低速磁阻电动机动态特性理论分析与有限元仿真
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摘要
随着科学技术的发展,在许多情况下需要电动机能够直接输出低转速大转矩。对于一般的同步或异步电动机,增加极对数可以达到降低转速的要求,但是,电机的体积和重量增加,降低了电机的利用程度,力能指标也变坏,因此,这种方法只适用于一定的转速范围。一般的直流电动机,有很好的调速特性和力能指标,但是,在低速时往往出现力矩波动和转速波动,同时直流电动机的运行坏境以及检查维护等方面的因素使得直流电动机的使用往往受到限制。为了得到低转速、大转矩,过去一般采用机械减速器减速的办法,该方法存在许多的问题和弊端。因此,科学技术的发展提出了研究和生产各种低速电动机的任务。
反应式低速同步电机是一种新型磁阻同步电机。本论文介绍了反应式低速同步电机的结构、工作原理以及气隙磁导波,推导出电磁转矩的表达式。给出了反应式低速电动机的电压方程式,磁链方程式以及转矩方程式；通过对反应式低速电动机转矩表达式的分析,得到电机参数对转矩特性的影响。
在反应式低速同步电机的时步有限元计算中,首先利用ANSYS软件对该电机进行处理,得到节点文件和单元文件；然后在给定电压和转矩的情况下经过磁路计算得到电机的参数,这两个文件以及电机的参数作为时步有限元计算程序的输入；最后介绍了场路耦合时步有限元计算电机动态特性的计算流程。利用时步有限元的方法对反应式减速同步电机的启动过程进行了计算,发现电机有震荡以及异步运行现象。对此进行了深入的理论分析与探讨,揭示了转子在非同步速运行时,气隙基波磁场与定子的相对运动产生的异步转矩是造成这种现象的根本原因,并且推到出异步转矩计算的公式。最后提出了改进启动性能的措施。
With the development of science and technology, industrial production needs the motor that can directly output low speed and high torque in many cases. For the general synchronous or asynchronous motors, increase of pole pairs reaches the required decrease of motor speed, but the size and weight of the motor is increased, the level of utilization is lower. Power index is also worse, therefore, this method applies only to certain speed range. DC(direct current) motors in general have good speed characteristics and power index, however, fluctuation of torque and speed often appears in low-speed operation. Meanwhile, the use of DC motors has been restricted because of operation environment and maintenance factors. In order to obtain low-speed and large torque, the method of deceleration using mechanical gear reducer was adopted in the past, it has many problems and defects. So development of science and technology has proposed the task of research and production of various low-speed motors.
Reactive low-speed synchronous motor is a new type of magnetic resistance synchronous motor. This paper describes structure、working principle and air-gap magnetic presences wave of reactive low-speed synchronous motor, the expression of electromagnetic torque is derived. Voltage equation, flux equation and torque equation are given in the paper; the motor parameters have an effect on the torque characteristics by analyzing voltage equation of reactive low-speed synchronous motor.
In the time-step finite element calculation of reactive low-speed synchronous motor.Firstly, using ANSYS software for processing of the motor gets node files and unit files; and then, parameters of the motor are calculated through the magnetic method in the case of voltage and torque given, two documents and the motor parameters are used as the input of the time-step finite element calculation; at last, this paper describes the field-circuit coupled time stepping finite element method calculation of the dynamic characteristics of the motor process. The method of the time-step finite element applied to calculate start-up process of reactive low-speed synchronous motor. Calculation shows that both oscillation and asynchronous operation may occur. Focusing on these problems, theoretical research draws that the asynchronous torque, induced from relative motion between air-gap fundamental magnetic field and stator while the speed offsets from the synchronous one, is the essential reason.Moreover,formulas of asynchronous torque is deduced.The proposals aimed to improve the motor's start-up performance are mentioned.
反应式低速同步电机是一种新型磁阻同步电机。本论文介绍了反应式低速同步电机的结构、工作原理以及气隙磁导波,推导出电磁转矩的表达式。给出了反应式低速电动机的电压方程式,磁链方程式以及转矩方程式；通过对反应式低速电动机转矩表达式的分析,得到电机参数对转矩特性的影响。
在反应式低速同步电机的时步有限元计算中,首先利用ANSYS软件对该电机进行处理,得到节点文件和单元文件；然后在给定电压和转矩的情况下经过磁路计算得到电机的参数,这两个文件以及电机的参数作为时步有限元计算程序的输入；最后介绍了场路耦合时步有限元计算电机动态特性的计算流程。利用时步有限元的方法对反应式减速同步电机的启动过程进行了计算,发现电机有震荡以及异步运行现象。对此进行了深入的理论分析与探讨,揭示了转子在非同步速运行时,气隙基波磁场与定子的相对运动产生的异步转矩是造成这种现象的根本原因,并且推到出异步转矩计算的公式。最后提出了改进启动性能的措施。
With the development of science and technology, industrial production needs the motor that can directly output low speed and high torque in many cases. For the general synchronous or asynchronous motors, increase of pole pairs reaches the required decrease of motor speed, but the size and weight of the motor is increased, the level of utilization is lower. Power index is also worse, therefore, this method applies only to certain speed range. DC(direct current) motors in general have good speed characteristics and power index, however, fluctuation of torque and speed often appears in low-speed operation. Meanwhile, the use of DC motors has been restricted because of operation environment and maintenance factors. In order to obtain low-speed and large torque, the method of deceleration using mechanical gear reducer was adopted in the past, it has many problems and defects. So development of science and technology has proposed the task of research and production of various low-speed motors.
Reactive low-speed synchronous motor is a new type of magnetic resistance synchronous motor. This paper describes structure、working principle and air-gap magnetic presences wave of reactive low-speed synchronous motor, the expression of electromagnetic torque is derived. Voltage equation, flux equation and torque equation are given in the paper; the motor parameters have an effect on the torque characteristics by analyzing voltage equation of reactive low-speed synchronous motor.
In the time-step finite element calculation of reactive low-speed synchronous motor.Firstly, using ANSYS software for processing of the motor gets node files and unit files; and then, parameters of the motor are calculated through the magnetic method in the case of voltage and torque given, two documents and the motor parameters are used as the input of the time-step finite element calculation; at last, this paper describes the field-circuit coupled time stepping finite element method calculation of the dynamic characteristics of the motor process. The method of the time-step finite element applied to calculate start-up process of reactive low-speed synchronous motor. Calculation shows that both oscillation and asynchronous operation may occur. Focusing on these problems, theoretical research draws that the asynchronous torque, induced from relative motion between air-gap fundamental magnetic field and stator while the speed offsets from the synchronous one, is the essential reason.Moreover,formulas of asynchronous torque is deduced.The proposals aimed to improve the motor's start-up performance are mentioned.
引文
[1]励鹤鸣,励庆孚.电磁减速式电动机[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1982：12-17
[2]易明军,辜承林.ALA转子电机磁路简化分析模型[J].中小型电机,2000,27(2)：37-40
[3]张海军,王晓远.基于有限元非线性模型的SR电机系统仿真及转矩脉动抑制[D].河北：河北工程大学,2008：46-47
[4]高原,陈益广.同步磁阻永磁电机电磁场及性能分析[D].天津：天津大学,2008：17-20
[5]A.A. Arkadan, F.N. Isaac, A.A. Russell. Demerdash Computer Aided Models for the Characterization of Synchronous Reluctance Motor Drive Systems[J]. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,1999,14(4):56-71
[6]T.Matsuo, T.A.Lipo. Rotor Position Detection Scheme for Synchronous Reluctance Motor Based on Current Measurements[J]. IEEE Trans. IA,1995,15(6):860-868
[7]辜承林,易明军.轴向迭片各向异性转子电机振荡及异步运行分析[J].中国电机工程学报,2000,5(9)：23-27
[8]A. A. Arkadan, F. N. Isaac, O. A. Mohammed. Parameters Evaluation of ALA Synchronous Reluctance Motor Drives[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, 2000,36(4):57-72
[9]史涔崴,孙依军,林瑞光.一种半导体换流低速磁阻电动机[J].微特电机,2000,28(2)：26～27
[10]John R. Suriano, Chee-Mun Ong. Variable Reluctance Motor Structures for Low-speed Operation[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS,1996,32(2): 158-163
[11]王凤翔,张凤阁,徐隆亚.不同转子结构无刷双馈电机转子磁耦合作用的对比分析[J].电机与控制学报,1999,3(2)：24-27
[12]Federico Caricchi, Fabio Crescimbini, Onorato Honorat. Low-Cost Compact Permanent Magnet Machine for Adjustable-Speed Pump Application[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS.1998,39(23):79-85
[13]程晓玲,王晓远.基于有限元方法的DSPM电机电磁场分析[D].天津：天津大学,2008：13-17
[14]吴志娇,辜承林.新型组合式转子同步电机参数研究[J].电机与控制学报,2002,6(1)：35-38
[15]唐任远.特种电机[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1998：15-18
[16]唐任远.现代永磁电机[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1997：16-19
[17]Ion Boldea, Jichun Zhang, Syed A. Theoretical Characterization of Flux Reversal Machine in Low-Speed Servo Drives—The Pole-PM Configuration[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS,2002,38(6):685-691
[18]Anders Grauers, Prakashraj Kasinathan. Force Density Limits in Low-Speed PM Machines Due to Temperature and Reactance[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION,2004,19(3):153-159
[19]J. Nakatsugawa, Y. Kawabata, T. Endoh. A fundamental investigation about maximum torque control of synchronous reluctance motor[C]. Power Conversion Conference,2002, 2(9):704-709
[20]周波,相蓉,王川云.电磁式双凸极电机电磁特性的理论分析[J].航空学报,2003,4(24)：43-48
[21]Gorazd Stumberger, Bojan Stumberger, Drago Dolinar. Identification of Linear Synchronous Reluctance Motor Parameters[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS,2004,40(5):436-441
[22]梁得亮,苏少平.反应式减速同步弧形电机矩角特性的计算[J].电机技术,2001,1(1)：16-18
[23]梁得亮,周文.反应式减速直线同步电机稳态运行特性的仿真设计与研究[J].微电机,1999,32(4)：18-22
[24]J.J. Germishuizen, F.S. Van der Merwe, M.J. Kamper. Performance comparison of reluctance synchronous and induction traction drives for electrical multiple units[J]. IEEE Industry Applications Conference,2000,1(1):316-323
[25]倪光正,杨仕友,钱秀英.工程电磁场数值计算[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2004：120-126
[26]罗荣杰.电机电磁场教程[M].浙江：浙江大学出版社,1993：110-114
[27]胡之光.电机电磁场的分析与计算[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1982：34-39
[28]励鹤呜,高琳.单相电磁减速式低速同步电机稳态运行分析[J].微特电机,2002,22(4)：10-13
[29]张晓文,王晓远.基于有限元法的盘式无铁心永磁同步电动机的参数计算[D].天津：天津大学,2007：17-19
[30]JICHUN ZHANG, SYED A, NASAR. Low-Speed Flux-Reversal Machines:Pole-Face versus Inset PM Stators Electric Power Components and System[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS,2003,29(10):805-816
[31]S.E. Lyshevski, A. Nazarov, A. El-Antably. Design and optimization:steady-state and dynamic analysis of synchronous reluctance motors controlled by voltage-fed converters with nonlinear controllers[C]. IEEE International Conference on Electric Machines and Drives,1999, 1(1):782-784
[32]相蓉,周波,孟小利.双凸极电机转矩脉动的仿真研究[J].南京航空航天大学学报,2001,33(4)：19-24
[33]易明军,辜承林.ALA转子电机启动特性的实验研究[J].电工电能新技术,2000,2(5)：28-31
[34]郭伟,赵争鸣.新型同步磁阻永磁电机的转矩特性和控制分析[J].中国电机工程学报,2005,3(1)：54-59
[35]陈世坤.电机设计(第2版)[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2000：46-49
[36]I. Boldea, Z.X. Fu, S.A. Nasar. High-performance reluctance generator[J]. IEEE Proc-Electr. Power Appl,1993,38(4):124-130
[37]S.M. Osheba, F.M. Abdel-Kader. Dynamic performance analysis of reluctance motors using damping and synchronising torques[J]. IEE Proc-Electr.PowerAppl,1990,42(7): 231-238
[38]C.L. Gu, B.J. Chalmers. New approach to longitudinal magnetic field in drum type machine [J]. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,1997,28(l):2041-2044.
[39]Don Platt. Reluctance Motor with Strong Rotor Anisotropy[J]. IEEE Transactions ON Industry Applications,1992,28(3):652-658
[40]励鹤鸣.用小干扰技术分析电磁减速式同步电机的动态性能[J].微特电机,1999, 36(4)：17-21
[41]Shiliji Iclhikawa, Mutuwo Tomita, Shiiiji Doki. Low Speed Sensorless Control and Initial Position Estimiation of Synlchironious Reluctance Motors based on-System. Identification Theory[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS,2005,46(5)：175-181
[42]A.Consoli, F.Russo. Low-and Zero-Speed Sensorless Control of Svynchronous Reluctance Motors[J]. IEEE Trans. IA,1999,35(3):1050-1057
[43]童怀著.磁阻电机动态特性的非线性分析与计算机仿真[M].北京：科学出版社,2000：47-49
[44]M.T.Lin, T.H.Liu. Sensorless Synchronous Reluctance Drive With Stanidstill Starting[J]. IEEE Trans. AAES,2000,36(1):1232-1241
[45]T.A. Lipo, P.C. Krause. Stability analysis of a reluctance-synchronous machine[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Appratus and Systems,1967,45(6):825-834
[2]易明军,辜承林.ALA转子电机磁路简化分析模型[J].中小型电机,2000,27(2)：37-40
[3]张海军,王晓远.基于有限元非线性模型的SR电机系统仿真及转矩脉动抑制[D].河北：河北工程大学,2008：46-47
[4]高原,陈益广.同步磁阻永磁电机电磁场及性能分析[D].天津：天津大学,2008：17-20
[5]A.A. Arkadan, F.N. Isaac, A.A. Russell. Demerdash Computer Aided Models for the Characterization of Synchronous Reluctance Motor Drive Systems[J]. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,1999,14(4):56-71
[6]T.Matsuo, T.A.Lipo. Rotor Position Detection Scheme for Synchronous Reluctance Motor Based on Current Measurements[J]. IEEE Trans. IA,1995,15(6):860-868
[7]辜承林,易明军.轴向迭片各向异性转子电机振荡及异步运行分析[J].中国电机工程学报,2000,5(9)：23-27
[8]A. A. Arkadan, F. N. Isaac, O. A. Mohammed. Parameters Evaluation of ALA Synchronous Reluctance Motor Drives[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, 2000,36(4):57-72
[9]史涔崴,孙依军,林瑞光.一种半导体换流低速磁阻电动机[J].微特电机,2000,28(2)：26～27
[10]John R. Suriano, Chee-Mun Ong. Variable Reluctance Motor Structures for Low-speed Operation[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS,1996,32(2): 158-163
[11]王凤翔,张凤阁,徐隆亚.不同转子结构无刷双馈电机转子磁耦合作用的对比分析[J].电机与控制学报,1999,3(2)：24-27
[12]Federico Caricchi, Fabio Crescimbini, Onorato Honorat. Low-Cost Compact Permanent Magnet Machine for Adjustable-Speed Pump Application[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS.1998,39(23):79-85
[13]程晓玲,王晓远.基于有限元方法的DSPM电机电磁场分析[D].天津：天津大学,2008：13-17
[14]吴志娇,辜承林.新型组合式转子同步电机参数研究[J].电机与控制学报,2002,6(1)：35-38
[15]唐任远.特种电机[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1998：15-18
[16]唐任远.现代永磁电机[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1997：16-19
[17]Ion Boldea, Jichun Zhang, Syed A. Theoretical Characterization of Flux Reversal Machine in Low-Speed Servo Drives—The Pole-PM Configuration[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS,2002,38(6):685-691
[18]Anders Grauers, Prakashraj Kasinathan. Force Density Limits in Low-Speed PM Machines Due to Temperature and Reactance[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION,2004,19(3):153-159
[19]J. Nakatsugawa, Y. Kawabata, T. Endoh. A fundamental investigation about maximum torque control of synchronous reluctance motor[C]. Power Conversion Conference,2002, 2(9):704-709
[20]周波,相蓉,王川云.电磁式双凸极电机电磁特性的理论分析[J].航空学报,2003,4(24)：43-48
[21]Gorazd Stumberger, Bojan Stumberger, Drago Dolinar. Identification of Linear Synchronous Reluctance Motor Parameters[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS,2004,40(5):436-441
[22]梁得亮,苏少平.反应式减速同步弧形电机矩角特性的计算[J].电机技术,2001,1(1)：16-18
[23]梁得亮,周文.反应式减速直线同步电机稳态运行特性的仿真设计与研究[J].微电机,1999,32(4)：18-22
[24]J.J. Germishuizen, F.S. Van der Merwe, M.J. Kamper. Performance comparison of reluctance synchronous and induction traction drives for electrical multiple units[J]. IEEE Industry Applications Conference,2000,1(1):316-323
[25]倪光正,杨仕友,钱秀英.工程电磁场数值计算[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2004：120-126
[26]罗荣杰.电机电磁场教程[M].浙江：浙江大学出版社,1993：110-114
[27]胡之光.电机电磁场的分析与计算[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1982：34-39
[28]励鹤呜,高琳.单相电磁减速式低速同步电机稳态运行分析[J].微特电机,2002,22(4)：10-13
[29]张晓文,王晓远.基于有限元法的盘式无铁心永磁同步电动机的参数计算[D].天津：天津大学,2007：17-19
[30]JICHUN ZHANG, SYED A, NASAR. Low-Speed Flux-Reversal Machines:Pole-Face versus Inset PM Stators Electric Power Components and System[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS,2003,29(10):805-816
[31]S.E. Lyshevski, A. Nazarov, A. El-Antably. Design and optimization:steady-state and dynamic analysis of synchronous reluctance motors controlled by voltage-fed converters with nonlinear controllers[C]. IEEE International Conference on Electric Machines and Drives,1999, 1(1):782-784
[32]相蓉,周波,孟小利.双凸极电机转矩脉动的仿真研究[J].南京航空航天大学学报,2001,33(4)：19-24
[33]易明军,辜承林.ALA转子电机启动特性的实验研究[J].电工电能新技术,2000,2(5)：28-31
[34]郭伟,赵争鸣.新型同步磁阻永磁电机的转矩特性和控制分析[J].中国电机工程学报,2005,3(1)：54-59
[35]陈世坤.电机设计(第2版)[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2000：46-49
[36]I. Boldea, Z.X. Fu, S.A. Nasar. High-performance reluctance generator[J]. IEEE Proc-Electr. Power Appl,1993,38(4):124-130
[37]S.M. Osheba, F.M. Abdel-Kader. Dynamic performance analysis of reluctance motors using damping and synchronising torques[J]. IEE Proc-Electr.PowerAppl,1990,42(7): 231-238
[38]C.L. Gu, B.J. Chalmers. New approach to longitudinal magnetic field in drum type machine [J]. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,1997,28(l):2041-2044.
[39]Don Platt. Reluctance Motor with Strong Rotor Anisotropy[J]. IEEE Transactions ON Industry Applications,1992,28(3):652-658
[40]励鹤鸣.用小干扰技术分析电磁减速式同步电机的动态性能[J].微特电机,1999, 36(4)：17-21
[41]Shiliji Iclhikawa, Mutuwo Tomita, Shiiiji Doki. Low Speed Sensorless Control and Initial Position Estimiation of Synlchironious Reluctance Motors based on-System. Identification Theory[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS,2005,46(5)：175-181
[42]A.Consoli, F.Russo. Low-and Zero-Speed Sensorless Control of Svynchronous Reluctance Motors[J]. IEEE Trans. IA,1999,35(3):1050-1057
[43]童怀著.磁阻电机动态特性的非线性分析与计算机仿真[M].北京：科学出版社,2000：47-49
[44]M.T.Lin, T.H.Liu. Sensorless Synchronous Reluctance Drive With Stanidstill Starting[J]. IEEE Trans. AAES,2000,36(1):1232-1241
[45]T.A. Lipo, P.C. Krause. Stability analysis of a reluctance-synchronous machine[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Appratus and Systems,1967,45(6):825-834
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