交通因素驱动下的长沙市城市空间结构演变研究
摘要
随着城市化进程的加速,城市交通发展日新月异,城市空间规模不断扩展。由于大多数城市的扩展是伴随着城市交通的大发展而发生的,但在此过程中,交通路网发展存在一定程度的无序和自由扩张,从而产生了一系列的城市问题,如交通紧张与城市功能用地的混乱等。因此,在完善交通路网的同时如何促进城市空间结构合理有序发展,已引起政府和学界的普遍关注。
本文以长沙市城市总体规划(2003版)确定的规划区为研究区域,主要采用数理统计分析和GIS空间分析的方法,从长沙市1996年至2008年交通路网演变历程入手,对长沙市交通因素驱动下城市规模、城市形态、城市功能结构演变特征进行分析,并对长沙市主要功能用地结构进行了灰色预测,揭示交通大发展趋势下的长沙市主要功能用地结构发展态势。其中,重点对交通因素驱动下的长沙市主体功能空间中的商业空间和居住空间演变进行了研究。通过研究,得出如下结论：
(1)1996年至2002年,长沙市交通路网没有发生太大的改变,因此,这一阶段城市规模的扩展较小,且城市规模扩展速度较慢,扩展趋势较为平缓。城市扩展方向主要集中在河东,河西只有很少而且零星的扩展,这与同期交通扩展是一致的。
(2)2002年至2008年,长沙市交通路网发生了巨大的变化。交通的大发展推动长沙城市规模不断扩展,城市扩展不再局限在河东,河西也出现成片扩展,扩展方向与同期交通扩展方向呈现出相对的一致性。同时,城市主要功能用地空间布局也发生了巨大的变化。城市商业空间在各大交通节点和外围涌现,与传统商业中心竞相发展；而快速公交线路的逐步完善,通勤成为现实,居住空间出现明显的郊区化趋势。
(3)在交通因素的驱动下,长沙市城市空间扩张由单一的外部空间扩展向内部填充与外围空间扩展相结合转变,由摊大饼式发展向多中心多组团的分散式发展转变,由圈层、轴线连续扩展形态向以斑块与组团非连续扩展形态转变。城市扩展方向主要由河东向外围蔓延转变为向各个方向扩展,同时以向东向南扩展态势最为明显；多中心分散组团式城市空间结构逐步成型。
(4)长沙市交通演变在商业空间和居住空间演变过程中发生着重大的影响。长沙交通网络密集区位同样是商业密集区位,交通扩展方向同样与商圈扩展方向存在极大的相关性和一致性,未来商圈在交通网络驱动下,传统商圈将持续发展,而外围商圈将蓬勃崛起,新旧商圈将呈现出点轴连片发展趋势；交通通达性好的区位是长沙市居住空间密集分布的区位,居住空间在发展过程中沿交通路网两厢分布趋势明显,随着城市快速交通路网的发展,城市居住空间不再局限于市中心区域,呈跳跃式向郊区发展。
(5)在长沙交通高速发展的趋势下,城市未来主要功能用地并不会出现混乱,总体朝合理趋势发展。未来几年,长沙市区居住用地、道路广场用地面积依然呈现显著的增长趋势。从用地比重来看,居住、道路广场等用地逐步上升,工业、仓储、对外交通用地比重逐步下降,绿地面积虽有增加,但所占比重呈下降趋势。
With the acceleration of urbanization, the transportation of urban developed everyday, the scale of city space was also expanding. The occurrence of these monsters brought the great development of urban productivity. However, the expansion of most cities was all accompanied by the big development of city traffic. Due to certain degree of chaos and free expansion, traffic network development produced a series of urban problems, such as traffic tension and the disorder of the city land's function. How to promote the orderly development of urban spatial structure at the same time of completing transportation network attracted the universal attention.
With the planning areas of Changsha as the object, this paper based on statistical analysis and the GIS spatial analysis, started from the transport network evolution course form 1996 to 2008, analyzed the city size, urban morphology, urban function structure evolution characteristics of every stage of Changsha, then forecasted the main functions of land-use structure with gray forecast method, to try to reveal the development trend of mainland-use structure in Changsha under the tendency of traffic big development. Finally, take the commercial and dwelling space change of Changsha for example, tried to reveal the impact of transportation factors on the formation and development of function space structure of Changsha. Analyzed the influence of transportation on the formation and development of commercial and dwelling space in Changsha from the angle of analyze commercial spatial evolution course in Changsha from 1996 to 2008. The main research contents of this paper are described as followings:
(1) From 1996 to 2002, city transit network didn't take place big change. Therefore, this one phase city, and an expansion of the smaller size of city is slower, extended speed expansion trend gentler. Cities are mainly concentrated in extending direction of the west only rarely and eastward expansion, the sporadic compared with the traffic expanded is consistent.
