淀山湖生态系统结构与能量流动特征的ECOPATH模型研究
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摘要
为了研究现阶段淀山湖富营养化形成的内在原因,根据2008-2009年间对淀山湖湖区水生生物资源调查的结果和历史调查资料,运用Ecopath with Ecosim 6.1软件构建了淀山湖生态系统的营养通道模型,分析了淀山湖水域生态系统的结构和能量流动特征。模型中涉及淀山湖生态系统中的水鸟、鱼类、虾类、软体动物、底栖动物、浮游动物、浮游植物、碎屑等21个功能组分,基本涵盖了淀山湖生态系统的主要能量流动过程。
将来自不同功能组的营养流合并为数个营养级,以简化复杂的食物网关系称之为生态系统的营养级结构,本研究最终将淀山湖生态系统合并为5个重要的营养级,其中第Ⅰ级包括碎屑、浮游植物、高等水生植物,第Ⅱ级包括象形浮游动物、枝角类、桡足类、软体动物、其他底栖动物、草食性鱼类,第Ⅲ级包括刀鲚、光泽黄颡鱼、其他鱼类等,第Ⅳ级包括红白鱼和其他肉食型鱼类,第Ⅴ级包括水鸟、红白鱼和其他肉食型鱼类。经营养级转换效率分析后发现,淀山湖生态系统第Ⅲ,Ⅳ营养级间的转换效率较高,达到14.6%；淀山湖生态系统的牧食食物链转换效率为12.3%,碎屑食物链转换效率为11.3%;系统的能量流动在5个营养级之间平均能量转换效率为11.7%,高于周边太湖和千岛湖等湖泊的均值。生态网络分析显示,淀山湖生态系统的能流、生物量及生产量的分布呈金字塔型,各功能组的营养级范围为1～3.92,水鸟占据了营养级的最高层。
混合营养效应分析即指食物网中不同的功能组对其他相应功能组的影响。淀山湖生态系统混合营养效应分析显示,每个功能组对其自身的混合营养效应一般为负效应,捕食者对其饵料,渔业对其渔获物的混合营养效应一般也为负效应。浮游植物和碎屑作为该食物网的生产者对其他大部分种类都有正效应。顶级捕食者对其饵料的负效应不明显。综合分析认为,目前淀山湖渔业捕捞强度会对该生态系统的鱼类功能组产生负效应。
循环流量是系统中重新进入再循环的营养流总量,淀山湖生态系统的循环流量为77.65 t·km-2·a-1,该值远小于相邻的太湖,说明目前淀山湖生态系统的整体再循环率较低,能量利用效率有待改善和提高。TPP/TR (系统初级生产力比总呼吸量)是描述系统成熟度的重要指标,发育成熟的生态系统其TPP/TR值应接近1,本研究结果显示淀山湖生态系统TPP/TR值为2.80。连接指数Cl和系统杂食指数SOI都是反应系统内部联系复杂程度的指标。越趋于成熟的生态系统,其系统各功能组间的联系越复杂,淀山湖生态系统的连接指数和系统杂食指数分别为0.19和0.07,两值均小于相邻的太湖。Finn's循环指数指的是系统中循环流量与总流量的比值,淀山湖的Finn's值为1.89%,而Finn's平均路径长度指的是每个循环流经食物链的平均长度,淀山湖的Finn's平均路径长度为2.37。综合分析淀山湖的生态系统参数系统初级生产力/总呼吸量(TPP/TR)、连接指数CI和能量循环指数FCI(分别为2.80、0.19和0.0189)表明,淀山湖生态系统目前仍然处于幼态化生态系统状态。
Dianshan Lake, the biggest fresh water lake in Shanghai, covers an area of 62 km2 with mean depth of 2.0 m. It is regarded as the key water conservation district of Shanghai, providing drinking water for more than 10 million people. But with the rapid development of industry and agriculture in recent years, the water of Dianshan Lake has been drastically polluted by industry and living sewage from surrounding areas. What's worse is that blue-green algae bloom has emerged in some parts of the lake. The self-clean capability of Dianshan Lake has already degraded. The city government has provided several research projects to explore the reasons for ecological deterioration of this area. Based on a database report of bio-resources survey from September 2008 to September 2009, a mass-balance model of trophic interactions was constructed using Ecopath with Ecosim to represent the energy transfer through the trophic levels of the Dianshan Lake ecosystem, which represented the first Ecopath model of Dianshan Lake and consisted of 21 functional groups including birds, commercial fishes, phytoplanktons, zooplanktons, benthos, shrimps, mollusks, macrophytes and detritus. Each group represented the organisms with similar roles in the food web and covered the main trophic flow in Dianshan Lake.
