legal analysis on the punitive compensation institution. Viewing from its historical evolution and comparison between Anglo-American Law System and Continental Law System, this paper discusses in detail the origin of the punitive compensation, and then it analyzes the structure and fundamental functions including compensating, punishing and checking. After that, this paper makes case studies on the calculation standard and method of the punitive compensation.Chapter three is the economic analysis on the punitive compensation. Based on the economics theory of information asymmetry, this paper probes into the economic causation of frauds occurred in the real estates markets. With that, it puts forward the solution to the "Lemon Market" caused by the asymmetry, that is, the law could establish rules of punitive compensation to alter the anticipation of parties, thus achieve the consistency of justice and efficiency.Chapter four studies the law establishment of punitive compensation. After discussing two heatedly debated issues, this paper construes the current situation of legislation and analyzes the practical issues triggered by the "Interpretation on the Legal Application to Cases Hearing of Real Estates Dealing Contract". Then this paper, with the basis of studies on burden of proof and calculation of the punitive compensation, addresses some proposals to improve the institution of punitive compensation.
本文共分四章,约3万5千字:第一章由惩罚性赔偿与相关基本概念研究出发,从损害赔偿的发生基本原因——侵权行为与违约行为着手,导入惩罚性赔偿及补偿性赔偿的概念,通过比较明晰惩罚性赔偿原则的特点,并着重从合同法领域中,阐述了惩罚性赔偿原则与补偿性赔偿原则的联系以及赔偿原则的确定问题。
Torts and breach occur inevitably. Though we could not eradicate such illegal actions, we could surely remedy the victims by specifying the damage liability of the infringer and the breach parties.The claim for damage within the framework of Civil law of P.R.China adheres to the principle of compensation. But the principle of punitive damages, which has been functioning well on the research and practice of damages institution in Anglo-American Law System, is exerting the influence on the Continental Law System. Also, its application extends from the torts area to the contract one. The principle of punitive damages make up the loopholes of the principle of compensation with the multiple functions including compensating, punishing and checking. It exerts severe punishment on the infringers as well as completely compensating the victims, so as to preventing the reoccurrence of the damages to some extent.With the focus on the dealing of real estate, this paper puts emphasis on the 5 clearly-specified circumstances adopted into the "Interpretation on the Legal Application to Cases Hearing of Real Estates Dealing Contract" by the Supreme Court, under which the purchasers could claim punitive damages against the sellers of real estates, and addresses a series of the legal issues concerning the application of the punitive compensation to the real estates dealings. Also, this paper puts forward the rationality and significance of punitive compensation institution adopted into the real estates dealing. Moreover, this paper, based on the writer's judicial practices, probes into the "Interpretation on the Legal Application to Cases Hearing of Real Estates
Dealing Contract" by the Supreme Court, discussing several legal issues and putting forward the proposals accordingly.This paper is comprised of 4 chapters, amounting to 35000 words.Chapter one, with the basis of analysis on the fundamental causation of damages, torts and breach, introduces the concepts of punitive damages and compensative damages. After analyzing the attributes of punitive damages, this paper addresses the relation between principles of punitive damages and compensative damages, and thereafter it discusses how we should apply the principal of punitive damages.Chapter two is the legal analysis on the punitive compensation institution. Viewing from its historical evolution and comparison between Anglo-American Law System and Continental Law System, this paper discusses in detail the origin of the punitive compensation, and then it analyzes the structure and fundamental functions including compensating, punishing and checking. After that, this paper makes case studies on the calculation standard and method of the punitive compensation.Chapter three is the economic analysis on the punitive compensation. Based on the economics theory of information asymmetry, this paper probes into the economic causation of frauds occurred in the real estates markets. With that, it puts forward the solution to the "Lemon Market" caused by the asymmetry, that is, the law could establish rules of punitive compensation to alter the anticipation of parties, thus achieve the consistency of justice and efficiency.Chapter four studies the law establishment of punitive compensation. After discussing two heatedly debated issues, this paper construes the current situation of legislation and analyzes the practical issues triggered by the "Interpretation on the Legal Application to Cases Hearing of Real Estates Dealing Contract". Then this paper, with the basis of studies on burden of proof and calculation of the punitive compensation, addresses some proposals to improve the institution of punitive compensation.