(2) Between 2002 and 2008, city transit network changed greatly. Traffic great development push city scale expanding urban expansion, is no longer confined to east, also appear expand beyond the sliced, expanding direction compared with the traffic extending direction presents relative consistency. Meanwhile, the city the main function land space layout has changed greatly. In every big city commercial space transportation node and peripheral emerging, and traditional commercial center competed developing. And the rapid transit lines, commuting the perfect gradually become a reality, living space appears obvious suburbanization.
(3) In the drive, traffic factors of Changsha city spatial expansion consists of a single external to internal filling spatial extension and peripheral space expands, combined by booth pie type change to much more than the development of distributed development center organizes and leads to the transformation by continuous expansion form, the axis with patches and intra-group to discontinuous expand morphology change. City mainly by extending direction to peripheral spread into eastward expansion in all directions to the south east, at the same time to expand situation is most obvious. Many center of urban spatial structure gradually dispersed group shape.
(4) City traffic evolution commercial Spaces and living space evolution during a major influence. Changsha traffic network dense location is also commercial dense location, traffic extension direction as business is a great extending direction with the correlation and consistency, future business circle in the traffic network, the traditional business circle will be driven by continuous development, and peripheral area is booming now, old and new business circle will present a point shaft sectors-connecting development tendency; along with the development of urban rapid transit network, urban living space is no longer confined to downtown area, suburban development to a jumps.
(5) With the high-speed development trend of future urban land, main functions will not chaos, the overall trend towards reasonable development. In the next few years, urban land for residential land area, road square present significant growth trend still. Judging from the land, housing, road proportion of such land rising gradually, square, industrial, storage, foreign land for traffic proportion step down, the green land area although have increased, but the decline in proportion.
本文以长沙市城市总体规划(2003版)确定的规划区为研究区域,主要采用数理统计分析和GIS空间分析的方法,从长沙市1996年至2008年交通路网演变历程入手,对长沙市交通因素驱动下城市规模、城市形态、城市功能结构演变特征进行分析,并对长沙市主要功能用地结构进行了灰色预测,揭示交通大发展趋势下的长沙市主要功能用地结构发展态势。其中,重点对交通因素驱动下的长沙市主体功能空间中的商业空间和居住空间演变进行了研究。通过研究,得出如下结论：
(1)1996年至2002年,长沙市交通路网没有发生太大的改变,因此,这一阶段城市规模的扩展较小,且城市规模扩展速度较慢,扩展趋势较为平缓。城市扩展方向主要集中在河东,河西只有很少而且零星的扩展,这与同期交通扩展是一致的。
(2)2002年至2008年,长沙市交通路网发生了巨大的变化。交通的大发展推动长沙城市规模不断扩展,城市扩展不再局限在河东,河西也出现成片扩展,扩展方向与同期交通扩展方向呈现出相对的一致性。同时,城市主要功能用地空间布局也发生了巨大的变化。城市商业空间在各大交通节点和外围涌现,与传统商业中心竞相发展；而快速公交线路的逐步完善,通勤成为现实,居住空间出现明显的郊区化趋势。
(3)在交通因素的驱动下,长沙市城市空间扩张由单一的外部空间扩展向内部填充与外围空间扩展相结合转变,由摊大饼式发展向多中心多组团的分散式发展转变,由圈层、轴线连续扩展形态向以斑块与组团非连续扩展形态转变。城市扩展方向主要由河东向外围蔓延转变为向各个方向扩展,同时以向东向南扩展态势最为明显；多中心分散组团式城市空间结构逐步成型。
(4)长沙市交通演变在商业空间和居住空间演变过程中发生着重大的影响。长沙交通网络密集区位同样是商业密集区位,交通扩展方向同样与商圈扩展方向存在极大的相关性和一致性,未来商圈在交通网络驱动下,传统商圈将持续发展,而外围商圈将蓬勃崛起,新旧商圈将呈现出点轴连片发展趋势；交通通达性好的区位是长沙市居住空间密集分布的区位,居住空间在发展过程中沿交通路网两厢分布趋势明显,随着城市快速交通路网的发展,城市居住空间不再局限于市中心区域,呈跳跃式向郊区发展。
(5)在长沙交通高速发展的趋势下,城市未来主要功能用地并不会出现混乱,总体朝合理趋势发展。未来几年,长沙市区居住用地、道路广场用地面积依然呈现显著的增长趋势。从用地比重来看,居住、道路广场等用地逐步上升,工业、仓储、对外交通用地比重逐步下降,绿地面积虽有增加,但所占比重呈下降趋势。
With the acceleration of urbanization, the transportation of urban developed everyday, the scale of city space was also expanding. The occurrence of these monsters brought the great development of urban productivity. However, the expansion of most cities was all accompanied by the big development of city traffic. Due to certain degree of chaos and free expansion, traffic network development produced a series of urban problems, such as traffic tension and the disorder of the city land's function. How to promote the orderly development of urban spatial structure at the same time of completing transportation network attracted the universal attention.
