我国近海主要环境问题研究
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摘要
近些年来随着中国经济的迅猛发展,海洋经济日益成为转变经济发展方式的新引擎,也成为沿海经济圈新的经济增长点,与此同时,海洋受到了来自各方面不同程度的污染和破坏,日益严重的近海污染等给海洋带来了一系列的环境问题,诸如富营养化、重金属污染、持久性有机物污染和突发性溢油污染等问题日益凸显,危害着海洋生态健康。鉴于此,本论文基于“908”专项近海海域的海水化学、沉积化学和生物质量的现状调查资料,绘制了各介质中海水化学、沉积化学和生物质量各要素平面分布图,并结合上述海洋环境问题对中国近海的环境质量现状和特征进行分析并提出海洋环境保护建议。
本论文的主要研究内容:
(1)富营养化问题
本部分采用中国近海海洋综合调查与评价国家专项(908专项)调查中近海水体无机氮、活性磷酸盐、pH和溶解氧4要素的综合评价指数来表示近海水质富营养化现状。这些调查数据分表、底两层,四季进行讨论。
(2)重金属污染问题
本部分采用中国近海海洋综合调查与评价国家专项(908专项)中近海水体、生物体和沉积物中铜、铅、锌、镉、铬、汞和砷7项重金属含量数据来研究重金属的时空分布规律,并在此基础上评价海洋重金属的环境效应。
(3)突发性溢油污染事故及近海油类污染现状问题
本部分采用中国近海海洋综合调查与评价国家专项(908专项)中近海水体、沉积物和生物体中油类含量与分布的数据进行统计分析,评价中国近海油类污染状况以及石油环境效应。
(4)持久性有机污染物污染问题
本部分主要是通过对中国近海海洋综合调查与评价国家专项(908专项)中近海生物体和沿海省市沉积物中持久性有机污染物含量与分布的数据进行统计分析,评价中国近海持久性有机污染物污染状况。
主要研究结果表明:近海表层海域富营养化主要出现在受陆源径流影响较大的河口海域,如长江口、黄河口、珠江口、海河口和闽江口等及其邻近海域。渤海、黄海、东海和南海四个海区相比,渤海海水重金属污染为4个海区之首。近海大部分海域包括水体、沉积物和生物体,油类含量均符合国家一类标准,但仍有部分海域超过了一类标准,如渤海湾水体和沉积物中油类含量均较高,尤其是石油开发区沉积物中油类含量远高于其它海域。我国近海持久性有机污染物污染以666、DDT和多环芳烃为主,在渤海和东海含量较高,黄海和南海含量较低。
With the rapid economic development of China in recent years, marine economy has not only became a new engine of modern economy but also a new resource of economic rim. At the same time, marine is undergoing pollutions and damages at different levels, serious problems such as eutrophication、heavy metal pollution、oils pollution and persistent organic pollutants pollution do harm to the marine ecosystem health. Therefore,based on the special projection‘908’data, this paper draws factor distribution maps of seawater chemistry、sediment chemistry and organism qualities in all medias, analyze the current environmental situation and features of China offshore and give suggestions to protect marine environment.
Main research contents:
(1) Eutrophication
Comprehensive evaluation index, which based on four factors including water inorganic nitrogen, active phosphate, pH and dissolved oxygen is adopted to demonstrate the eutrophication in offshore water. These research based on the special projection‘908’data, in view of surface、bottom water and four seasons.
(2) Heavy metals
Based on the special projection‘908’data, the contents of copper、lead、zinc、cadmium、chromium、mercury and arsenic in offshore water、organisms and sediments are studied so as to explore the temporal and spatial distribution of heavy metals, and marine heavy metals’environmental effects are evaluated.
(3) Sudden oil pollution incidents and offshore oil pollutions
Based on the special projection‘908’data, the contents and distribution of oil in offshore water、sediments and organisms are analyzed to evaluate the current offshore oil pollution situation and oil’s environmental effects.
(4) Persistent organic pollutants
Based on the special projection‘908’data, the contents and distribution of persistent organic pollutants in offshore organisms and sediments in coastal cities are analyzed to evaluate the current offshore pollution situation of persistent organic pollutants. The main results show: offshore eutrophication in surface water mainly appear in estuaries which affected largely by terrestrial runoffs, such as Yangtze River estuary、Yellow River estuary、Pearl River estuary、Haihe estuary and Minjiang estuary and their neighboring waters, etc. Pollutions of heavy metals in Bohai Sea rank the first comparing with Yellow Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea. Oil content in most area of offshore including water、organisms and sediments comply with the national first-class standard, excptions show in some part of the offshore, oil content in water and sediments of Bohai Sea are relatively higher for instance, especially in sediments that in oil development zone. The main persistent organic pollutants are 666、DDT and PAHs, the contents in Bohai Sea and East China Sea are higher than those of Yellow Sea and South China Sea.