引文
1.大卫·佛里德曼著:《经济学语境下的法律规则》,法律出版社,2004年。
2.迈克尔·D·贝勒斯著:《法律的原则——一个规范的分析》,中国大百科全书出版社,1996年。
3.莱奥·罗森贝克著:《证明责任论》,中国法制出版社,2002年。
4.罗伯特·考特、托马斯·尤伦著:《法和经济学》,上海三联书店、上海人民出版社,1995年。
5.勒内·达维德著:《当代主要法律体系》,上海译文出版社,1984年。
6.曼昆著:《经济学原理》,三联出版社,2000年。
7.塞缪尔·亨廷顿、劳伦斯·哈里森主编:《文化的重要作用》,新华出版社,2002年。
8.斯蒂格利茨著:《经济学》,中国人民大学出版社,1999年。
9.谢哲胜著:《财产法专题研究》(二),元照出版社,1999年。
10.曾世雄著:《损害赔偿法原理》,中国政法大学出版社,2001年。
11.江平主编:《民法学》,中国政法大学出版社,2000年。
12.梁慧星著:《民法学说判例与立法研究》,中国政法大学出版社,1993年。
13.陈耀东著:《商品房买卖法律问题专论》,法律出版社,2003年。
14.最高人民法院民事审判第一庭编著:最高人民法院《关于审理商品房买卖合同纠纷案件司法解释的理解与适用》,人民法院出版社,2003年。
15.张维迎著:《博弈论与信息经济学》,上海三联书店、上海人民出版社,1996年。
16.王成著:《侵权损害赔偿的经济分析》,中国人民大学出版社,2002年。
17.郭明瑞、房绍坤编著:《违约赔偿实务》,法律出版社,1998年。
18.杨立新、朱呈义、薛东方著:《精神损害赔偿》,人民法院出版社,2004年。
19.胡平著:《精神损害赔偿制度研究》,中国政法大学出版社,2003年版。
20.唐德华主编:最高人民法院《关于确定民事侵权精神损害赔偿责任若干问题的解释》的理解与适用,人民法院出版社,2001年。
21.张严方著:《消费者保护法研究》,法律出版社,2003年。
22.孙国华主编:《法的形成与运作原理》,法律出版社,2003年。
23.柴建国主编:《民商案件举证要点与调解技巧》,人民法院出版社,2003年。
24.牛凤瑞主编:《房地产蓝皮书——中国房地产发展报告》,社会科学文献出版社,2004年。
25.江伟主编:《民事诉讼法学原理》,中国人民大学出版社,1999年版。
26.杨立新主编:《侵权司法对策》,吉林人民出版社,2003年第2期。
27.高明华:“侵权与违约的经济学分析”,载《学习与探索》1999年第1期。
28.王利明:“惩罚性赔偿研究”,载《中国社会科学》,2000年第4期。
29.王卫国:“中国消费者保护法上的欺诈行为与惩罚性赔偿”,载《法学》,1998年第3期。
30.杨立新:“‘王海现象’的民法思考——论消费者权益保护中的惩罚性赔偿金”,载《河北法学》,1997年第5期。
31.刘荣军:“惩罚性损害赔偿与消费者保护”,载《现代法学》,1996年第5期。
32.张骐:“产品责任中的损害与损害赔偿——一个比较研究”,载《法制与社会发展》,1998年第4期。
33.徐海燕:“我国导入惩罚性赔偿制度的法学思考”,载《杭州师范学院学报(社会科学版)》,2004年第2期。
34.胡春秀:“试论我国建立惩罚性损害赔偿制度的必要性与可行性”,载《广西政法管理干部学报(广西法学)》,2000年第2期。
35.汪姜维:“资本能力主导房地产新局”,载《新财富》,2004年第10期。
36.王利明:“美国惩罚性赔偿制度研究”,载中国法学网。
37.张爱军:“惩罚性赔偿若干法律问题研究”,载法律图书馆网。
38.王立峰:“惩罚性赔偿的道德基础”,载中国民商法律网。
39.杨立新:“商品房买卖中的惩罚性赔偿”,载中国民商法律网。
40.高原:“论商品房买卖合同中的惩罚性赔偿”,载法律教育网。
41.韩世远:“消费者合同与惩罚性赔偿”,载中国民商法律网。
42.祁宏斌:“论商品房买卖纠纷中惩罚性赔偿责任”,载法律图书馆网。
