氟苯尼考抗菌后效应及在鸡体内药物动力学研究
|
摘要
氟苯尼考是动物专用氯霉素类广谱抗菌药物,其抗菌活性明显优于氯霉素和甲砜霉素,对耐氯霉素和甲砜霉素的病原菌特别敏感,其临床应用日趋广泛。研究氟苯尼考的体外和体内PAE(Post-antibiotic effect,PAE)及药物动力学,旨在为其临床合理应用提供科学依据。
本研究测定了9种抗菌药物对禽多杀性巴氏杆菌(Pasteurella multocida 462 C 48-11)体外抗菌活性及氟苯尼考对禽多杀性巴氏杆菌的体外PAE、抗菌药后亚抑菌浓度效应(Post-antibiotic sub-MIC effect,PA-SME)、抗菌药亚抑菌浓度效应(Sub-MIC effect,SME)。并建立鸡皮下组织笼感染模型,以体外接触药物法研究了氟苯尼考对禽多杀性巴氏杆菌的体内PAE。通过探讨肉鸡内服氟苯尼考后的药物动力学特征,结合体内和体外PAE,设计氟苯尼考治疗禽巴氏杆菌病的给药方案。
采用试管二倍稀释法测定的氨苄西林、阿莫西林、卡那霉素、土霉素、多西环素、甲砜霉素、氟苯尼考、替米考星、诺氟沙星对禽多杀性巴氏杆菌的MIC依次为:0.125、0.125、2、128、32、8、0.5、2和0.125μg/mL。
以菌落计数法测定氟苯尼考对禽多杀性巴氏杆菌的PAE、PA-SME和SME,其范围分别为0.18～5.87h、1.66～24.2h和0.05～1.31h。药物浓度、细菌接种量及药物与细菌接触时间是影响PAE的重要因素。研究表明,在2～8MIC浓度范围内,PAE与药物浓度和接触时间呈正相关,与细菌接种量呈负相关。PA-SME受诱导PAE的药物浓度及亚抑菌药物浓度(Sub-MIC)的影响,提示临床上氟苯尼考可能具有比体外更长的体内PAE。
通过建立鸡皮下组织笼感染模型测定氟苯尼考的体内PAE,氟苯尼考以4MIC和8MIC浓度分别与禽多杀性巴氏杆菌接触1h,测定的体内PAE分别为1.20h和1.48h,同时测定的体外PAE为0.93h和1.17h。表明,氟苯尼考体内PAE长于体外PAE。
肉鸡单剂量(30mg/kg)内服氟苯尼考后,血药经时过程符合一级吸收一室开放模型,其方程为C=4.7804(e~(-0.1096t)-e~(-2.5858t))。主要药物动力学参数为:t_(1/2Ka)0.28±0.07h、t_(1/2Ke)6.42±0.83h、t_(max)1.32±0.26h、C_(max) 3.96±0.42μg/mL、AUC 42.41±7.50(μg/mL)h。表明,氟苯尼考在鸡体内吸收快,消除相对缓慢。
由氟苯尼考对禽多杀性巴氏杆菌的体外抗菌活牲,结合药物动力学参数及体内和体外PAE,提出鸡内服氟苯尼考的给药方案为1日1次,维持剂量30mg/kg b.w.。
Florfenicol, a fluorinated analogue of thiamphenicol and chloramphenicol, is a synthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic specially for veterinary use. Its structural modification confers advantages in antibacterial activity, particularly against pathogenic bacteria resistant to thiamphenicol and chloramphenicol. For its widely used in the future, PAE and pharmacokmetics of florfenicol were studied.The antibacterial activity of 9 kinds of antimicrobial agents against Pasteurella multocida (462 C48-11) in vitro was studied. And the post-antibiotic effects (PAEs), post-antibiotic Sub-MIC effects (PA-SMEs) and Sub-MIC effects (SMEs) of florfenicol against P. multocida were observed. The infected tissue cage models, for determining PAEs in vivo of florfenicol, had been developed in chickens. Florfenicol was orally administed to investigate its pharmacokinetic characteristics by using bioassay.Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Kanamycin, Oxytetracycline, Doxycycline, Thiamphenical, Florfenicol, Tilmicosin, Norfloxacin against P. multocida was detected by the two-fold dilution method in vitro. The results showed that MICs were 0.125, 0.125, 2, 128, 32, 8, 0.5, 2 and 0.125μg/mL, respectively.Florfenicol was exposured to P. multocida for 1 to 2h and removed, the viable bacteria were counted according to its growth on agar plate. PAEs, PA-SMEs and SMEs of florfenicol ranged from 0.18 to 5.87h, from 1.66h to 24.2h and from 0.05 to 1.31h. The results showed that PAEs were positively related to the drug concentrations in 2-8MIC and the time exposure to the bacteria, but negetively to the inoculum size. The results of florfenicol demonstrated that PA-SMEs were longer than PAEs in the same inducement concentration.The infected tissue cage model, developed by implanting two plastic tissue cages in chicken's subcutaneous tissue, was used to determine PAEs of florfenicol against P. multocida in vivo after the exposure to the drug in vitro for lh. The results showed that PAEs of 4MIC and 8MIC were 1.20 and 1.48h in vivo, 0.93 and 1.17h in vitro, respectively.The pharmacokinetics showed that the concentration course of florfenicol in serum following its oral administration (30mg/kg) in chicken can be described by one-compartment open model with first-order absorption. The equation was shown below: C=4.7804(e~0.1096t-e~-2.5858t). The primary parameters were as follows: t_1/2Ka 0.28±0.07h, 6.42±0.83h, tmax 1.32±0.26h, Cmax 3.96±0.42ug/mL, AUC 42.41 ±7.50 (μg/mL)h.
The results showed that florfenicol is can be absorbed quickly, the elimination half life is long.Binding the pharmacokinetic characteristics of florfenicol following its oral administration and the PAE in vitro and in vivo, the ideal dosage regime is suggested that chicken can take florfenicol once daily with oral administration of 30mg/kg b.w..
