上海大莲湖湿地修复中的鸟类多样性保育和栖息地优化
|
摘要
对受损湖泊湿地进行科学的修复是目前生态学研究的热点之一。上海地区的湖泊湿地主要集中在以大莲湖为核心的淀山湖区域,该区域是黄浦江上游重要的淡水水源地,提供了水源涵养、生物多样性保育等生态功能,而且该区域可记录到的鸟类有17目,48科,183种,其种类和数量已达到国际重要湿地的标准。但由于受到人类非理性水土资源开发活动等原因的影响,使得上海的湖泊湿地遭到严重破坏,生态功能退化、经济社会价值显著降低,这不仅会影响到区域供用水安全,还会制约流域(区域)整体生态安全的维系,成为区域协调发展的障碍性因素。
为应对以上问题,《上海市青西地区总体规划(2005～2020年)(草案)》明确将环淀山湖203.3km2的地区功能定位于上海最大的水源地保护区和生态涵养区,并提出了以大莲湖为中心的湿地修复设计作为受损湖泊湿地修复的首个方案,规划区域(下文称湿地公园规划区)面积为14.6km2,首期工程区(下文称工程试验区)位于规划区内的大莲湖东北方位。本文基于此湿地修复工程,选取鸟类这一湿地生态系统中最活跃、最引人注目的组成部分作为研究对象,来评估湿地修复的效果,进而提出湿地关键物种(鸟类)的保育策略和栖息地优化方法。
本文主要内容包括：
1,湿地公园规划区鸟类多样性调查。2009年12月至2010年3月,对规划区内的4种主要生境(自然湿地、人工湿地、农田和林地)的冬季鸟类群落进行了调查,并对4种生境的鸟类多样性指数和鸟类群落的相似性进行比较。共记录到72种鸟类,隶属11目28科。鸟类群落的a多样性分析表明：4种生境鸟类群落的Shannon-Wiener(H’)指数存在极显著差异,林地最大,农田最小；农田的优势度指数(0最高,其次为自然湿地,人工湿地和林地的优势度指数没有差异；林地的Pielou (J)指数明显高于其他生境,农田的最低,自然湿地和人工湿地之间的均匀度没差异；林地的物种丰富度(R)高于其他生境,其他三种生境的物种丰富度没有差异。p多样性分析表明：自然湿地和人工湿地的鸟类群落的相似性指数(Si)最高,人工湿地和农田的相似性指数最低；Bray-Curtis旨数(CN)最高的为人工湿地-林地,最低的为农田-林地。生境间异质性和人为活动是影响规划区冬季鸟类群落特征的重要原因。生境破碎化和非法捕猎对鸟类多样性有非常不利的影响。
2,工程试验区鸟类多样性。2008年12月至2010年6月,对工程试验区的鸟类及环境因子进行了跟踪调查,并对工程试验区内的鸟类和环境因子进行了分区记录。共记录到鸟类105种,隶属13目34科,占上海市鸟类359种的29.25%、占淀山湖群区域鸟类183种的57.38%。施工后记录到14种新分布于该区域的鸟类,其中白胸翡翠(Halcyon smyrnensis)为上海市新记录。分析表明：由于季节和施工因素,施工区域内各分区的多样性指数并未表现出较为明显的变化趋势；威胁鸟类多样性的因素有土地利用方式单一、水面积比例不适宜、水深过大、植被配置不合理、光滩(泥滩)比例、裸地比例不合理以及较重的人为干扰。
3,工程试验区修复效果。整个施工区域雁鸭类种类和数量都有上升,说明工程试验区的大水面已可以招引雁鸭类；鸻鹬类有升有降,原因在于部分区域地形塑造和植被培育尚未完全完成,光滩(泥滩)面积不稳定；鹭科鸟类有下降的趋势,原因在于精养型鱼塘被粗放型鱼塘代替,使其丧失了部分觅食地。统观水鸟、林鸟和所有的鸟类,整体呈现出上升的趋势,湿地修复初见成效。
4,鸟类栖息地优化。主要保护建议为：水位的变化直接影响到区域内的水面积比例和光滩(泥滩)比例,要重点考虑水位这一指标;为鸻鹬类营造同时包含水域、裸地和植被三种景观要素的生境；控制人为干扰；适当为水鸟投放底栖动物和鱼类等食物；精养鱼塘可为大量的鸟类提供提供觅食生境,需适当保留。
The scientific restoration on the deteriorated lake wetlands is one of the hot topics in ecological research. Most Shanghai lake wetlands are located in Dianshanhu multi-lakes area in western suburb, which is center around Dalian Lake. This area is part of the water source region of Huangpu River with abundant wetland resources and high-level biodiversity, where the birds'type and quantity has reached the international standard of important wetlands. However, the abuse of land and water resource in Shanghai lake wetlands leads to serious ecological problems, which brings about safety hazard to the regional water supply and becomes the limiting factor to this coordinated growth.
To cope with the problems above, "Shanghai West Qingpu district planning (2005-2020) (draft)" explicitly located the ring Dianshan Lake 203.3km2 area orientation in Shanghai's biggest water reserves and ecological conservation areas, and proposed the wetland restoration design, focusing on Dalian Lake, as the first scheme. The planning region's area is 14.6km2, and the first phase of the project area is located in the northeast of Dalian Lake. Based on this wetland restoration project, we selected the birds, the most active and striking part, as our research object to evaluate the effect of wetland restoration, and then put forward the key species'conservation strategies and optimization method of habitat.