本论文的主要研究内容:
(1)富营养化问题
本部分采用中国近海海洋综合调查与评价国家专项(908专项)调查中近海水体无机氮、活性磷酸盐、pH和溶解氧4要素的综合评价指数来表示近海水质富营养化现状。这些调查数据分表、底两层,四季进行讨论。
(2)重金属污染问题
本部分采用中国近海海洋综合调查与评价国家专项(908专项)中近海水体、生物体和沉积物中铜、铅、锌、镉、铬、汞和砷7项重金属含量数据来研究重金属的时空分布规律,并在此基础上评价海洋重金属的环境效应。
(3)突发性溢油污染事故及近海油类污染现状问题
本部分采用中国近海海洋综合调查与评价国家专项(908专项)中近海水体、沉积物和生物体中油类含量与分布的数据进行统计分析,评价中国近海油类污染状况以及石油环境效应。
(4)持久性有机污染物污染问题
本部分主要是通过对中国近海海洋综合调查与评价国家专项(908专项)中近海生物体和沿海省市沉积物中持久性有机污染物含量与分布的数据进行统计分析,评价中国近海持久性有机污染物污染状况。
主要研究结果表明:近海表层海域富营养化主要出现在受陆源径流影响较大的河口海域,如长江口、黄河口、珠江口、海河口和闽江口等及其邻近海域。渤海、黄海、东海和南海四个海区相比,渤海海水重金属污染为4个海区之首。近海大部分海域包括水体、沉积物和生物体,油类含量均符合国家一类标准,但仍有部分海域超过了一类标准,如渤海湾水体和沉积物中油类含量均较高,尤其是石油开发区沉积物中油类含量远高于其它海域。我国近海持久性有机污染物污染以666、DDT和多环芳烃为主,在渤海和东海含量较高,黄海和南海含量较低。
With the rapid economic development of China in recent years, marine economy has not only became a new engine of modern economy but also a new resource of economic rim. At the same time, marine is undergoing pollutions and damages at different levels, serious problems such as eutrophication、heavy metal pollution、oils pollution and persistent organic pollutants pollution do harm to the marine ecosystem health. Therefore,based on the special projection‘908’data, this paper draws factor distribution maps of seawater chemistry、sediment chemistry and organism qualities in all medias, analyze the current environmental situation and features of China offshore and give suggestions to protect marine environment.
Main research contents:
(1) Eutrophication
Comprehensive evaluation index, which based on four factors including water inorganic nitrogen, active phosphate, pH and dissolved oxygen is adopted to demonstrate the eutrophication in offshore water. These research based on the special projection‘908’data, in view of surface、bottom water and four seasons.
(2) Heavy metals
Based on the special projection‘908’data, the contents of copper、lead、zinc、cadmium、chromium、mercury and arsenic in offshore water、organisms and sediments are studied so as to explore the temporal and spatial distribution of heavy metals, and marine heavy metals’environmental effects are evaluated.
(3) Sudden oil pollution incidents and offshore oil pollutions
Based on the special projection‘908’data, the contents and distribution of oil in offshore water、sediments and organisms are analyzed to evaluate the current offshore oil pollution situation and oil’s environmental effects.
(4) Persistent organic pollutants
Based on the special projection‘908’data, the contents and distribution of persistent organic pollutants in offshore organisms and sediments in coastal cities are analyzed to evaluate the current offshore pollution situation of persistent organic pollutants. The main results show: offshore eutrophication in surface water mainly appear in estuaries which affected largely by terrestrial runoffs, such as Yangtze River estuary、Yellow River estuary、Pearl River estuary、Haihe estuary and Minjiang estuary and their neighboring waters, etc. Pollutions of heavy metals in Bohai Sea rank the first comparing with Yellow Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea. Oil content in most area of offshore including water、organisms and sediments comply with the national first-class standard, excptions show in some part of the offshore, oil content in water and sediments of Bohai Sea are relatively higher for instance, especially in sediments that in oil development zone. The main persistent organic pollutants are 666、DDT and PAHs, the contents in Bohai Sea and East China Sea are higher than those of Yellow Sea and South China Sea.
引文
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