The results indicated that total throughput was 4098.50 t-km-2·year-1. The trophic levels of different groups ranged from 1 for detritus and phytoplanktons to 3.92 for large predators, and water bird group occupied the top level of ecosystem.According to the analysis of mixed trophic impact, the trawling and gillnet fishing were both considered as impacting components and the negative trophic impact of fishing on different groups of the system was relative highly. According to top-down control or bottom-up control in several predator-prey relationships, some species can be used to control blue-green algae bloom in some area, e.g. Hypophthalmichthys molitrix had negative trophic impact on the algae due to their predation relationship in the food web, while submerged macrophytes and other macrophytes had little influence on the algae due to their competitive relationship in the food web because of their low biomass to keep the niche. Through network analysis, the system network is mapped into a linear food chain and five main trophic levels are found with a mean transfer efficiency of 11.3% from detritus and 12.3% from the primary producers within the ecosystem, which was higher than the lakes nearby, but the transfer efficiency is just 7.0% from levelⅠto levelⅡand 3.3% from levelⅤtoⅥ, which means the transfer efficiency of Dianshan Lake ecosystem is too imbalanced. The importance of discard food and the system re-cycling rate in ecosystems was low, energy utilization rate could be increased. Most of the un-used detritus deposited on the bottom of lake and affected water transparency via being agitated by the storm.
The indices reflecting ecosystem maturity and stability examined TPP/TR(total primary production/total respiration), CI(Connectance Index), FCI(Finn's cycling index) were 2.80,0.17,0.0189, respectively, showed that Dianshan Lake was in such a condition of environmental stress that it was out of the lake's self-clean capability. And that conducted top-down control or bottom-up control did not work in wholefood web, ecological theory lost the power in some parts of lake. The value of FCI,1.89%, indicated that a mass of energy could be further used in Dianshan Lake ecosystem. The value of CI,0.17, indicated that the relationships in the food web were loose, suggesting that fish diversity conservation and macrophytes restoration must be considered, while internal and external pollution sources were limited. Considering Odum's theory of ecosystem development, the ecosystem was placed on a low developmental stage.
将来自不同功能组的营养流合并为数个营养级,以简化复杂的食物网关系称之为生态系统的营养级结构,本研究最终将淀山湖生态系统合并为5个重要的营养级,其中第Ⅰ级包括碎屑、浮游植物、高等水生植物,第Ⅱ级包括象形浮游动物、枝角类、桡足类、软体动物、其他底栖动物、草食性鱼类,第Ⅲ级包括刀鲚、光泽黄颡鱼、其他鱼类等,第Ⅳ级包括红白鱼和其他肉食型鱼类,第Ⅴ级包括水鸟、红白鱼和其他肉食型鱼类。经营养级转换效率分析后发现,淀山湖生态系统第Ⅲ,Ⅳ营养级间的转换效率较高,达到14.6%；淀山湖生态系统的牧食食物链转换效率为12.3%,碎屑食物链转换效率为11.3%;系统的能量流动在5个营养级之间平均能量转换效率为11.7%,高于周边太湖和千岛湖等湖泊的均值。生态网络分析显示,淀山湖生态系统的能流、生物量及生产量的分布呈金字塔型,各功能组的营养级范围为1～3.92,水鸟占据了营养级的最高层。
混合营养效应分析即指食物网中不同的功能组对其他相应功能组的影响。淀山湖生态系统混合营养效应分析显示,每个功能组对其自身的混合营养效应一般为负效应,捕食者对其饵料,渔业对其渔获物的混合营养效应一般也为负效应。浮游植物和碎屑作为该食物网的生产者对其他大部分种类都有正效应。顶级捕食者对其饵料的负效应不明显。综合分析认为,目前淀山湖渔业捕捞强度会对该生态系统的鱼类功能组产生负效应。
循环流量是系统中重新进入再循环的营养流总量,淀山湖生态系统的循环流量为77.65 t·km-2·a-1,该值远小于相邻的太湖,说明目前淀山湖生态系统的整体再循环率较低,能量利用效率有待改善和提高。TPP/TR (系统初级生产力比总呼吸量)是描述系统成熟度的重要指标,发育成熟的生态系统其TPP/TR值应接近1,本研究结果显示淀山湖生态系统TPP/TR值为2.80。连接指数Cl和系统杂食指数SOI都是反应系统内部联系复杂程度的指标。越趋于成熟的生态系统,其系统各功能组间的联系越复杂,淀山湖生态系统的连接指数和系统杂食指数分别为0.19和0.07,两值均小于相邻的太湖。Finn's循环指数指的是系统中循环流量与总流量的比值,淀山湖的Finn's值为1.89%,而Finn's平均路径长度指的是每个循环流经食物链的平均长度,淀山湖的Finn's平均路径长度为2.37。综合分析淀山湖的生态系统参数系统初级生产力/总呼吸量(TPP/TR)、连接指数CI和能量循环指数FCI(分别为2.80、0.19和0.0189)表明,淀山湖生态系统目前仍然处于幼态化生态系统状态。