The main content as follows:
1. Avain diversity investigation in the planted area of wetlands park. From December 2009 to March 2010, an investigation was made on avian communities in four major habitats,i. e., natural wetlands, artificial wetlands, farmlands and woodlands in planted area, with related diversity indices analyzed. A total of 72 species belonging to 11 orders and 28 families was recorded. The significant difference was presented among the avian communities of the four habitats in Shannon-Wiener index (H'). Farmlands has the highest dominance index (C), followed by natural wetlands while no significant difference was found in that between artificial wetlands and woodlands. The Pielou index (J) of woodlands was significantly higher than other habitats and that of farmlands was lowest, while no significant difference was found between natural wetlands and artificial wetlands. Woodlands has the highest species richness and no significant difference was found in richness among the other there habitats. The similarity index (S1) of avian community of natural wetlands-artificial wetlands was the highest while that of artificial-farmlands area avian communities was the lowest, and the Bray-Curtis (CN) index of avian community of artificial wetlands-woodlands was the highest while that of farmlands-woodlands area avian communities was the lowest. Inter-habitat's heterogeneity and human activities were the main factors affecting the characteristics of avian community in Dalian Lake wetlands. Habitat fragmentation and illegal hunting hold negative impacts on the avian community.
2. Avian diversity in the engineering experimental region. From December 2008 to June 2010, a tracking investigation was carried out on the birds and the environmental factors, in which bird index and environmental factors were recorded divisionally. A total of 134 species belonging to 13 orders and 34 families was recorded, which is accounted for 29.25% of the total number of the birds in Shanghai and 57.38% of the total number of the birds in Dianshan Lake area.14 new species were recorded after the construction, in which Halcyon smyrnensis is a new record in Shanghai. There was not significant trend in the bird diversity because of the reasons and the construction. The single land utilization way, inappropriate water area ratio, excessive water depth, inapposite vegetation arrangements, unreasonable proportion of bare mudflat and proportion of barren and heavy human disturbance are all the factors which influencing the bird diversity.
3. The effects of restoration in the engineering experimental region. The increase both in the species and number of anatidae showed that the large water area in the engineering experimental region had could attract the anatidae. Some areas have not completed the terrain shaping and vegetation fostering which resultes the rise and fall in the number of waders. There is a downward trend in the ardeidae which is caused by the aquaculture ponds being replaced by the ecological ponds. On the whole, there is upward trend in all the birds and initial success of wetland restoration.
4. The avian habitat optimization. The main conservation proposals as follows:wate level should be one important consideration because the change in water level is related to the proportion of the water and the proportion of bare mudflat. For the waders, habitat needs to containe three kinds of landscape element, which is body of water, vegetation and bare flats. Human disturbance should be under a low level. The aquaculture ponds, which could provide foraging habitat for large amount of birds, should be reserved properly.
为应对以上问题,《上海市青西地区总体规划(2005～2020年)(草案)》明确将环淀山湖203.3km2的地区功能定位于上海最大的水源地保护区和生态涵养区,并提出了以大莲湖为中心的湿地修复设计作为受损湖泊湿地修复的首个方案,规划区域(下文称湿地公园规划区)面积为14.6km2,首期工程区(下文称工程试验区)位于规划区内的大莲湖东北方位。本文基于此湿地修复工程,选取鸟类这一湿地生态系统中最活跃、最引人注目的组成部分作为研究对象,来评估湿地修复的效果,进而提出湿地关键物种(鸟类)的保育策略和栖息地优化方法。
本文主要内容包括：
1,湿地公园规划区鸟类多样性调查。2009年12月至2010年3月,对规划区内的4种主要生境(自然湿地、人工湿地、农田和林地)的冬季鸟类群落进行了调查,并对4种生境的鸟类多样性指数和鸟类群落的相似性进行比较。共记录到72种鸟类,隶属11目28科。鸟类群落的a多样性分析表明：4种生境鸟类群落的Shannon-Wiener(H’)指数存在极显著差异,林地最大,农田最小；农田的优势度指数(0最高,其次为自然湿地,人工湿地和林地的优势度指数没有差异；林地的Pielou (J)指数明显高于其他生境,农田的最低,自然湿地和人工湿地之间的均匀度没差异；林地的物种丰富度(R)高于其他生境,其他三种生境的物种丰富度没有差异。p多样性分析表明：自然湿地和人工湿地的鸟类群落的相似性指数(Si)最高,人工湿地和农田的相似性指数最低；Bray-Curtis旨数(CN)最高的为人工湿地-林地,最低的为农田-林地。生境间异质性和人为活动是影响规划区冬季鸟类群落特征的重要原因。生境破碎化和非法捕猎对鸟类多样性有非常不利的影响。
2,工程试验区鸟类多样性。2008年12月至2010年6月,对工程试验区的鸟类及环境因子进行了跟踪调查,并对工程试验区内的鸟类和环境因子进行了分区记录。共记录到鸟类105种,隶属13目34科,占上海市鸟类359种的29.25%、占淀山湖群区域鸟类183种的57.38%。施工后记录到14种新分布于该区域的鸟类,其中白胸翡翠(Halcyon smyrnensis)为上海市新记录。分析表明：由于季节和施工因素,施工区域内各分区的多样性指数并未表现出较为明显的变化趋势；威胁鸟类多样性的因素有土地利用方式单一、水面积比例不适宜、水深过大、植被配置不合理、光滩(泥滩)比例、裸地比例不合理以及较重的人为干扰。
3,工程试验区修复效果。整个施工区域雁鸭类种类和数量都有上升,说明工程试验区的大水面已可以招引雁鸭类；鸻鹬类有升有降,原因在于部分区域地形塑造和植被培育尚未完全完成,光滩(泥滩)面积不稳定；鹭科鸟类有下降的趋势,原因在于精养型鱼塘被粗放型鱼塘代替,使其丧失了部分觅食地。统观水鸟、林鸟和所有的鸟类,整体呈现出上升的趋势,湿地修复初见成效。
4,鸟类栖息地优化。主要保护建议为：水位的变化直接影响到区域内的水面积比例和光滩(泥滩)比例,要重点考虑水位这一指标;为鸻鹬类营造同时包含水域、裸地和植被三种景观要素的生境；控制人为干扰；适当为水鸟投放底栖动物和鱼类等食物；精养鱼塘可为大量的鸟类提供提供觅食生境,需适当保留。
The scientific restoration on the deteriorated lake wetlands is one of the hot topics in ecological research. Most Shanghai lake wetlands are located in Dianshanhu multi-lakes area in western suburb, which is center around Dalian Lake. This area is part of the water source region of Huangpu River with abundant wetland resources and high-level biodiversity, where the birds'type and quantity has reached the international standard of important wetlands. However, the abuse of land and water resource in Shanghai lake wetlands leads to serious ecological problems, which brings about safety hazard to the regional water supply and becomes the limiting factor to this coordinated growth.