本研究测定了9种抗菌药物对禽多杀性巴氏杆菌(Pasteurella multocida 462 C 48-11)体外抗菌活性及氟苯尼考对禽多杀性巴氏杆菌的体外PAE、抗菌药后亚抑菌浓度效应(Post-antibiotic sub-MIC effect,PA-SME)、抗菌药亚抑菌浓度效应(Sub-MIC effect,SME)。并建立鸡皮下组织笼感染模型,以体外接触药物法研究了氟苯尼考对禽多杀性巴氏杆菌的体内PAE。通过探讨肉鸡内服氟苯尼考后的药物动力学特征,结合体内和体外PAE,设计氟苯尼考治疗禽巴氏杆菌病的给药方案。
采用试管二倍稀释法测定的氨苄西林、阿莫西林、卡那霉素、土霉素、多西环素、甲砜霉素、氟苯尼考、替米考星、诺氟沙星对禽多杀性巴氏杆菌的MIC依次为:0.125、0.125、2、128、32、8、0.5、2和0.125μg/mL。
以菌落计数法测定氟苯尼考对禽多杀性巴氏杆菌的PAE、PA-SME和SME,其范围分别为0.18～5.87h、1.66～24.2h和0.05～1.31h。药物浓度、细菌接种量及药物与细菌接触时间是影响PAE的重要因素。研究表明,在2～8MIC浓度范围内,PAE与药物浓度和接触时间呈正相关,与细菌接种量呈负相关。PA-SME受诱导PAE的药物浓度及亚抑菌药物浓度(Sub-MIC)的影响,提示临床上氟苯尼考可能具有比体外更长的体内PAE。
通过建立鸡皮下组织笼感染模型测定氟苯尼考的体内PAE,氟苯尼考以4MIC和8MIC浓度分别与禽多杀性巴氏杆菌接触1h,测定的体内PAE分别为1.20h和1.48h,同时测定的体外PAE为0.93h和1.17h。表明,氟苯尼考体内PAE长于体外PAE。
肉鸡单剂量(30mg/kg)内服氟苯尼考后,血药经时过程符合一级吸收一室开放模型,其方程为C=4.7804(e~(-0.1096t)-e~(-2.5858t))。主要药物动力学参数为:t_(1/2Ka)0.28±0.07h、t_(1/2Ke)6.42±0.83h、t_(max)1.32±0.26h、C_(max) 3.96±0.42μg/mL、AUC 42.41±7.50(μg/mL)h。表明,氟苯尼考在鸡体内吸收快,消除相对缓慢。
由氟苯尼考对禽多杀性巴氏杆菌的体外抗菌活牲,结合药物动力学参数及体内和体外PAE,提出鸡内服氟苯尼考的给药方案为1日1次,维持剂量30mg/kg b.w.。
Florfenicol, a fluorinated analogue of thiamphenicol and chloramphenicol, is a synthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic specially for veterinary use. Its structural modification confers advantages in antibacterial activity, particularly against pathogenic bacteria resistant to thiamphenicol and chloramphenicol. For its widely used in the future, PAE and pharmacokmetics of florfenicol were studied.The antibacterial activity of 9 kinds of antimicrobial agents against Pasteurella multocida (462 C48-11) in vitro was studied. And the post-antibiotic effects (PAEs), post-antibiotic Sub-MIC effects (PA-SMEs) and Sub-MIC effects (SMEs) of florfenicol against P. multocida were observed. The infected tissue cage models, for determining PAEs in vivo of florfenicol, had been developed in chickens. Florfenicol was orally administed to investigate its pharmacokinetic characteristics by using bioassay.Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Kanamycin, Oxytetracycline, Doxycycline, Thiamphenical, Florfenicol, Tilmicosin, Norfloxacin against P. multocida was detected by the two-fold dilution method in vitro. The results showed that MICs were 0.125, 0.125, 2, 128, 32, 8, 0.5, 2 and 0.125μg/mL, respectively.Florfenicol was exposured to P. multocida for 1 to 2h and removed, the viable bacteria were counted according to its growth on agar plate. PAEs, PA-SMEs and SMEs of florfenicol ranged from 0.18 to 5.87h, from 1.66h to 24.2h and from 0.05 to 1.31h. The results showed that PAEs were positively related to the drug concentrations in 2-8MIC and the time exposure to the bacteria, but negetively to the inoculum size. The results of florfenicol demonstrated that PA-SMEs were longer than PAEs in the same inducement concentration.The infected tissue cage model, developed by implanting two plastic tissue cages in chicken's subcutaneous tissue, was used to determine PAEs of florfenicol against P. multocida in vivo after the exposure to the drug in vitro for lh. The results showed that PAEs of 4MIC and 8MIC were 1.20 and 1.48h in vivo, 0.93 and 1.17h in vitro, respectively.The pharmacokinetics showed that the concentration course of florfenicol in serum following its oral administration (30mg/kg) in chicken can be described by one-compartment open model with first-order absorption. The equation was shown below: C=4.7804(e~0.1096t-e~-2.5858t). The primary parameters were as follows: t_1/2Ka 0.28±0.07h, 6.42±0.83h, tmax 1.32±0.26h, Cmax 3.96±0.42ug/mL, AUC 42.41 ±7.50 (μg/mL)h.
The results showed that florfenicol is can be absorbed quickly, the elimination half life is long.Binding the pharmacokinetic characteristics of florfenicol following its oral administration and the PAE in vitro and in vivo, the ideal dosage regime is suggested that chicken can take florfenicol once daily with oral administration of 30mg/kg b.w..
引文
1.卜仕金,蒋志伟,郑月华,褚德明.氟甲砜霉素对实验性鸡巴氏杆菌德药效研究.中国家禽,1998,20(12):13-14
2.马季娜,雷振之.亚胺培南/西司他丁的抗生素后效应及其影响因素的研究.中国抗生素杂志,1998,23(6):443-448
3.中华人民共和国卫生部药典委员会.中华人民共和国药典(二部).北京:化学工业出版社,人民卫生出版社,1990,附录:113-116
4.方翼,王睿.β-内酰胺类药物抗生素后效应研究概况.中国医院药学杂志,1998,18(4):170
5.王小莺,刘忠紫,邓衔柏,韩晓萍,付小伟.氟甲砜霉素与氯霉素抗菌作用比较.江西畜牧兽医杂志,2002,(1):8
6.王丽平,江善祥,史晓丽,陈绍峰.替米考星的体外抑菌试验和其磷酸盐预混剂对鸡慢性呼吸道病的疗效试验.中国兽医科技,2003,33(9):54—58
7.王志强,陈杖榴,方炳虎,谭滇湘.兽用氟喹诺酮类在猪体内外抗菌后效应初报.畜牧兽医学报,2002,33(5):477-481
8.王志强,陈杖榴.兽用氟喹诺酮类的抗菌后效应、抗菌后亚抑制浓度效应、亚抑制浓度效应.中国兽药杂志,2001,35(5):13-17
9.王浴生.抗菌药后效应及其临床意义.中国抗菌药杂志,1996,4(21):306-315
10.王睿,刘卫.氧氟沙星与哌拉西林单用或联合应用的抗生素后效应.中国抗生素杂志,1993,18(5):383-386
11.王睿,刘板阳,周亮,方翼,陈迁,刘庆锋.阿莫西林与庆大霉素或奈瞀米星联合应用PAE的比较.中国临床药理学与治疗学杂志,1997,2(1):13-16
12.王睿,方翼,陈迁.20种抗菌药物对金葡球菌PAE的研究.中国抗生素杂志,1999,2(24):109-112
13.刘庆锋.大环内酯类药物抗生素后效应.国外医学;抗生素分册,1997,18(3):229-232
14.刘远飞.氟喹诺酮类抗菌药后效应及其机制的研究.哈尔滨:东北农业大学,年份2002:
15.刘涤洁,陈杖榴,冯淇辉.恩诺沙星和环丙沙星对金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌药后效应及抗菌后亚抑菌浓度效应.中国兽医学报,2002,22(3):276-278
16.朱汝锦.司帕沙星和环丙沙星对绿脓杆菌和粪肠球菌体外抗生素效应.国外医学抗生素分册,1995,11(6):450-456