Dianshan Lake, the biggest fresh water lake in Shanghai, covers an area of 62 km2 with mean depth of 2.0 m. It is regarded as the key water conservation district of Shanghai, providing drinking water for more than 10 million people. But with the rapid development of industry and agriculture in recent years, the water of Dianshan Lake has been drastically polluted by industry and living sewage from surrounding areas. What's worse is that blue-green algae bloom has emerged in some parts of the lake. The self-clean capability of Dianshan Lake has already degraded. The city government has provided several research projects to explore the reasons for ecological deterioration of this area. Based on a database report of bio-resources survey from September 2008 to September 2009, a mass-balance model of trophic interactions was constructed using Ecopath with Ecosim to represent the energy transfer through the trophic levels of the Dianshan Lake ecosystem, which represented the first Ecopath model of Dianshan Lake and consisted of 21 functional groups including birds, commercial fishes, phytoplanktons, zooplanktons, benthos, shrimps, mollusks, macrophytes and detritus. Each group represented the organisms with similar roles in the food web and covered the main trophic flow in Dianshan Lake.
The results indicated that total throughput was 4098.50 t-km-2·year-1. The trophic levels of different groups ranged from 1 for detritus and phytoplanktons to 3.92 for large predators, and water bird group occupied the top level of ecosystem.According to the analysis of mixed trophic impact, the trawling and gillnet fishing were both considered as impacting components and the negative trophic impact of fishing on different groups of the system was relative highly. According to top-down control or bottom-up control in several predator-prey relationships, some species can be used to control blue-green algae bloom in some area, e.g. Hypophthalmichthys molitrix had negative trophic impact on the algae due to their predation relationship in the food web, while submerged macrophytes and other macrophytes had little influence on the algae due to their competitive relationship in the food web because of their low biomass to keep the niche. Through network analysis, the system network is mapped into a linear food chain and five main trophic levels are found with a mean transfer efficiency of 11.3% from detritus and 12.3% from the primary producers within the ecosystem, which was higher than the lakes nearby, but the transfer efficiency is just 7.0% from levelⅠto levelⅡand 3.3% from levelⅤtoⅥ, which means the transfer efficiency of Dianshan Lake ecosystem is too imbalanced. The importance of discard food and the system re-cycling rate in ecosystems was low, energy utilization rate could be increased. Most of the un-used detritus deposited on the bottom of lake and affected water transparency via being agitated by the storm.
The indices reflecting ecosystem maturity and stability examined TPP/TR(total primary production/total respiration), CI(Connectance Index), FCI(Finn's cycling index) were 2.80,0.17,0.0189, respectively, showed that Dianshan Lake was in such a condition of environmental stress that it was out of the lake's self-clean capability. And that conducted top-down control or bottom-up control did not work in wholefood web, ecological theory lost the power in some parts of lake. The value of FCI,1.89%, indicated that a mass of energy could be further used in Dianshan Lake ecosystem. The value of CI,0.17, indicated that the relationships in the food web were loose, suggesting that fish diversity conservation and macrophytes restoration must be considered, while internal and external pollution sources were limited. Considering Odum's theory of ecosystem development, the ecosystem was placed on a low developmental stage.
引文
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