To cope with the problems above, "Shanghai West Qingpu district planning (2005-2020) (draft)" explicitly located the ring Dianshan Lake 203.3km2 area orientation in Shanghai's biggest water reserves and ecological conservation areas, and proposed the wetland restoration design, focusing on Dalian Lake, as the first scheme. The planning region's area is 14.6km2, and the first phase of the project area is located in the northeast of Dalian Lake. Based on this wetland restoration project, we selected the birds, the most active and striking part, as our research object to evaluate the effect of wetland restoration, and then put forward the key species'conservation strategies and optimization method of habitat.
The main content as follows:
1. Avain diversity investigation in the planted area of wetlands park. From December 2009 to March 2010, an investigation was made on avian communities in four major habitats,i. e., natural wetlands, artificial wetlands, farmlands and woodlands in planted area, with related diversity indices analyzed. A total of 72 species belonging to 11 orders and 28 families was recorded. The significant difference was presented among the avian communities of the four habitats in Shannon-Wiener index (H'). Farmlands has the highest dominance index (C), followed by natural wetlands while no significant difference was found in that between artificial wetlands and woodlands. The Pielou index (J) of woodlands was significantly higher than other habitats and that of farmlands was lowest, while no significant difference was found between natural wetlands and artificial wetlands. Woodlands has the highest species richness and no significant difference was found in richness among the other there habitats. The similarity index (S1) of avian community of natural wetlands-artificial wetlands was the highest while that of artificial-farmlands area avian communities was the lowest, and the Bray-Curtis (CN) index of avian community of artificial wetlands-woodlands was the highest while that of farmlands-woodlands area avian communities was the lowest. Inter-habitat's heterogeneity and human activities were the main factors affecting the characteristics of avian community in Dalian Lake wetlands. Habitat fragmentation and illegal hunting hold negative impacts on the avian community.
2. Avian diversity in the engineering experimental region. From December 2008 to June 2010, a tracking investigation was carried out on the birds and the environmental factors, in which bird index and environmental factors were recorded divisionally. A total of 134 species belonging to 13 orders and 34 families was recorded, which is accounted for 29.25% of the total number of the birds in Shanghai and 57.38% of the total number of the birds in Dianshan Lake area.14 new species were recorded after the construction, in which Halcyon smyrnensis is a new record in Shanghai. There was not significant trend in the bird diversity because of the reasons and the construction. The single land utilization way, inappropriate water area ratio, excessive water depth, inapposite vegetation arrangements, unreasonable proportion of bare mudflat and proportion of barren and heavy human disturbance are all the factors which influencing the bird diversity.
3. The effects of restoration in the engineering experimental region. The increase both in the species and number of anatidae showed that the large water area in the engineering experimental region had could attract the anatidae. Some areas have not completed the terrain shaping and vegetation fostering which resultes the rise and fall in the number of waders. There is a downward trend in the ardeidae which is caused by the aquaculture ponds being replaced by the ecological ponds. On the whole, there is upward trend in all the birds and initial success of wetland restoration.
4. The avian habitat optimization. The main conservation proposals as follows:wate level should be one important consideration because the change in water level is related to the proportion of the water and the proportion of bare mudflat. For the waders, habitat needs to containe three kinds of landscape element, which is body of water, vegetation and bare flats. Human disturbance should be under a low level. The aquaculture ponds, which could provide foraging habitat for large amount of birds, should be reserved properly.
引文
An Shuqing.1996. Grey system studies on agro-ecological engineering in Taihu lake area of jiangsu. China. Ecological Engineering,7(3):235.
Allen EB.2003. New directions and growth of restoration ecology. Restoration Ecology, 11:1-2.
Armitage AR, Jensen SM, Yoon JE, Ambrose RF.2007. Wintering shorebird assemblages and behavior in restored tidal wetlands in Southern California. Restoration Ecology, 15(1):139-148.