17.吴先爱,沈建忠,胡顶飞,刘金凤.静注与内服氟苯尼考在大肠杆菌感染肉鸡体内的药代动力学.中国兽医学报,2002,22(6):609-611
18.南京药学院药剂学教研组编著.药剂学.北京:人民卫生出版社,1985:66-67
19.张治锬.抗生素药品检验.北京:人民卫生出版社,1997:18
20.张秀英,丛霞,邹水.氟喹诺酮类药物对鸡常见病原菌的体外抑菌活性试验.畜牧与兽医,2000,12(6):19-2
21.李秀波,石波,梁萍.新型广谱抗菌素—氟苯尼考.国外畜牧科技,1999,26(3):50-52
22.李秀波,沈建忠,胡顶飞.氟苯尼考静注及肌注在绵羊体内的药代动力学研究.畜牧兽医学报,2003,34(6):609-613
23.李宏胜,张继瑜,李剑勇,胡振英,周旭正,李金善,董鹏程,苗小楼,徐忠赞,张占峰,孙国栋,李金书.替米考星对畜禽常见病原菌体外抑菌活性的研究.中兽医医学杂志,2004,4(3):3-4
24.李显志,王浴生.抗生索抗菌后效作用的研究.国外医药;抗生素分册,1990,11(6):439-444
25.邱银生,吴佳.兽用广谱药物氟苯尼考.中国兽药杂志,1996,30(2):47-48
26.杨桂香,邓国东,邹明,曾振灵,陈杖榴.氟甲砜霉素的急性毒性和亚慢性毒性试验.中国兽医学报,2000,20(3):275-278
27.杨鸿,陆英杰,王敏儒,邓桦,刘崇春,梁雷智,林慕群.氟甲砜霉素对鸭大肠杆菌病的疗效研究.中国家禽,2002,24(22):9-11
28.陈杖榴主编.兽医药理学.北京:中国农业出版社,2002:196
29.陈秀枢,李有武,孙长贵.体外抗菌素后效应的方法学及其对临床金黄色葡萄的研究.临床检验杂志,1991,9(2):58-62
30.周亮,王睿.阿莫西林与庆大霉素联合应用后效应的研究.安微医科大学学报,1997,32(4):397-376
31.郑钧镛,王光宝.药品微生物学及检测技术.北京:人民卫生出版社,1989:364—388
32.段传可,吴文蓉.环丙沙星和二氟沙星对大肠杆菌和金葡球菌的体外抗菌药后效应.中国抗生素杂志,1995,20(5):376-378
33.胡功政,苑丽,刘智明,王升运、王付民.氟苯尼考及其与多西环素联合的体外抗菌作用.中国兽医学报,2004,24(4):379-383
34.胡顶飞,沈建忠,吴先爱.氟苯尼考静注及肌注在鸡体内药代动力学研究.畜牧兽医学报,2002,33(4):384-388
35.胡振英,张新国,尚若锋,徐忠赞,李世宏,宋中枢,刘俊平,张钧仁,王多幅.猪肌注硫酸安普霉素的血清浓度测定.中国兽药杂志,2000,19(5):6-8
36.宵灿鹏 余江河 徐旭东 汪辉.氟罗沙星注射液的体内、外抗菌活性研究.中国药科大学学报,1997,28(5):305-309
37.徐元宏,吕雄文,彭磊,李元海,葛金芳,李俊.微生物法测定血浆中罗红霉素.安徽医药,2003,7(6):542-543
38.徐玉红,张华安.抗生素后效应及其临床意义.中国医院药学杂志,1996,16(12):543-544
39.徐叔云,卞如濂,陈修主编.药理实验方法学.北京:人民卫生出版社,1982:1063-1082
40.郭涛.氨基糖苷类的抗生素后效应及新给药方案.药学实践杂志,1996,14(4):206-209
41.傅得兴,谭玲.抗生素后效应及其临床意义.中国医院医学杂志,1997,17(8):349-350
42.曾振灵,宋治萍,杨贵香,叶启微,陈杖榴.氟苯尼考与氯霉素对鸡大肠杆菌病的疗效比较.中国兽医科技,2001,31(8):25-27
43.董景之.抗生素后效应.天津药学,1997,9(3):12-16
44.戴自英,刘裕昆,汪复.实用抗菌药物学.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1998:7
45. Abd El-Aty A M, Goudah A, Abo El-Sooud K, El-Zorba HY, Shimoda M, Zhou HH. Pharmacokinetics and Bioavailability of florfenicol following intravenous, intramuscular and oral administrations in rabbits. Veterinary Research Communications, 2004, 28(6): 515-524
46. Afifi N A, Abo el-Sooud K A. Tissue concentrations and pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci, 1997, 38(4): 425-428
47. Bush L M, Boscia J A, Kaye D. Daptomycin (LY1444632) treatment of experimental enterococcal endocarditis. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 1988, (32): 877
48. Cosgrove S B, Johnson J C, simmons R D & Katz T L. In vivo and vitro efficacy of florfenicol for the treatment of infectious bovine pododermatitis. Medicina Vetemaria, 1999, 16(7-8): 377-386
49. Craig W A, Vogelman B, Williams S. The postantibiotic effect. Ann Intern Med, 1987, (106): 900
50. Craig W A. Postantibiotic effects in experimental infection models: relationship to in vitro phenomena treatment of infections in man. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 1993, 31 (suppl D): 149-158
51. El-Banna H A. Pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in normal and PasteurelIa infected Muscovy ducks. Br Poult Sci, 1998, 39(4): 492-496
52. Ellis L C, Benson C A, Koenig G I. Postantibiotic effect of clarithromycin alone and combined with ethambutol against Mycobacterium Complex. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 1995, ( ): 2803
53. Fantin B, Ebert S, Leggett J, Vogelman B, Craig W A. Factors affecting duration of in-vivo postantibiotic effect for aminoglycosides against gram-negative bacilli. Antimicrob Chemother, 1991, 27(6): 829-836
54. Fioga M, Mackenzie I M, Gould D G, Chapman and David J. Post-antibiotic effect of meropenem on members of the family enterobacteriaceae determined by five methods. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 1994, 38(11): 2583-2589
55. Fuursted D, Knudsen D, Petersen M B. Comparative study of bactericidal activity postantibiotic effects and effects on bacterial virulence of Penicillin G and six Macrolides against Streptococcus pneumonie. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 1997a,4(41): 781-784
56. Fuursted K. Postexposure factors influencing the duration of postantibiotic effect: Significance of Temperature, pH, Cations and Oxygen Tension. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 1997b, 8(41): 1693-1696
57. George G A, Zhanel G G, Hoban D J. Pharmacokinetic contributions to Postantibiotic effect Focus on Aminoglycosides. Clin Pharmacokinet, 1994, 27(5): 377-392
58. Gicquel M, Sanders P. Post-antibiotic effects of enrofloxacin on respiratory pathogens in pig: Pasteurella multocida, Bordetella bronchiseptica and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Vet Pharmacol therap, 1997, (2): 21-36
59. Gottfredsson M, Erlendsdottir H, Kolka R, Gudmundsson S. Metabolic and ultrastructural effects induced by ciprofloxacin in staphylococcus aureus during the postantibiotic effect phase. Scand J Inf Dis, Suppl, 1990, (74): 124-128
60. Gottfredsson M, Erlendsdottir H, Gudmundsson A, Gudmunsson S. Different patterns of bacterial DNA synthesis during postantibiotic effect. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1995, 7(4): 311-337