With the planning areas of Changsha as the object, this paper based on statistical analysis and the GIS spatial analysis, started from the transport network evolution course form 1996 to 2008, analyzed the city size, urban morphology, urban function structure evolution characteristics of every stage of Changsha, then forecasted the main functions of land-use structure with gray forecast method, to try to reveal the development trend of mainland-use structure in Changsha under the tendency of traffic big development. Finally, take the commercial and dwelling space change of Changsha for example, tried to reveal the impact of transportation factors on the formation and development of function space structure of Changsha. Analyzed the influence of transportation on the formation and development of commercial and dwelling space in Changsha from the angle of analyze commercial spatial evolution course in Changsha from 1996 to 2008. The main research contents of this paper are described as followings:
(1) From 1996 to 2002, city transit network didn't take place big change. Therefore, this one phase city, and an expansion of the smaller size of city is slower, extended speed expansion trend gentler. Cities are mainly concentrated in extending direction of the west only rarely and eastward expansion, the sporadic compared with the traffic expanded is consistent.
(2) Between 2002 and 2008, city transit network changed greatly. Traffic great development push city scale expanding urban expansion, is no longer confined to east, also appear expand beyond the sliced, expanding direction compared with the traffic extending direction presents relative consistency. Meanwhile, the city the main function land space layout has changed greatly. In every big city commercial space transportation node and peripheral emerging, and traditional commercial center competed developing. And the rapid transit lines, commuting the perfect gradually become a reality, living space appears obvious suburbanization.
(3) In the drive, traffic factors of Changsha city spatial expansion consists of a single external to internal filling spatial extension and peripheral space expands, combined by booth pie type change to much more than the development of distributed development center organizes and leads to the transformation by continuous expansion form, the axis with patches and intra-group to discontinuous expand morphology change. City mainly by extending direction to peripheral spread into eastward expansion in all directions to the south east, at the same time to expand situation is most obvious. Many center of urban spatial structure gradually dispersed group shape.
(4) City traffic evolution commercial Spaces and living space evolution during a major influence. Changsha traffic network dense location is also commercial dense location, traffic extension direction as business is a great extending direction with the correlation and consistency, future business circle in the traffic network, the traditional business circle will be driven by continuous development, and peripheral area is booming now, old and new business circle will present a point shaft sectors-connecting development tendency; along with the development of urban rapid transit network, urban living space is no longer confined to downtown area, suburban development to a jumps.
(5) With the high-speed development trend of future urban land, main functions will not chaos, the overall trend towards reasonable development. In the next few years, urban land for residential land area, road square present significant growth trend still. Judging from the land, housing, road proportion of such land rising gradually, square, industrial, storage, foreign land for traffic proportion step down, the green land area although have increased, but the decline in proportion.
引文
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[2]Haining R. Spatial data analysis:theory and practice. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2003
[3]Wheaton, W.C.A comparative static analysis of urban spatial structure[J].Journal of Economic Theory,1974(9):223-237
[4]Jan K. Brueckner. Transport subsidies, system choice, and urban sprawl[J].Regional Science and Urban Economics,2005,35:715-733
[5]Goran Vuk. Transport impacts of the Copenhagen Metro[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2005,13:223-233
[6]Burnell, J.D. Industrial Land Use, Externalities, and Residential Location[J].Urban Studies,1985,22(5):399-408
[7]Alex Anas, Richard Arnott, and Kenneth A. Small. Urban Spatial Structure[J]. Journal of economic literature,1998,36(3):1426-1464
[8]Barbara C. Richardson. Sustainable Transport:Analysis Frameworks[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2005,13
[9]Karst T. Geurs, Bert van Wee. Accessibility evolution of land-use and transport:strategies review and research direction[J]. Journal of Transport Geography,2004,12:127-140
[10]Linda Harris Dobkinsa, Yannis M. loannidesb. Spatial interactions among U.S.cities:1900-1990[J].Regional Science and Urban Economics,2001,31:701-731
[11]顾朝林,甄峰,张京祥.集聚与扩散-城市空间结构新论[M].南京：东南大学出版社,1999
[12]黄亚平.城市空间理论与空间分析[M].南京：南京大学出版社,2002
[13]叶强,鲍家声.论城市空间结构及形态的发展模式优化[J]经济地理,2004(4)：480484
[14]尹长林.长沙市城市空间形态演变及动态模拟研究[D].[博士学位论文],长沙：中南大学,2008
[15]周素红,闫小培.城市交通与土地利用关系研究的进展[J].规划师,2005,21(3)：58-62
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