Arriaga-Weiss SL, Calme S, Kampichler C.2008. Bird communities in rainforest fragments:guild responses to habitat variables in Tabasco, Mexico. Biodiversity and Conservation,17:173-190.
Clavero M, Garci'a-Berthou E.2005. Invasive species are a leading cause of animal extinctions. Trends in ecology & evolution,20:110.
Coveney MF, Stites DL, Lowe EF, Battoe LE, Conrow R.2002. Nutrient removal from eutrophic lake water by wetland filtration. Ecological Engineering,19:141-159.
Doody JP.2001. Coastal conservation and management:an ecological perspective. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, Massachusetts.
Friberg N, Kronvang B, Hansen H O, Svendsen LM.1998. Long-term, habitat-specific response of a macroinvertebrate community to river restoration. Aquatic Conservation,8:87-99.
Froneman A., Mangnall MJ., Little RM., Crowe TM.2001.Waterbird assemblages and associated habitat characteristics of farm ponds in the Western Cape, South Africa. Biodiversity and Conservation,10:251-270.
Furness RW, Greenwood JJD, Jarvis PJ.1993. Can birds be used to monitor the environment?//Furness RW, Greenwood JJD eds. Birds as Monitors of Environmental Change. London:Chapman and Hall.
Hackney CT.2000. Restoration of coastal habitats:expectation and reality. Ecological Engineering,15:165-170.
Harper DM.1992. The ecological relationships of aquatic plants at Lake Naivasha, Kenya. Hydrobiogia,232:65.
Hattori A, Mae S.2001. Habitat use and diversity of waterbirds in a coastal lagoon around Lake Biwa, Japan. Ecological Research,16:543-553.
Herkert JR.1994. The effects of habitat fragmentation on Midwestern grassland bird communites. Ecological Applications,4 (3):461-471.
Hughes FMR, Colston A, Mountford JO.2005. Restoring riparian ecosystems:the challenge of accommodating variability and designing restoration trajectories. Ecology and Society,10-12.
Koball SN, Payne NF.1999. Habitat/Area relationships, abundance, and composition of bird communities in 3 grassland types transactions of Illinois state. Academy of Science,92(1):109-131.
Lord JM., Norton DA.1994. Scale and the spatial concept of fragmentation. Conservation Biology,4:197-202.
Ma ZJ, Li B, Zhao B, Jing K, Tang SM, Chen JK.2004. Are artificial wetlands good alternatives to natural wetlands for waterbirds?-A case study on Chongming Island, China. Biodiversity and Conservation,13:333-350.
Malakoff, D.1998. Restored wetlands flunk real-World Test. Science,280:371-372.
Marc-Andre V, Taylor PD.1992. Tolerance to habitat fragmentation influences the colonization of new habitat by forest birds. Oecologia,98:393-401
Mortsch LD.1998. Assessing the impact of climate change on the Great Lakes shoreline wetlands. Climate Change,40:391-416.
Nicholls RJ, Hoozemans FMJ, Marchand M.1999. Increasing flood risk and wetland losses due to global sea level rise. Global Environmental Change,9:S69-S87.
Peter C.1992. Managing Water Resources in Interstate River Basins. In:Comparative Political Studies. Australia & Canada.
Petranka JW, Kennedy CA, Murray SS.2003b. Responses of amphibians to restoration of a southern Appalachian wetland:a long-term analysis of community dynamics. Wetlands,23 (4):1030-1042.
Petranka JW, Murray SS, Kennedy CA.2003a. Responses of amphibians to restoration of a southern Appalachian wetland:perturbations confound post-restoration assessment. Wetlands,23 (2):278-290.
Robarts RD, Waiser MJ, Hadas O, Zohary T, Maclmyre S.1998. Relaxation of phosphoruslim itation duetotyphooninduced m ixingintwo morphologically distinctbasins of Lake Biwa, Japan. Limnology and Oceanography,43:1023-1035.
Rodriguez MA, Lewis WM.1997. Structure of fish assemblages along environmental gradients in floodplain lakes of the Orinoco River. Ecological Monographs,67: 109-128.
Sondergaard M, Kristensen P, Jeppesen E.1992. Phosphorus release from resuspended sediment in the shallow and wind-exposed Lake Arreso, Denm ark. Hydrobiologia, 228:91-99.
Soule ME.1987. Viable populations for conservation. London:Cambridge University Press.
Warren Musgrave. Interstate Water Management.1995. The Case of the Murray-Darling Basin in Australia. In:A Dinar & E T Loehmaned. Water Quantity/Quality Management and Conflict Resolution, Praeger, USA.
Wiens JA.1994. Habitat fragmentation:island v landscape perspectives on bird conservation. Ibis,137:97-104.
Zedler JB.2000. Progress in wetland restoration ecology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution,15:402-405.
Baidu.2000国家保护的有益的或者有重要经济、科学研究价值的陆生野生动物名录http://baike.baidu.com/view/1496360.htm
Baidu.2011.百度百科,湖泊湿地.http://baike.baidu.com/view/3816230.htm
安树青.2003.湿地生态工程——湿地资源利用与保护的优化模式.北京：化学工业出版社.
蔡音亭,王强,张颖,张奕彬,刘天悦,唐仕敏,马志军.西天目山低山地区人工与自然生境夏季鸟类群落比较.动物学杂志,2008,43(4)：20-25.