2.迈克尔·D·贝勒斯著:《法律的原则——一个规范的分析》,中国大百科全书出版社,1996年。
3.莱奥·罗森贝克著:《证明责任论》,中国法制出版社,2002年。
4.罗伯特·考特、托马斯·尤伦著:《法和经济学》,上海三联书店、上海人民出版社,1995年。
5.勒内·达维德著:《当代主要法律体系》,上海译文出版社,1984年。
6.曼昆著:《经济学原理》,三联出版社,2000年。
7.塞缪尔·亨廷顿、劳伦斯·哈里森主编:《文化的重要作用》,新华出版社,2002年。
8.斯蒂格利茨著:《经济学》,中国人民大学出版社,1999年。
9.谢哲胜著:《财产法专题研究》(二),元照出版社,1999年。
10.曾世雄著:《损害赔偿法原理》,中国政法大学出版社,2001年。
11.江平主编:《民法学》,中国政法大学出版社,2000年。
12.梁慧星著:《民法学说判例与立法研究》,中国政法大学出版社,1993年。
13.陈耀东著:《商品房买卖法律问题专论》,法律出版社,2003年。
14.最高人民法院民事审判第一庭编著:最高人民法院《关于审理商品房买卖合同纠纷案件司法解释的理解与适用》,人民法院出版社,2003年。
15.张维迎著:《博弈论与信息经济学》,上海三联书店、上海人民出版社,1996年。
16.王成著:《侵权损害赔偿的经济分析》,中国人民大学出版社,2002年。
17.郭明瑞、房绍坤编著:《违约赔偿实务》,法律出版社,1998年。
18.杨立新、朱呈义、薛东方著:《精神损害赔偿》,人民法院出版社,2004年。
19.胡平著:《精神损害赔偿制度研究》,中国政法大学出版社,2003年版。
20.唐德华主编:最高人民法院《关于确定民事侵权精神损害赔偿责任若干问题的解释》的理解与适用,人民法院出版社,2001年。
21.张严方著:《消费者保护法研究》,法律出版社,2003年。
22.孙国华主编:《法的形成与运作原理》,法律出版社,2003年。
23.柴建国主编:《民商案件举证要点与调解技巧》,人民法院出版社,2003年。
24.牛凤瑞主编:《房地产蓝皮书——中国房地产发展报告》,社会科学文献出版社,2004年。
25.江伟主编:《民事诉讼法学原理》,中国人民大学出版社,1999年版。
26.杨立新主编:《侵权司法对策》,吉林人民出版社,2003年第2期。
27.高明华:“侵权与违约的经济学分析”,载《学习与探索》1999年第1期。
28.王利明:“惩罚性赔偿研究”,载《中国社会科学》,2000年第4期。
29.王卫国:“中国消费者保护法上的欺诈行为与惩罚性赔偿”,载《法学》,1998年第3期。
30.杨立新:“‘王海现象’的民法思考——论消费者权益保护中的惩罚性赔偿金”,载《河北法学》,1997年第5期。
31.刘荣军:“惩罚性损害赔偿与消费者保护”,载《现代法学》,1996年第5期。
32.张骐:“产品责任中的损害与损害赔偿——一个比较研究”,载《法制与社会发展》,1998年第4期。
33.徐海燕:“我国导入惩罚性赔偿制度的法学思考”,载《杭州师范学院学报(社会科学版)》,2004年第2期。
34.胡春秀:“试论我国建立惩罚性损害赔偿制度的必要性与可行性”,载《广西政法管理干部学报(广西法学)》,2000年第2期。
35.汪姜维:“资本能力主导房地产新局”,载《新财富》,2004年第10期。
36.王利明:“美国惩罚性赔偿制度研究”,载中国法学网。
37.张爱军:“惩罚性赔偿若干法律问题研究”,载法律图书馆网。
38.王立峰:“惩罚性赔偿的道德基础”,载中国民商法律网。
39.杨立新:“商品房买卖中的惩罚性赔偿”,载中国民商法律网。
40.高原:“论商品房买卖合同中的惩罚性赔偿”,载法律教育网。
41.韩世远:“消费者合同与惩罚性赔偿”,载中国民商法律网。
42.祁宏斌:“论商品房买卖纠纷中惩罚性赔偿责任”,载法律图书馆网。
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