61. Graham R, Palmer D, Pratt B C, Hart C A. In vitro activity of florfenicol. Eur J Clin Microbiol infect Dis, 1988, 7(5): 691-694
62. Gudmundsson A. Impact of pH and cationic supplement action on in vitro postantibiotic effect. Antimicrob Agent Chemother, 1991, 35(12): 2617-2624
63. Gudmundsson S, Einarsson S, Erlendsdittir H, Gottfredsson M. The postantibiotic effect of antimicrobial combination sinaneutro penic murine thing infection model. J Antimicrob Chemother, 1993, 31(SupplD): 177
64. Hanberger H, Nilsson L E, Kihlstron E K, Mallar R. Postantibiotic effect of β-Lactam antibiotics on Escherichia coli evaluated by bioluminescence, Assay of bacterial ATP. Agents and Chemotherapy, 1990, 1(34): 102-106
65. Harrs V D, Lockwood P W. Efficacy of florfenicol in the treatment of bovine respiratory disease-rosults of clinical trials in Europe. Praktische Tierarzt, 1995, 76(9):803-807
66. Hektoen H, Beige J A, Hormazabal V&Yndestad M. Persistence of antibacterial agents in marine sediments. Aquaculture, 1995, 133(3-4): 175-184
61. Hessen M T, Pitsakis P G, Levison M E. Absence of a postantibiotic effect in experimental Pseudonmonasen-docarditis treated with imipenem with or without gentamicin. J Infect Dis, 1988, 3(158): 542-548
68. Hessen M T, Pitsakis P G, Levison M E. Postantibiotic effect of penicillin plus gentamicin versus Enterococcus faecalis in vitro and in vivo. Antimicrobial Agents Chemotherapy, 1989, 33(5): 608-611
69. Ho S P, Hsu T Y. Antibacterial effect of chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol and florfenicol against aquatic animal bacteria. Vet Med Sci, 2000, 62(5): 479-485
70. Horsberg T E, Hoff K A, Nordmo R. Pharmacokinetics of florfenicol and its metabolite florfenicol amine in Atlantic salmon. Jounal of Aquaife Animal Health, 1996, (8): 292-301
71. Isaksson B, Nilsson L, Mailer R, Soren L. Postantibiotic effect of aminoglycosides on gtam-negative bacteria evaluated by a new method. Journal of Antimcrobial Chemotherapy, 1988,22(1): 23-33
72. Jian Zhong S, Xiu bo, L, Hai yang J, Walter H H. Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in healthy sheep. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2004,27(3): 163-168
73. Jong-hwan L, Hyo-in Yan. Postantibiotic effects and postantibiotic sub-MIC effects of erythromycin, roxithromycin, tilmicosin, and tylosin on Pasteurella multocida. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 2001, (17): 471-476
74. Licata L, Smith C, Goldschmidt M R. Comparison of the postantibiotic and postantibiotic Sub-MIC effects of levoptococcus and ciprofloxacin on Staphylococcus aureaus and Streptococcus pneumonide. Antimicrob Agent Chemother, 1997, (41):950-955.
75. Lockwood PWD, Katz TMS. Clinical efficacy of florfenicol in the treatment of shipping fever in cattle in the U.S.A. Medicina Vetertfiaria, 1996, 13(1): 34-38
76. M Atef, A Y El-Gendi, A M M Amer and A M Abd El-Aty. Disposition kinetics of florfenicol in goats by using two analytical methods. Vet. Med, 2001, (A 48):129-136
77. Mackenzie F M, Gould I M. The postantibiotic effect. Antimicro Chemother, 1993,(32): 519
78. Mackenzie F M, Gould I M, Champman D G Comparison of methodologies used in assessing the postantibiotic effect. Antimicrob Chemother, 1994, (34): 223
79. Madelenat A, Debadie J P, Lockwood P. The efficacy of florfenicol compared with that of longacting spiramycin, both combined with funixin meglumine for treating bovine respiratory disease in veal calves. Recueil de Medicine Veterinaire, 1997, (4-5-6): 113-119
80. Magnus G, Helga E, Sigrdur G. Quantitation of Postantibiotic effect by measuring CO_2 generation of bacteria with the BACTEC Blood culture system. Antimicrobisl Agents and Chemotherapy, 1991, ( ): 2658
81. Magnus G, Helga E, Adaksteinn G. Different pattemts of bacterisl DNA synthesis during postantibiotic effect. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 1995, ( ): 1314
82. McDonald P J, Craig W A, Kunin C M. Persistent effect of antibiotics on Staphylococcus aureus after exposure for limited periods of time. Infect Dis, 1977, 135(2): 217-223
83. McDonald P J, Wetherall B L, Pruul H. Postantibiotic leukocyte enhancement: increased susceptibility of bacteria pretreated with antibiotics to activity of leukocytes. Rev Infect Dis, 1981, 3(1): 38-44
84. M R Martinez-Larranaga, A Rios, M A Martenez, M Martinez, G Isea and A Anadon. Oral bioavailability of florfenicol and its metabolite florfenicol amine in chickens. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2003, 26(Supplement 1): 115
85. Nadler H L, Pitkin D H, Sheikh W. The postantibiotic effect of meropenem and imipenem on selected bacteria. J Antimicrob Chemother, 1989, 24(Suppl A): 225
86. Nordmon R, Varma K J, Sutherland I H, Brokken E S. Florfenicol in Atlantic Salmon, Salmo Salar L: field evaluation of efficacy furunculosis in Norway, Journal of Fish Diseases, 1994, 17(3): 239-244
87. Odenholt T I, Holm S E, Cars O. An in vivo model for evaluation of the postantibiotic effect. Scand Infect Dis, 1988, (20): 97-103
88. Odenholt T I, Holm S E, Cars O. Effects of supra and sub-MIC benzylpenicillin concentrations on group A β-haemolytic Streptococci during the postantibiotic phase in vivo. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 1990, (26): 193-201
89. Odenholt T I, Lowdin E, Cars O. Postantibiotic sub-MIC effect of vancomycin, roxithromycin, sparfloxacin and amikacin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1992, 36(9): 1852-1858
90. Odenholt T I, Lovodin E, Cars O. Postantibiotic effects and postantibiotic sub-MIC effects of roxithromyxin, clarithromycin and azithromycin on respiratory tract pothogens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1995, 39(1): 221
91. Paape M J, Miller R H. Effects of florfenicol, chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol on phagocytosis, chemiluminescence and morphology of bovine polymorphonuclear neutriphil leulcocytes. Journal of Dairy Science, 1990, (73): 1734-1744
92. Ragbeb H S. Effect of volume of solution percylinder on estimation of antibioticpotency in diffusion assay. Assoc Ossoc Off Anal chern,1988, 71(5):
??1071-1074
93. Ramadan M A, Taufik A F, Shibl A M. Postantibiotic effect of azithramycin and trythromycin on Streptococcal susceptilility to phayocytosis Med Microbiol, 1995,39(1): 221
94. Renneberg J, Walder M. Postantibiotic effects of Imipenem, Norfloxacin and Amikacin in vitro and in vivo. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 1989,10(33):1714-1720
95. Rescott D L, Nix D E, Haden P, Schentag J J. Comparison of the two methods for determining in vitro postantibiotic effects of three antibiotics on Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1988, 32(4): 450-453
96. Rescott D L, Nix D E, Haden P. Postantibiotic effect of imipenen, norfloxin and amikacin in vitro and in vivo. Antimicro Agents Chemother, 1989, (33): 1714
97. Sander P. Gicquel M, Bousquet E. Postantibiotic effects of doxycycline on a respiratory pathogen in pig Pasteurella multocida, J Vetpharmacol Therap, 1997, (20):21-86
98. Shen J, Hu D, Wu X, Coats J R. Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in broiler chickens. Vet Pharmacol. Therap, 2003, (26): 337-341
99. Shin S J, Kang S G, Nabin R, Kang, M L, Yoo H S. Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of florfenicol against bacteria isolated from bovine and porcine respiratory disease. Veterinary Microbiology, 2005,106 (1-2): 73-77
100.Shojace M, Minguez F, Mailer R. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic inter-relationship of antibacterial drugs. J vet pharmacol Therap, 1997,20(suppl): 14
101.Sieroslawska A, Studnicka M, Siwickl AK. Antibiotics and call-mediated immunity in fish in vitro study. Anta Veterinaria Brno, 1998, 67(4): 329-334
102.Spangler S K, Lin G, Jacobs M R. Postantibiotic effect and postantibiotic sub-MIC effect of levofloxacin, Azithromycin and clarityromycin against 20 Pneumococci. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 1998, 5(42): 1252-1255
103.Spivey J M. The postantibiotic effect, clin Pharm, 1992,11(10): 865
104.Thyssen A, Ollevier F. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida to 15 different antimicrobial agents. Aquaculture, 2001,200(3-4): 259-269
105.Syriopoulou VP, Harding AL, Goldmann DA and Smhf AI. In vitro antibacterial activity of fluorinated analogs of chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol. Antimicrobial Agents and chemotherapy, 1981, (19): 294-297
106.Tian Y, Aarestrup F M, Lu C P. Characterization of Streptococcus suis serotype 7 isolates from diseased pigs in Denmark. Veterinary Microbiology, 2004, 103(5):
55-62
107.Torkildsen L, Samuelsen 0 B, Lunestad B T, Bergh 0. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of chloramphenicol, florfenicol, trimethoprim/sulfadiazine and flumequine in seawater of bacteria associated with scallops (Pecten maximus) larvae. Aquaculture, 2000, 185(1-2): 1-12
108.Turnidge J D, Gudmundsson S, Vogelman B, Craig W A. The postantibiotic effect of antifungal agents against common pathogenic yeasts. Antimicrob Chemother, 1994, 34(1): 83-92
109.Ueda Y, Ohtsuki S, Narukawa N. Efficacy of fiorfenicol on experimental Actinobacillus pleuropneumonial in pigs. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 1995a, 57(2): 261-265
110.Ueda Y, Suenaga I. In vitro antibacterial activity of fiorfenicol against Actinobacillus pleuropneumonial. Journal of Veterinary Medic of Science, 1995b, 57(2): 365-366
111 .Villa R. Pharmacological and toxicological profile of fiorfenicol. A new phenicolic derivative, 1996, 13(8): 8
112.Vogelman B, Gudmundsson S, Turnidge J, Leggett J, Craig W A. In vivo postantibiotic effect in a thigh infection in neutropenic mice. Infect Dis, 1988a, 157(2): 287-298
113.Vogelman B, Gudmundsson S, Leggett J, Turnidge J, Ebert S, Craig W A. Correlation of antimicrobial pharmacokinetic parameters with therapeutic efficacy in an animal model. Infect Dis, 1988b, 158(4): 831-847
114.Vogelman B, Gudmyndsson S, Gilbert D N. In vivo PAE in a thigh infection in natropenic mice. J infect D is, 1998, 157(2): 298
115.Wallgren P, Segall T, Momer A P, Gumiarsson A. Experimental infection with Actinobacillus pleuropneumonial in pigs-Ⅱ. Comparison of antibiotics for oral strategic treatment. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Sedes B, 1999,46(4): 261-269
116.Webster C, Ghazanfar K, Slack R. Sub-inhibitory and postantibiotic effects of spiramycin and erythromycin on Staphylococcus arueus. J Antimicrob Chemother, 1998,22(suppl B):33
117. Wilson D J, Sears P M, Gonzales AN. Efficacy of fiorfenicol for treatment of clinical and subclinical bovine matitis. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 1996, 57(4):526-528
118.Yoshimura H, Takagi M, Ishimura M and Endoh YS. Comparative in vitro activity of 16 antimicrobial agents against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Veterinary Research Communication, 2002, 26(2): 11-19
119.Zhanel G G, Craig W A. Pharmacokinetic contributions to postantibiotic effects focus
?on aminoglycosides. Clin Pharmacokinet, 1994, 27(5): 377-392
2.马季娜,雷振之.亚胺培南/西司他丁的抗生素后效应及其影响因素的研究.中国抗生素杂志,1998,23(6):443-448
3.中华人民共和国卫生部药典委员会.中华人民共和国药典(二部).北京:化学工业出版社,人民卫生出版社,1990,附录:113-116
4.方翼,王睿.β-内酰胺类药物抗生素后效应研究概况.中国医院药学杂志,1998,18(4):170
5.王小莺,刘忠紫,邓衔柏,韩晓萍,付小伟.氟甲砜霉素与氯霉素抗菌作用比较.江西畜牧兽医杂志,2002,(1):8
6.王丽平,江善祥,史晓丽,陈绍峰.替米考星的体外抑菌试验和其磷酸盐预混剂对鸡慢性呼吸道病的疗效试验.中国兽医科技,2003,33(9):54—58
7.王志强,陈杖榴,方炳虎,谭滇湘.兽用氟喹诺酮类在猪体内外抗菌后效应初报.畜牧兽医学报,2002,33(5):477-481
8.王志强,陈杖榴.兽用氟喹诺酮类的抗菌后效应、抗菌后亚抑制浓度效应、亚抑制浓度效应.中国兽药杂志,2001,35(5):13-17
9.王浴生.抗菌药后效应及其临床意义.中国抗菌药杂志,1996,4(21):306-315
10.王睿,刘卫.氧氟沙星与哌拉西林单用或联合应用的抗生素后效应.中国抗生素杂志,1993,18(5):383-386
11.王睿,刘板阳,周亮,方翼,陈迁,刘庆锋.阿莫西林与庆大霉素或奈瞀米星联合应用PAE的比较.中国临床药理学与治疗学杂志,1997,2(1):13-16
12.王睿,方翼,陈迁.20种抗菌药物对金葡球菌PAE的研究.中国抗生素杂志,1999,2(24):109-112
13.刘庆锋.大环内酯类药物抗生素后效应.国外医学;抗生素分册,1997,18(3):229-232
14.刘远飞.氟喹诺酮类抗菌药后效应及其机制的研究.哈尔滨:东北农业大学,年份2002:
15.刘涤洁,陈杖榴,冯淇辉.恩诺沙星和环丙沙星对金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌药后效应及抗菌后亚抑菌浓度效应.中国兽医学报,2002,22(3):276-278
16.朱汝锦.司帕沙星和环丙沙星对绿脓杆菌和粪肠球菌体外抗生素效应.国外医学抗生素分册,1995,11(6):450-456
17.吴先爱,沈建忠,胡顶飞,刘金凤.静注与内服氟苯尼考在大肠杆菌感染肉鸡体内的药代动力学.中国兽医学报,2002,22(6):609-611
18.南京药学院药剂学教研组编著.药剂学.北京:人民卫生出版社,1985:66-67
19.张治锬.抗生素药品检验.北京:人民卫生出版社,1997:18
20.张秀英,丛霞,邹水.氟喹诺酮类药物对鸡常见病原菌的体外抑菌活性试验.畜牧与兽医,2000,12(6):19-2
21.李秀波,石波,梁萍.新型广谱抗菌素—氟苯尼考.国外畜牧科技,1999,26(3):50-52
22.李秀波,沈建忠,胡顶飞.氟苯尼考静注及肌注在绵羊体内的药代动力学研究.畜牧兽医学报,2003,34(6):609-613
23.李宏胜,张继瑜,李剑勇,胡振英,周旭正,李金善,董鹏程,苗小楼,徐忠赞,张占峰,孙国栋,李金书.替米考星对畜禽常见病原菌体外抑菌活性的研究.中兽医医学杂志,2004,4(3):3-4
24.李显志,王浴生.抗生索抗菌后效作用的研究.国外医药;抗生素分册,1990,11(6):439-444
25.邱银生,吴佳.兽用广谱药物氟苯尼考.中国兽药杂志,1996,30(2):47-48
26.杨桂香,邓国东,邹明,曾振灵,陈杖榴.氟甲砜霉素的急性毒性和亚慢性毒性试验.中国兽医学报,2000,20(3):275-278
27.杨鸿,陆英杰,王敏儒,邓桦,刘崇春,梁雷智,林慕群.氟甲砜霉素对鸭大肠杆菌病的疗效研究.中国家禽,2002,24(22):9-11
28.陈杖榴主编.兽医药理学.北京:中国农业出版社,2002:196
29.陈秀枢,李有武,孙长贵.体外抗菌素后效应的方法学及其对临床金黄色葡萄的研究.临床检验杂志,1991,9(2):58-62
30.周亮,王睿.阿莫西林与庆大霉素联合应用后效应的研究.安微医科大学学报,1997,32(4):397-376
31.郑钧镛,王光宝.药品微生物学及检测技术.北京:人民卫生出版社,1989:364—388
32.段传可,吴文蓉.环丙沙星和二氟沙星对大肠杆菌和金葡球菌的体外抗菌药后效应.中国抗生素杂志,1995,20(5):376-378
33.胡功政,苑丽,刘智明,王升运、王付民.氟苯尼考及其与多西环素联合的体外抗菌作用.中国兽医学报,2004,24(4):379-383
34.胡顶飞,沈建忠,吴先爱.氟苯尼考静注及肌注在鸡体内药代动力学研究.畜牧兽医学报,2002,33(4):384-388
35.胡振英,张新国,尚若锋,徐忠赞,李世宏,宋中枢,刘俊平,张钧仁,王多幅.猪肌注硫酸安普霉素的血清浓度测定.中国兽药杂志,2000,19(5):6-8
36.宵灿鹏 余江河 徐旭东 汪辉.氟罗沙星注射液的体内、外抗菌活性研究.中国药科大学学报,1997,28(5):305-309
37.徐元宏,吕雄文,彭磊,李元海,葛金芳,李俊.微生物法测定血浆中罗红霉素.安徽医药,2003,7(6):542-543
38.徐玉红,张华安.抗生素后效应及其临床意义.中国医院药学杂志,1996,16(12):543-544
39.徐叔云,卞如濂,陈修主编.药理实验方法学.北京:人民卫生出版社,1982:1063-1082
40.郭涛.氨基糖苷类的抗生素后效应及新给药方案.药学实践杂志,1996,14(4):206-209
41.傅得兴,谭玲.抗生素后效应及其临床意义.中国医院医学杂志,1997,17(8):349-350
42.曾振灵,宋治萍,杨贵香,叶启微,陈杖榴.氟苯尼考与氯霉素对鸡大肠杆菌病的疗效比较.中国兽医科技,2001,31(8):25-27
43.董景之.抗生素后效应.天津药学,1997,9(3):12-16
44.戴自英,刘裕昆,汪复.实用抗菌药物学.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1998:7
45. Abd El-Aty A M, Goudah A, Abo El-Sooud K, El-Zorba HY, Shimoda M, Zhou HH. Pharmacokinetics and Bioavailability of florfenicol following intravenous, intramuscular and oral administrations in rabbits. Veterinary Research Communications, 2004, 28(6): 515-524
46. Afifi N A, Abo el-Sooud K A. Tissue concentrations and pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci, 1997, 38(4): 425-428
47. Bush L M, Boscia J A, Kaye D. Daptomycin (LY1444632) treatment of experimental enterococcal endocarditis. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 1988, (32): 877
48. Cosgrove S B, Johnson J C, simmons R D & Katz T L. In vivo and vitro efficacy of florfenicol for the treatment of infectious bovine pododermatitis. Medicina Vetemaria, 1999, 16(7-8): 377-386
49. Craig W A, Vogelman B, Williams S. The postantibiotic effect. Ann Intern Med, 1987, (106): 900
50. Craig W A. Postantibiotic effects in experimental infection models: relationship to in vitro phenomena treatment of infections in man. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 1993, 31 (suppl D): 149-158
51. El-Banna H A. Pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in normal and PasteurelIa infected Muscovy ducks. Br Poult Sci, 1998, 39(4): 492-496
52. Ellis L C, Benson C A, Koenig G I. Postantibiotic effect of clarithromycin alone and combined with ethambutol against Mycobacterium Complex. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 1995, ( ): 2803
53. Fantin B, Ebert S, Leggett J, Vogelman B, Craig W A. Factors affecting duration of in-vivo postantibiotic effect for aminoglycosides against gram-negative bacilli. Antimicrob Chemother, 1991, 27(6): 829-836
54. Fioga M, Mackenzie I M, Gould D G, Chapman and David J. Post-antibiotic effect of meropenem on members of the family enterobacteriaceae determined by five methods. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 1994, 38(11): 2583-2589
55. Fuursted D, Knudsen D, Petersen M B. Comparative study of bactericidal activity postantibiotic effects and effects on bacterial virulence of Penicillin G and six Macrolides against Streptococcus pneumonie. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 1997a,4(41): 781-784
56. Fuursted K. Postexposure factors influencing the duration of postantibiotic effect: Significance of Temperature, pH, Cations and Oxygen Tension. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 1997b, 8(41): 1693-1696
57. George G A, Zhanel G G, Hoban D J. Pharmacokinetic contributions to Postantibiotic effect Focus on Aminoglycosides. Clin Pharmacokinet, 1994, 27(5): 377-392
58. Gicquel M, Sanders P. Post-antibiotic effects of enrofloxacin on respiratory pathogens in pig: Pasteurella multocida, Bordetella bronchiseptica and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Vet Pharmacol therap, 1997, (2): 21-36
59. Gottfredsson M, Erlendsdottir H, Kolka R, Gudmundsson S. Metabolic and ultrastructural effects induced by ciprofloxacin in staphylococcus aureus during the postantibiotic effect phase. Scand J Inf Dis, Suppl, 1990, (74): 124-128
60. Gottfredsson M, Erlendsdottir H, Gudmundsson A, Gudmunsson S. Different patterns of bacterial DNA synthesis during postantibiotic effect. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1995, 7(4): 311-337
61. Graham R, Palmer D, Pratt B C, Hart C A. In vitro activity of florfenicol. Eur J Clin Microbiol infect Dis, 1988, 7(5): 691-694
62. Gudmundsson A. Impact of pH and cationic supplement action on in vitro postantibiotic effect. Antimicrob Agent Chemother, 1991, 35(12): 2617-2624
63. Gudmundsson S, Einarsson S, Erlendsdittir H, Gottfredsson M. The postantibiotic effect of antimicrobial combination sinaneutro penic murine thing infection model. J Antimicrob Chemother, 1993, 31(SupplD): 177
64. Hanberger H, Nilsson L E, Kihlstron E K, Mallar R. Postantibiotic effect of β-Lactam antibiotics on Escherichia coli evaluated by bioluminescence, Assay of bacterial ATP. Agents and Chemotherapy, 1990, 1(34): 102-106
65. Harrs V D, Lockwood P W. Efficacy of florfenicol in the treatment of bovine respiratory disease-rosults of clinical trials in Europe. Praktische Tierarzt, 1995, 76(9):803-807
66. Hektoen H, Beige J A, Hormazabal V&Yndestad M. Persistence of antibacterial agents in marine sediments. Aquaculture, 1995, 133(3-4): 175-184
61. Hessen M T, Pitsakis P G, Levison M E. Absence of a postantibiotic effect in experimental Pseudonmonasen-docarditis treated with imipenem with or without gentamicin. J Infect Dis, 1988, 3(158): 542-548
68. Hessen M T, Pitsakis P G, Levison M E. Postantibiotic effect of penicillin plus gentamicin versus Enterococcus faecalis in vitro and in vivo. Antimicrobial Agents Chemotherapy, 1989, 33(5): 608-611
69. Ho S P, Hsu T Y. Antibacterial effect of chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol and florfenicol against aquatic animal bacteria. Vet Med Sci, 2000, 62(5): 479-485
70. Horsberg T E, Hoff K A, Nordmo R. Pharmacokinetics of florfenicol and its metabolite florfenicol amine in Atlantic salmon. Jounal of Aquaife Animal Health, 1996, (8): 292-301
71. Isaksson B, Nilsson L, Mailer R, Soren L. Postantibiotic effect of aminoglycosides on gtam-negative bacteria evaluated by a new method. Journal of Antimcrobial Chemotherapy, 1988,22(1): 23-33
72. Jian Zhong S, Xiu bo, L, Hai yang J, Walter H H. Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in healthy sheep. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2004,27(3): 163-168
73. Jong-hwan L, Hyo-in Yan. Postantibiotic effects and postantibiotic sub-MIC effects of erythromycin, roxithromycin, tilmicosin, and tylosin on Pasteurella multocida. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 2001, (17): 471-476
74. Licata L, Smith C, Goldschmidt M R. Comparison of the postantibiotic and postantibiotic Sub-MIC effects of levoptococcus and ciprofloxacin on Staphylococcus aureaus and Streptococcus pneumonide. Antimicrob Agent Chemother, 1997, (41):950-955.