蔡友铭,史家明,王天厚,张瑞云.2007.上海西郊湖泊湿地修复的理论与实践.北京：科学教育出版社.
车越,杨凯,吴阿娜,袁雯.2005.上海城市水源战略与水源地保护：格局、问题与展望.自然资源学报,20(5)：651-659.
陈德昌,陈德川.青浦区生态经济系统和环境保护问题.生态经济,2001,12：74-75.
程曦,李小平.2008.淀山湖氮磷营养物20年变化及其藻类增长响应.湖泊科学,20(4)：409-419.
邓文洪.2009.栖息地破碎化与鸟类生存.生态学报,29(6)：3181-3187.
丁平,诸葛阳,姜仕仁.1989.浙江古田山自然保护区鸟类群落生态研究.生态学报,9(2)：121-127.
范喜顺.2005.华北平原北部耕作区鸟类群落及其生存制约因子研究.北京林业大学.
高伟,陆健健.2008.长江口潮滩湿地鸟类适栖地营造实验及短期效应,生态学报,28(5)：2080-2089.
葛振鸣,周晓,王开运,陈乐天,王天厚.2009.受损湖泊湿地生态修复规划与效益分析——以上海西郊湿地为例.生态经济,(4)：30-36.
葛振鸣.2007.长江口滨海湿地迁徙水禽群落特征及生境修复策略.华东师范大学.
郭文利,夏述中,袁晓,裴恩乐.2010.上海青浦大莲湖湿地退化与修复.湿地科学与管理,6(2)：22-25.
何小丽,张群,朱义,王斌,崔心红.2010.大莲湖池杉林湿地土壤可培养细菌的分离与鉴定.微生物学杂志,30(2)：18-23.
黄正一,孙振华,虞快.1993.上海鸟类资源及其生境.上海：复旦大学出版社.
金相灿.2001.湖泊富营养化控制和管理技术.北京：化学工业出版社.
刘晓嫣,李轶伦.2009.湿地生态修复与景观规划研究——以上海青西湿地生态修复工程为例.中国园林,8：75-78.
栾晓峰.2003.上海鸟类群落特征及其保护规划研究.上海：华东师范大学.
栾晓峰,胡忠军,徐宏发.2004.上海农耕区鸟类群落特征及与几种生境因子的关系.动物学研究,25(1)：20-26.
罗新正,朱坦,孙广友.2003.松嫩平原大安古河道湿地的恢复与重建.生态学报,23(2)：244-250.
罗祖奎.2010.崇明东滩水鸟对鱼塘抛荒早期阶段的反应及食物因子分析.华东师范大学.
罗祖奎,吴法清,刘家武,向国祥,王天厚.2009a.沙湖自然保护区鹞属鸟类多样性 及其影响因子.生态学学,2006,18(6)：579-584
罗祖奎,岳峰,吴法清,楼利高,王天厚.2009b.湖北沙湖冬季鸟类群落特征.生态学杂志,28(7)：1361-1367.
马克平,刘灿然,刘玉明.1995.生物多样性的测度方法.生物多样性,3(1)：38-43.
聂芳容.2003.退田还湖是治理洞庭湖之良策.人民长江,34(11)：10-11.
裴恩乐,郭文利,夏述中.2010.大莲湖生态修复区浮游生物的分布状况及变动趋势.野生动物,31(3)：154-156.
秦伯强,高光,胡维平,吴庆龙,胡春华,刘正文,谷孝鸿,朱广伟,陈非洲.2005.浅水湖泊生态系统恢复的理论与实践思考.湖泊科学,17(1)：9-16.
阮仁良,屠鹤鸣,王云.1997.淀山湖水质监测及富营养化对策研究.上海水利,48(3)：35-38.
沈根祥,王振旗,钱晓雍,朱英,张豪.2010.上海大莲湖区域农业面源污染特征研究.上海农业学报,26(1)：55-59.
宋永昌.1992.淀山湖富营养化及其防止研究.上海：华东师范大学出版社,5-30.
孙菁煜,戴小杰,朱江峰,季伟彬,田芝清.2007.淀山湖鱼类多样性分析.上海水产大学学报,16(5)：454-459.
孙儒泳.2001.动物生态学原理(第3版).北京：北京师范大学出版社.
孙振中,吴维宁,林惠山,刘淑梅.1998.淀山湖、黄浦江上游渔业水质监测.水产科技情报,25(5)：220-223.
唐承佳,陆健健.2002.围垦堤内迁徙鸻鹬类群落的生态学特性.动物学杂志,37(2)：27-33.
汪松年.2003.上海湿地利用和保护.上海：上海科学技术出版社.
翁白莎,严登华,赵志轩,张诚,王刚.2010.人工湿地系统在湖泊生态修复中的作用.生态学杂志,29(12)：2514-2520.
吴少斌,方平,韩宗先,罗祖奎,李宏群,张燕,伍莎.2010.涪陵区春季鸟类群落及其对于区域生态保护的意义.华东师范大学学报(自然科学版),(2)：26-33.
吴艳云,何宏轩.2008.鸟类禽流感与野鸟保护.自然杂志,30(2)：78-83.
谢一民,杜德昌,孙振华,等.2004.上海湿地.上海：上海科学技术出版社.
徐玲,李波,袁晓,徐宏发.2006.崇明东滩春季鸟类群落特征.动物学杂志,41(6)：120-126.
许木启,黄玉瑶.1998.受损水域生态系统恢复与重建研究.生态学报,18(5)：547-558.
杨月伟,夏贵荣,丁平,马仁翻,陈余钊.2005.浙江乐清湾湿地水鸟资源及其多样性特征.生物多样性,13(6)：507-513.
由文辉,宋永昌.1995.淀山湖3种沉水植物的种子萌发生态.应用生态学报,6(2)：196-200.
由文辉.1997.淀山湖水生态系统的物质循环.中国环境科学,17(4)：293-296.
约翰·马敬能,卡伦·菲利普斯,何芬奇.2000.中国野外鸟类手册.湖南：湖南教育出版社.
岳峰,罗祖奎,吴迪,任文玲,王天厚.2009.上海市大莲湖发现白胸翡翠.动物学杂志,44(6)：16.
岳峰,罗祖奎,吴迪,裴恩乐,王天厚.2010.上海大莲湖鱼类群落组成及生物多样性.动物学研究,31(6)：657-662.
曾正荣,袁永坤,孙建国.2002.淀山湖生物资源调查研究.上海市湿地利用和保护研讨会论文集(湿地生物资源利用和保护),96-103.
张佰莲,谷金学,谷彦昌,赵程鹏.2009.黑龙江大沾河湿地自然保护区鸟类群落结构调查及其多样性分析.四川动物,28(6)：933-939.
张宏伟,朱雪诞, 车越, 卓元午, 胡伟.2009.基于区域发展与水源保护的大莲湖生态修复途径.中国给水排水,25(18)：6-10.
郑光美.2005.中国鸟类分类与分布名录.北京：科学出版社.
中国上海.2009. 青浦区大规模建设生态水源涵养林http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/shanghai/node2314/node2315/node15343/userobject21a i352638.html
朱浩,刘兴国,裴恩乐,郭文利,夏述忠.2010.大莲湖生态修复工程对水质影响的研究.环境工程学报,4(8)：1790-1794.
朱季文,季子修,蒋自巽.2002.太湖湖滨带的生态建设.湖泊科学,14(1)：77-81.
朱晶,敬凯,干晓静,马志军.2007.迁徙停歇期鸻鹬类在崇明东滩潮间带的食物分布.生态学报,27(6)：2149-2159.
朱晓莉,杨正勇.2008.上海淀山湖水源保护区渔民转产转业影响因素的实证分析.农业技术经济,(3)：106-112.
朱英,沈根祥,钱晓雍,王振旗,陈俭.2010.上海大莲湖水域浮游植物群落结构特征及水质评价.生态与农村环境学报,26(6)：544-549.
Allen EB.2003. New directions and growth of restoration ecology. Restoration Ecology, 11:1-2.
Armitage AR, Jensen SM, Yoon JE, Ambrose RF.2007. Wintering shorebird assemblages and behavior in restored tidal wetlands in Southern California. Restoration Ecology, 15(1):139-148.
Arriaga-Weiss SL, Calme S, Kampichler C.2008. Bird communities in rainforest fragments:guild responses to habitat variables in Tabasco, Mexico. Biodiversity and Conservation,17:173-190.
Clavero M, Garci'a-Berthou E.2005. Invasive species are a leading cause of animal extinctions. Trends in ecology & evolution,20:110.
Coveney MF, Stites DL, Lowe EF, Battoe LE, Conrow R.2002. Nutrient removal from eutrophic lake water by wetland filtration. Ecological Engineering,19:141-159.
Doody JP.2001. Coastal conservation and management:an ecological perspective. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, Massachusetts.
Friberg N, Kronvang B, Hansen H O, Svendsen LM.1998. Long-term, habitat-specific response of a macroinvertebrate community to river restoration. Aquatic Conservation,8:87-99.
Froneman A., Mangnall MJ., Little RM., Crowe TM.2001.Waterbird assemblages and associated habitat characteristics of farm ponds in the Western Cape, South Africa. Biodiversity and Conservation,10:251-270.
Furness RW, Greenwood JJD, Jarvis PJ.1993. Can birds be used to monitor the environment?//Furness RW, Greenwood JJD eds. Birds as Monitors of Environmental Change. London:Chapman and Hall.
Hackney CT.2000. Restoration of coastal habitats:expectation and reality. Ecological Engineering,15:165-170.
Harper DM.1992. The ecological relationships of aquatic plants at Lake Naivasha, Kenya. Hydrobiogia,232:65.
Hattori A, Mae S.2001. Habitat use and diversity of waterbirds in a coastal lagoon around Lake Biwa, Japan. Ecological Research,16:543-553.
Herkert JR.1994. The effects of habitat fragmentation on Midwestern grassland bird communites. Ecological Applications,4 (3):461-471.
Hughes FMR, Colston A, Mountford JO.2005. Restoring riparian ecosystems:the challenge of accommodating variability and designing restoration trajectories. Ecology and Society,10-12.
Koball SN, Payne NF.1999. Habitat/Area relationships, abundance, and composition of bird communities in 3 grassland types transactions of Illinois state. Academy of Science,92(1):109-131.
Lord JM., Norton DA.1994. Scale and the spatial concept of fragmentation. Conservation Biology,4:197-202.
Ma ZJ, Li B, Zhao B, Jing K, Tang SM, Chen JK.2004. Are artificial wetlands good alternatives to natural wetlands for waterbirds?-A case study on Chongming Island, China. Biodiversity and Conservation,13:333-350.
Malakoff, D.1998. Restored wetlands flunk real-World Test. Science,280:371-372.
Marc-Andre V, Taylor PD.1992. Tolerance to habitat fragmentation influences the colonization of new habitat by forest birds. Oecologia,98:393-401
Mortsch LD.1998. Assessing the impact of climate change on the Great Lakes shoreline wetlands. Climate Change,40:391-416.
Nicholls RJ, Hoozemans FMJ, Marchand M.1999. Increasing flood risk and wetland losses due to global sea level rise. Global Environmental Change,9:S69-S87.
Peter C.1992. Managing Water Resources in Interstate River Basins. In:Comparative Political Studies. Australia & Canada.
Petranka JW, Kennedy CA, Murray SS.2003b. Responses of amphibians to restoration of a southern Appalachian wetland:a long-term analysis of community dynamics. Wetlands,23 (4):1030-1042.
Petranka JW, Murray SS, Kennedy CA.2003a. Responses of amphibians to restoration of a southern Appalachian wetland:perturbations confound post-restoration assessment. Wetlands,23 (2):278-290.
Robarts RD, Waiser MJ, Hadas O, Zohary T, Maclmyre S.1998. Relaxation of phosphoruslim itation duetotyphooninduced m ixingintwo morphologically distinctbasins of Lake Biwa, Japan. Limnology and Oceanography,43:1023-1035.
Rodriguez MA, Lewis WM.1997. Structure of fish assemblages along environmental gradients in floodplain lakes of the Orinoco River. Ecological Monographs,67: 109-128.
Sondergaard M, Kristensen P, Jeppesen E.1992. Phosphorus release from resuspended sediment in the shallow and wind-exposed Lake Arreso, Denm ark. Hydrobiologia, 228:91-99.
Soule ME.1987. Viable populations for conservation. London:Cambridge University Press.
Warren Musgrave. Interstate Water Management.1995. The Case of the Murray-Darling Basin in Australia. In:A Dinar & E T Loehmaned. Water Quantity/Quality Management and Conflict Resolution, Praeger, USA.
Wiens JA.1994. Habitat fragmentation:island v landscape perspectives on bird conservation. Ibis,137:97-104.
Zedler JB.2000. Progress in wetland restoration ecology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution,15:402-405.
Baidu.2000国家保护的有益的或者有重要经济、科学研究价值的陆生野生动物名录http://baike.baidu.com/view/1496360.htm
Baidu.2011.百度百科,湖泊湿地.http://baike.baidu.com/view/3816230.htm
安树青.2003.湿地生态工程——湿地资源利用与保护的优化模式.北京：化学工业出版社.
蔡音亭,王强,张颖,张奕彬,刘天悦,唐仕敏,马志军.西天目山低山地区人工与自然生境夏季鸟类群落比较.动物学杂志,2008,43(4)：20-25.
蔡友铭,史家明,王天厚,张瑞云.2007.上海西郊湖泊湿地修复的理论与实践.北京：科学教育出版社.
车越,杨凯,吴阿娜,袁雯.2005.上海城市水源战略与水源地保护：格局、问题与展望.自然资源学报,20(5)：651-659.
陈德昌,陈德川.青浦区生态经济系统和环境保护问题.生态经济,2001,12：74-75.
程曦,李小平.2008.淀山湖氮磷营养物20年变化及其藻类增长响应.湖泊科学,20(4)：409-419.
邓文洪.2009.栖息地破碎化与鸟类生存.生态学报,29(6)：3181-3187.
丁平,诸葛阳,姜仕仁.1989.浙江古田山自然保护区鸟类群落生态研究.生态学报,9(2)：121-127.
范喜顺.2005.华北平原北部耕作区鸟类群落及其生存制约因子研究.北京林业大学.
高伟,陆健健.2008.长江口潮滩湿地鸟类适栖地营造实验及短期效应,生态学报,28(5)：2080-2089.
葛振鸣,周晓,王开运,陈乐天,王天厚.2009.受损湖泊湿地生态修复规划与效益分析——以上海西郊湿地为例.生态经济,(4)：30-36.
葛振鸣.2007.长江口滨海湿地迁徙水禽群落特征及生境修复策略.华东师范大学.
郭文利,夏述中,袁晓,裴恩乐.2010.上海青浦大莲湖湿地退化与修复.湿地科学与管理,6(2)：22-25.
何小丽,张群,朱义,王斌,崔心红.2010.大莲湖池杉林湿地土壤可培养细菌的分离与鉴定.微生物学杂志,30(2)：18-23.
黄正一,孙振华,虞快.1993.上海鸟类资源及其生境.上海：复旦大学出版社.
金相灿.2001.湖泊富营养化控制和管理技术.北京：化学工业出版社.
刘晓嫣,李轶伦.2009.湿地生态修复与景观规划研究——以上海青西湿地生态修复工程为例.中国园林,8：75-78.
栾晓峰.2003.上海鸟类群落特征及其保护规划研究.上海：华东师范大学.
栾晓峰,胡忠军,徐宏发.2004.上海农耕区鸟类群落特征及与几种生境因子的关系.动物学研究,25(1)：20-26.
罗新正,朱坦,孙广友.2003.松嫩平原大安古河道湿地的恢复与重建.生态学报,23(2)：244-250.
罗祖奎.2010.崇明东滩水鸟对鱼塘抛荒早期阶段的反应及食物因子分析.华东师范大学.
罗祖奎,吴法清,刘家武,向国祥,王天厚.2009a.沙湖自然保护区鹞属鸟类多样性 及其影响因子.生态学学,2006,18(6)：579-584
罗祖奎,岳峰,吴法清,楼利高,王天厚.2009b.湖北沙湖冬季鸟类群落特征.生态学杂志,28(7)：1361-1367.
马克平,刘灿然,刘玉明.1995.生物多样性的测度方法.生物多样性,3(1)：38-43.
聂芳容.2003.退田还湖是治理洞庭湖之良策.人民长江,34(11)：10-11.
裴恩乐,郭文利,夏述中.2010.大莲湖生态修复区浮游生物的分布状况及变动趋势.野生动物,31(3)：154-156.
秦伯强,高光,胡维平,吴庆龙,胡春华,刘正文,谷孝鸿,朱广伟,陈非洲.2005.浅水湖泊生态系统恢复的理论与实践思考.湖泊科学,17(1)：9-16.
阮仁良,屠鹤鸣,王云.1997.淀山湖水质监测及富营养化对策研究.上海水利,48(3)：35-38.
沈根祥,王振旗,钱晓雍,朱英,张豪.2010.上海大莲湖区域农业面源污染特征研究.上海农业学报,26(1)：55-59.
宋永昌.1992.淀山湖富营养化及其防止研究.上海：华东师范大学出版社,5-30.
孙菁煜,戴小杰,朱江峰,季伟彬,田芝清.2007.淀山湖鱼类多样性分析.上海水产大学学报,16(5)：454-459.
孙儒泳.2001.动物生态学原理(第3版).北京：北京师范大学出版社.
孙振中,吴维宁,林惠山,刘淑梅.1998.淀山湖、黄浦江上游渔业水质监测.水产科技情报,25(5)：220-223.
唐承佳,陆健健.2002.围垦堤内迁徙鸻鹬类群落的生态学特性.动物学杂志,37(2)：27-33.
汪松年.2003.上海湿地利用和保护.上海：上海科学技术出版社.
翁白莎,严登华,赵志轩,张诚,王刚.2010.人工湿地系统在湖泊生态修复中的作用.生态学杂志,29(12)：2514-2520.
吴少斌,方平,韩宗先,罗祖奎,李宏群,张燕,伍莎.2010.涪陵区春季鸟类群落及其对于区域生态保护的意义.华东师范大学学报(自然科学版),(2)：26-33.
吴艳云,何宏轩.2008.鸟类禽流感与野鸟保护.自然杂志,30(2)：78-83.
谢一民,杜德昌,孙振华,等.2004.上海湿地.上海：上海科学技术出版社.
徐玲,李波,袁晓,徐宏发.2006.崇明东滩春季鸟类群落特征.动物学杂志,41(6)：120-126.
许木启,黄玉瑶.1998.受损水域生态系统恢复与重建研究.生态学报,18(5)：547-558.
杨月伟,夏贵荣,丁平,马仁翻,陈余钊.2005.浙江乐清湾湿地水鸟资源及其多样性特征.生物多样性,13(6)：507-513.
由文辉,宋永昌.1995.淀山湖3种沉水植物的种子萌发生态.应用生态学报,6(2)：196-200.
由文辉.1997.淀山湖水生态系统的物质循环.中国环境科学,17(4)：293-296.
约翰·马敬能,卡伦·菲利普斯,何芬奇.2000.中国野外鸟类手册.湖南：湖南教育出版社.
岳峰,罗祖奎,吴迪,任文玲,王天厚.2009.上海市大莲湖发现白胸翡翠.动物学杂志,44(6)：16.
岳峰,罗祖奎,吴迪,裴恩乐,王天厚.2010.上海大莲湖鱼类群落组成及生物多样性.动物学研究,31(6)：657-662.
曾正荣,袁永坤,孙建国.2002.淀山湖生物资源调查研究.上海市湿地利用和保护研讨会论文集(湿地生物资源利用和保护),96-103.
张佰莲,谷金学,谷彦昌,赵程鹏.2009.黑龙江大沾河湿地自然保护区鸟类群落结构调查及其多样性分析.四川动物,28(6)：933-939.
张宏伟,朱雪诞, 车越, 卓元午, 胡伟.2009.基于区域发展与水源保护的大莲湖生态修复途径.中国给水排水,25(18)：6-10.
郑光美.2005.中国鸟类分类与分布名录.北京：科学出版社.
中国上海.2009. 青浦区大规模建设生态水源涵养林http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/shanghai/node2314/node2315/node15343/userobject21a i352638.html
朱浩,刘兴国,裴恩乐,郭文利,夏述忠.2010.大莲湖生态修复工程对水质影响的研究.环境工程学报,4(8)：1790-1794.
朱季文,季子修,蒋自巽.2002.太湖湖滨带的生态建设.湖泊科学,14(1)：77-81.
朱晶,敬凯,干晓静,马志军.2007.迁徙停歇期鸻鹬类在崇明东滩潮间带的食物分布.生态学报,27(6)：2149-2159.
朱晓莉,杨正勇.2008.上海淀山湖水源保护区渔民转产转业影响因素的实证分析.农业技术经济,(3)：106-112.
朱英,沈根祥,钱晓雍,王振旗,陈俭.2010.上海大莲湖水域浮游植物群落结构特征及水质评价.生态与农村环境学报,26(6)：544-549.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |