裕丹参质量栽培技术研究
摘要
丹参是我国传统大宗药材、临床常用中药之一,目前已大面积人工栽培,但有关丹参栽培的理论与技术研究还很薄弱,人工栽培的理论与技术尚未形成完整的体系,直接影响了丹参产量和质量的稳定。本试验以方城丹参为材料,通过不同育苗时间及方法、覆盖方式、摘花蕾、肥料种类及用量、质地土壤等对裕丹参生长发育的系统研究,得出裕丹参最佳栽培模式与技术,以期为裕丹参规范化栽培提供理论与技术依据。主要试验结果如下:
1.不同育苗时间和育苗覆盖物试验结果表明,育苗时间以6月下旬较为适宜;遮阳网较麦秸覆盖更有利于丹参苗的生长发育。表现为出苗快,苗整齐度高,平均单株叶面积、最大根粗、根干重、叶片生长动态、幼苗高度等性状优良。
2.不同质地土壤对裕丹参产量和质量有显著影响,丹参以砂土地种植最佳。表现为单株根鲜重达317.95 g,较壤土、粘土分别提高14.51 %和37.31 %;丹酚酸B含量达8.87 %,丹参酮ⅡA含量达0.30 %,分别较壤土、粘土提高了103 %、25 %和83 %、7.1 %。
3.不同播期同一移栽期和同一播期不同移栽期试验结果表明,早育苗与早移栽有利于裕丹参的生长发育和有效成分的积累,以6月下旬育苗、10月下旬移栽较适宜。
4.大田不同覆盖方式试验结果表明,麦秸覆盖和地膜覆盖的丹参产量极显著高于露地栽培,且麦秸覆盖的产量高于地膜覆盖,但二者无显著性差异;在有效成分含量上,在10月份均以地膜覆盖含量最高,表明塑料地膜覆盖最有利于丹参生长发育。
5.花蕾摘除不同次数的试验结果表明,摘除花蕾较不摘除花蕾能显著增加丹参的根产量,且随着打花次数的增多,根产量呈增加趋势,但摘除两次花蕾和不间断摘除花蕾在根产量上无显著性差异;在有效成分含量上,各处理的丹酚酸B和丹参酮ⅡA含量均分别在9月、10月份含量达到高峰,摘除花蕾的丹酚酸B含量在各生育时期均高于CK。分析结果表明,摘除两次花蕾有利于丹参产量和有效成分含量的提高。
6.不同生长年限试验结果表明,2年生丹参在平均根长、平均根直径和根条数上均多于1年生植株,平均单株鲜根产量和平均公顷产量亦极显著高于1年生裕丹参;2年生丹参的丹酚酸B含量高于1年生,而1年生裕丹参的丹参酮ⅡA含量高于2年生,且1年生、2年生裕丹参在有效成分含量上均达到了药典标准。
7.化肥不同施入水平试验表明,施肥处理的丹参产量高于未施肥处理,且N、P、K配施的产量高于单施处理,以T4(氮:磷:钾为7.5 kg:18.5 kg:15 kg)产量最高;有效成分含量上,以T5(氮:磷:钾为5.0 kg:12.5 kg:10 kg)较高。
8.芝麻饼肥试验结果表明,施肥处理的产量极显著高于未施肥处理,表现为T3>T4>T2>T1>CK,且各处理间都达极显著性差异,综合产量和有效成分含量以T3,即每公顷施2250 kg芝麻饼肥较宜。
9.农家肥试验结果表明,各施肥处理的产量都极显著高于未施肥处理,且产量随着施肥量的增加呈增加趋势,各施肥处理间也都达到极显著性差异,综合产量和有效成分含量以T4,即每公顷施30000 kg农家肥较宜。
10.不同地理环境的丹参生长结果表明,坡地向阳的地理位置更有利于裕丹参产量和有效成分的积累;不同地理位置丹参的根产量与与周围土壤中的养分和微量元素的相关性不同。
Salvia miltiorrhiza is an traditional and important herbal medicine in China.,which is more commonly used in clinic. Salvia miltiorrhiza is planted more and more widely at present. But the studies of planting techniques are poor, its planting techniques have not been studied systematically,which directly affect yield and quality of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Salvia miltiorrhiza In Fangcheng is selected in this experiment. In order to find the best cultivation model and techniques, we studied different seedling time and methods、covering ways、extraction flower bud、types and contents of fertilizer、soil texture etc. on yield and quality. The physiological mechanism about effects of different cultivation model were analyzed in this experiment. The main results were as followed:
1. The results of different seedling time and covering ways experiments showed that,it was beneficial for seedling time in late June; The shading net is more beneficial to Growth of seedling than wheat straw mulching.,which mainly manifested as emergence fast,high uniformity、average leaf area per plant、maximum root diameter、root dry weight、dynamic of leaf growth、seedling height other traits.
2. Different soil texture had significant effect on yield and quality of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Salvia miltiorrhiza is best planting in sand.,which mainly manifested as root fresh weight reached 317.95 g, it is respectively improved 14.51 % and 37.31 % than loam and clay. Salvianolic acid B content reached 8.87 % and tanshinoneⅡA content reached0.30 %,which respectively improved 103 %、25 % and 83 %、7.1 % than loam and clay.
3. The results of different sowing dates with the same transplanting and different transplanting with the same sowing dates experiments showed that, early seedling and early transplanting were beneficial to Growth and accumulating of effective components of Salvia miltiorrhiza.It is best for seedling time in late June and transplanting in late October .
4. The results of different covering ways experiments showed that,the yield under straw mulching or plastic film mulching was significantly higher than that of open field .The yield of straw mulching was higher than that of plastic film mulching,but there was no significant difference between them;The content of effective components was the highest all with plastic film mulching in October,which showed that plastic film mulching was most beneficial to Growth of Salvia miltiorrhiza.
5 .The results of different times of extraction flower bud indicated that, the root yield was higher extraction flower bud of than that of none, and the difference was signicant,and the root yield increased with the increasing of extraction flower bud time.But the difference was no signicant in root yield between two times and nonbreak ex traction flower bud.There was a peak of salvianolic acid B and tanshinoneⅡA content under different trearment in Semtember and October, respectively, The salvianolic acid B content of extraction flower bud was higher than that of CK in different growth stages.the analysis showed that, It was beneficial to increasing yield and effective components under two times extraction flower bud treatment.
6 .The results of different growth years experiment showed that, average root length, root diameter and root numbers of two years old was higher than that of one year, Average fresh root yield and yield was very significant higher than that of one year; salvianolic acid B of two years old was higher than that of one year, tanshinoneⅡA content was higher of one year than that of two years old, and the effective components both in the two treatment reached pharmacopoeia standard.
7. The results of different fertilizer levels experiment showed that, the yield under fertilizer treatment was higher than that of none, and the yield under combined application of N、P、K was higher than that of single application, The yield was highest of treatment with T4(N:P:K was 7.5 kg:18.5 kg:15 kg),The effective components was the best of treatment with T5(N:P:K was 5.0 kg:12.5 kg:10 kg).
8. The results of sesame seed cake fertilizer experiment showed that, the yield under fertilizer treatment was significantly higher than that of none, the difference was very significant, manifested as T3>T4>T2>T1>CK, and the difference very significant among treatments, The effects of treatment with T3(2250 kg/hm2) was the best on yield and effective components .
9. The results of farm yard manure experiment showed that,the yield under fertilizer treatment was significantly higher than that of none,the difference was significant ,and the yield increased with the increasing of fertilizer rate there was very significant difference among fertilizer treatment. The effects of treatment with T4(30000 kg/hm2) was the best on yield and effective components.
10 .The results of geographical environment of salvia growing indicated that,it was beneficial to yield and accumulating of effective components under sunny position;The correlation was different in root yield and nutrients and trace elements in the soils near the plants.
1.不同育苗时间和育苗覆盖物试验结果表明,育苗时间以6月下旬较为适宜;遮阳网较麦秸覆盖更有利于丹参苗的生长发育。表现为出苗快,苗整齐度高,平均单株叶面积、最大根粗、根干重、叶片生长动态、幼苗高度等性状优良。
2.不同质地土壤对裕丹参产量和质量有显著影响,丹参以砂土地种植最佳。表现为单株根鲜重达317.95 g,较壤土、粘土分别提高14.51 %和37.31 %;丹酚酸B含量达8.87 %,丹参酮ⅡA含量达0.30 %,分别较壤土、粘土提高了103 %、25 %和83 %、7.1 %。
3.不同播期同一移栽期和同一播期不同移栽期试验结果表明,早育苗与早移栽有利于裕丹参的生长发育和有效成分的积累,以6月下旬育苗、10月下旬移栽较适宜。
4.大田不同覆盖方式试验结果表明,麦秸覆盖和地膜覆盖的丹参产量极显著高于露地栽培,且麦秸覆盖的产量高于地膜覆盖,但二者无显著性差异;在有效成分含量上,在10月份均以地膜覆盖含量最高,表明塑料地膜覆盖最有利于丹参生长发育。
5.花蕾摘除不同次数的试验结果表明,摘除花蕾较不摘除花蕾能显著增加丹参的根产量,且随着打花次数的增多,根产量呈增加趋势,但摘除两次花蕾和不间断摘除花蕾在根产量上无显著性差异;在有效成分含量上,各处理的丹酚酸B和丹参酮ⅡA含量均分别在9月、10月份含量达到高峰,摘除花蕾的丹酚酸B含量在各生育时期均高于CK。分析结果表明,摘除两次花蕾有利于丹参产量和有效成分含量的提高。
6.不同生长年限试验结果表明,2年生丹参在平均根长、平均根直径和根条数上均多于1年生植株,平均单株鲜根产量和平均公顷产量亦极显著高于1年生裕丹参;2年生丹参的丹酚酸B含量高于1年生,而1年生裕丹参的丹参酮ⅡA含量高于2年生,且1年生、2年生裕丹参在有效成分含量上均达到了药典标准。
7.化肥不同施入水平试验表明,施肥处理的丹参产量高于未施肥处理,且N、P、K配施的产量高于单施处理,以T4(氮:磷:钾为7.5 kg:18.5 kg:15 kg)产量最高;有效成分含量上,以T5(氮:磷:钾为5.0 kg:12.5 kg:10 kg)较高。
8.芝麻饼肥试验结果表明,施肥处理的产量极显著高于未施肥处理,表现为T3>T4>T2>T1>CK,且各处理间都达极显著性差异,综合产量和有效成分含量以T3,即每公顷施2250 kg芝麻饼肥较宜。
9.农家肥试验结果表明,各施肥处理的产量都极显著高于未施肥处理,且产量随着施肥量的增加呈增加趋势,各施肥处理间也都达到极显著性差异,综合产量和有效成分含量以T4,即每公顷施30000 kg农家肥较宜。
10.不同地理环境的丹参生长结果表明,坡地向阳的地理位置更有利于裕丹参产量和有效成分的积累;不同地理位置丹参的根产量与与周围土壤中的养分和微量元素的相关性不同。
Salvia miltiorrhiza is an traditional and important herbal medicine in China.,which is more commonly used in clinic. Salvia miltiorrhiza is planted more and more widely at present. But the studies of planting techniques are poor, its planting techniques have not been studied systematically,which directly affect yield and quality of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Salvia miltiorrhiza In Fangcheng is selected in this experiment. In order to find the best cultivation model and techniques, we studied different seedling time and methods、covering ways、extraction flower bud、types and contents of fertilizer、soil texture etc. on yield and quality. The physiological mechanism about effects of different cultivation model were analyzed in this experiment. The main results were as followed:
1. The results of different seedling time and covering ways experiments showed that,it was beneficial for seedling time in late June; The shading net is more beneficial to Growth of seedling than wheat straw mulching.,which mainly manifested as emergence fast,high uniformity、average leaf area per plant、maximum root diameter、root dry weight、dynamic of leaf growth、seedling height other traits.
2. Different soil texture had significant effect on yield and quality of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Salvia miltiorrhiza is best planting in sand.,which mainly manifested as root fresh weight reached 317.95 g, it is respectively improved 14.51 % and 37.31 % than loam and clay. Salvianolic acid B content reached 8.87 % and tanshinoneⅡA content reached0.30 %,which respectively improved 103 %、25 % and 83 %、7.1 % than loam and clay.
3. The results of different sowing dates with the same transplanting and different transplanting with the same sowing dates experiments showed that, early seedling and early transplanting were beneficial to Growth and accumulating of effective components of Salvia miltiorrhiza.It is best for seedling time in late June and transplanting in late October .
4. The results of different covering ways experiments showed that,the yield under straw mulching or plastic film mulching was significantly higher than that of open field .The yield of straw mulching was higher than that of plastic film mulching,but there was no significant difference between them;The content of effective components was the highest all with plastic film mulching in October,which showed that plastic film mulching was most beneficial to Growth of Salvia miltiorrhiza.
5 .The results of different times of extraction flower bud indicated that, the root yield was higher extraction flower bud of than that of none, and the difference was signicant,and the root yield increased with the increasing of extraction flower bud time.But the difference was no signicant in root yield between two times and nonbreak ex traction flower bud.There was a peak of salvianolic acid B and tanshinoneⅡA content under different trearment in Semtember and October, respectively, The salvianolic acid B content of extraction flower bud was higher than that of CK in different growth stages.the analysis showed that, It was beneficial to increasing yield and effective components under two times extraction flower bud treatment.
6 .The results of different growth years experiment showed that, average root length, root diameter and root numbers of two years old was higher than that of one year, Average fresh root yield and yield was very significant higher than that of one year; salvianolic acid B of two years old was higher than that of one year, tanshinoneⅡA content was higher of one year than that of two years old, and the effective components both in the two treatment reached pharmacopoeia standard.
7. The results of different fertilizer levels experiment showed that, the yield under fertilizer treatment was higher than that of none, and the yield under combined application of N、P、K was higher than that of single application, The yield was highest of treatment with T4(N:P:K was 7.5 kg:18.5 kg:15 kg),The effective components was the best of treatment with T5(N:P:K was 5.0 kg:12.5 kg:10 kg).
8. The results of sesame seed cake fertilizer experiment showed that, the yield under fertilizer treatment was significantly higher than that of none, the difference was very significant, manifested as T3>T4>T2>T1>CK, and the difference very significant among treatments, The effects of treatment with T3(2250 kg/hm2) was the best on yield and effective components .
9. The results of farm yard manure experiment showed that,the yield under fertilizer treatment was significantly higher than that of none,the difference was significant ,and the yield increased with the increasing of fertilizer rate there was very significant difference among fertilizer treatment. The effects of treatment with T4(30000 kg/hm2) was the best on yield and effective components.
10 .The results of geographical environment of salvia growing indicated that,it was beneficial to yield and accumulating of effective components under sunny position;The correlation was different in root yield and nutrients and trace elements in the soils near the plants.
引文
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