75. Lockwood PWD, Katz TMS. Clinical efficacy of florfenicol in the treatment of shipping fever in cattle in the U.S.A. Medicina Vetertfiaria, 1996, 13(1): 34-38
76. M Atef, A Y El-Gendi, A M M Amer and A M Abd El-Aty. Disposition kinetics of florfenicol in goats by using two analytical methods. Vet. Med, 2001, (A 48):129-136
77. Mackenzie F M, Gould I M. The postantibiotic effect. Antimicro Chemother, 1993,(32): 519
78. Mackenzie F M, Gould I M, Champman D G Comparison of methodologies used in assessing the postantibiotic effect. Antimicrob Chemother, 1994, (34): 223
79. Madelenat A, Debadie J P, Lockwood P. The efficacy of florfenicol compared with that of longacting spiramycin, both combined with funixin meglumine for treating bovine respiratory disease in veal calves. Recueil de Medicine Veterinaire, 1997, (4-5-6): 113-119
80. Magnus G, Helga E, Sigrdur G. Quantitation of Postantibiotic effect by measuring CO_2 generation of bacteria with the BACTEC Blood culture system. Antimicrobisl Agents and Chemotherapy, 1991, ( ): 2658
81. Magnus G, Helga E, Adaksteinn G. Different pattemts of bacterisl DNA synthesis during postantibiotic effect. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 1995, ( ): 1314
82. McDonald P J, Craig W A, Kunin C M. Persistent effect of antibiotics on Staphylococcus aureus after exposure for limited periods of time. Infect Dis, 1977, 135(2): 217-223
83. McDonald P J, Wetherall B L, Pruul H. Postantibiotic leukocyte enhancement: increased susceptibility of bacteria pretreated with antibiotics to activity of leukocytes. Rev Infect Dis, 1981, 3(1): 38-44
84. M R Martinez-Larranaga, A Rios, M A Martenez, M Martinez, G Isea and A Anadon. Oral bioavailability of florfenicol and its metabolite florfenicol amine in chickens. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2003, 26(Supplement 1): 115
85. Nadler H L, Pitkin D H, Sheikh W. The postantibiotic effect of meropenem and imipenem on selected bacteria. J Antimicrob Chemother, 1989, 24(Suppl A): 225
86. Nordmon R, Varma K J, Sutherland I H, Brokken E S. Florfenicol in Atlantic Salmon, Salmo Salar L: field evaluation of efficacy furunculosis in Norway, Journal of Fish Diseases, 1994, 17(3): 239-244
87. Odenholt T I, Holm S E, Cars O. An in vivo model for evaluation of the postantibiotic effect. Scand Infect Dis, 1988, (20): 97-103
88. Odenholt T I, Holm S E, Cars O. Effects of supra and sub-MIC benzylpenicillin concentrations on group A β-haemolytic Streptococci during the postantibiotic phase in vivo. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 1990, (26): 193-201
89. Odenholt T I, Lowdin E, Cars O. Postantibiotic sub-MIC effect of vancomycin, roxithromycin, sparfloxacin and amikacin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1992, 36(9): 1852-1858
90. Odenholt T I, Lovodin E, Cars O. Postantibiotic effects and postantibiotic sub-MIC effects of roxithromyxin, clarithromycin and azithromycin on respiratory tract pothogens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1995, 39(1): 221
91. Paape M J, Miller R H. Effects of florfenicol, chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol on phagocytosis, chemiluminescence and morphology of bovine polymorphonuclear neutriphil leulcocytes. Journal of Dairy Science, 1990, (73): 1734-1744
92. Ragbeb H S. Effect of volume of solution percylinder on estimation of antibioticpotency in diffusion assay. Assoc Ossoc Off Anal chern,1988, 71(5):
??1071-1074
93. Ramadan M A, Taufik A F, Shibl A M. Postantibiotic effect of azithramycin and trythromycin on Streptococcal susceptilility to phayocytosis Med Microbiol, 1995,39(1): 221
94. Renneberg J, Walder M. Postantibiotic effects of Imipenem, Norfloxacin and Amikacin in vitro and in vivo. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 1989,10(33):1714-1720
95. Rescott D L, Nix D E, Haden P, Schentag J J. Comparison of the two methods for determining in vitro postantibiotic effects of three antibiotics on Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1988, 32(4): 450-453
96. Rescott D L, Nix D E, Haden P. Postantibiotic effect of imipenen, norfloxin and amikacin in vitro and in vivo. Antimicro Agents Chemother, 1989, (33): 1714
97. Sander P. Gicquel M, Bousquet E. Postantibiotic effects of doxycycline on a respiratory pathogen in pig Pasteurella multocida, J Vetpharmacol Therap, 1997, (20):21-86
98. Shen J, Hu D, Wu X, Coats J R. Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in broiler chickens. Vet Pharmacol. Therap, 2003, (26): 337-341
99. Shin S J, Kang S G, Nabin R, Kang, M L, Yoo H S. Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of florfenicol against bacteria isolated from bovine and porcine respiratory disease. Veterinary Microbiology, 2005,106 (1-2): 73-77
100.Shojace M, Minguez F, Mailer R. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic inter-relationship of antibacterial drugs. J vet pharmacol Therap, 1997,20(suppl): 14
101.Sieroslawska A, Studnicka M, Siwickl AK. Antibiotics and call-mediated immunity in fish in vitro study. Anta Veterinaria Brno, 1998, 67(4): 329-334
102.Spangler S K, Lin G, Jacobs M R. Postantibiotic effect and postantibiotic sub-MIC effect of levofloxacin, Azithromycin and clarityromycin against 20 Pneumococci. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 1998, 5(42): 1252-1255
103.Spivey J M. The postantibiotic effect, clin Pharm, 1992,11(10): 865
104.Thyssen A, Ollevier F. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida to 15 different antimicrobial agents. Aquaculture, 2001,200(3-4): 259-269
105.Syriopoulou VP, Harding AL, Goldmann DA and Smhf AI. In vitro antibacterial activity of fluorinated analogs of chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol. Antimicrobial Agents and chemotherapy, 1981, (19): 294-297
106.Tian Y, Aarestrup F M, Lu C P. Characterization of Streptococcus suis serotype 7 isolates from diseased pigs in Denmark. Veterinary Microbiology, 2004, 103(5):
55-62
107.Torkildsen L, Samuelsen 0 B, Lunestad B T, Bergh 0. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of chloramphenicol, florfenicol, trimethoprim/sulfadiazine and flumequine in seawater of bacteria associated with scallops (Pecten maximus) larvae. Aquaculture, 2000, 185(1-2): 1-12
108.Turnidge J D, Gudmundsson S, Vogelman B, Craig W A. The postantibiotic effect of antifungal agents against common pathogenic yeasts. Antimicrob Chemother, 1994, 34(1): 83-92
109.Ueda Y, Ohtsuki S, Narukawa N. Efficacy of fiorfenicol on experimental Actinobacillus pleuropneumonial in pigs. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 1995a, 57(2): 261-265
110.Ueda Y, Suenaga I. In vitro antibacterial activity of fiorfenicol against Actinobacillus pleuropneumonial. Journal of Veterinary Medic of Science, 1995b, 57(2): 365-366
111 .Villa R. Pharmacological and toxicological profile of fiorfenicol. A new phenicolic derivative, 1996, 13(8): 8
112.Vogelman B, Gudmundsson S, Turnidge J, Leggett J, Craig W A. In vivo postantibiotic effect in a thigh infection in neutropenic mice. Infect Dis, 1988a, 157(2): 287-298
113.Vogelman B, Gudmundsson S, Leggett J, Turnidge J, Ebert S, Craig W A. Correlation of antimicrobial pharmacokinetic parameters with therapeutic efficacy in an animal model. Infect Dis, 1988b, 158(4): 831-847
114.Vogelman B, Gudmyndsson S, Gilbert D N. In vivo PAE in a thigh infection in natropenic mice. J infect D is, 1998, 157(2): 298
115.Wallgren P, Segall T, Momer A P, Gumiarsson A. Experimental infection with Actinobacillus pleuropneumonial in pigs-Ⅱ. Comparison of antibiotics for oral strategic treatment. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Sedes B, 1999,46(4): 261-269
116.Webster C, Ghazanfar K, Slack R. Sub-inhibitory and postantibiotic effects of spiramycin and erythromycin on Staphylococcus arueus. J Antimicrob Chemother, 1998,22(suppl B):33
117. Wilson D J, Sears P M, Gonzales AN. Efficacy of fiorfenicol for treatment of clinical and subclinical bovine matitis. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 1996, 57(4):526-528
118.Yoshimura H, Takagi M, Ishimura M and Endoh YS. Comparative in vitro activity of 16 antimicrobial agents against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Veterinary Research Communication, 2002, 26(2): 11-19
119.Zhanel G G, Craig W A. Pharmacokinetic contributions to postantibiotic effects focus
?on aminoglycosides. Clin Pharmacokinet, 1994, 27(5): 377-392
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |