渤海湾的生态环境压力与管理对策研究
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摘要
渤海湾海岸带区域经济发展、人口增长以及人类活动的日益频繁,是海岸带环境“压力”产生和加剧的直接动因。海岸带海洋环境持续恶化,对于高人口密度、高经济发展水平的海岸地区,将会造成不可估量的损失。因此在目前情况下,对海岸海洋环境的管理,应该在“压力”分析的基础上,建立好的对策“响应”。本文通过收集和整理渤海湾近岸海域资源、环境和社会经济的历史和现状资料,对渤海湾生态环境压力-区域响应的情况有了深入了解和分析。通过区域响应的分析,不难发现,水环境问题(主要是入海径流量的锐减和污染物入海通量的增加)是渤海湾面临的主要而且严峻的问题。
为了更深入的分析渤海湾生态环境的主要压力-水环境问题,本文采用空间变异模型分析渤海湾近岸海域水质。分析结果显示总体上渤海湾近岸海域污染状况有从北到南递增并逐年增加的趋势;污染状况严重的海域一般都集中在重点排污河口以及入海口附近。这与海洋功能区规划中指出的排污区以及排污口外海区基本吻合,主要污染物质包括无机氮、活性磷酸盐、化学耗氧量、油类以及重金属(以铅为主)。在雨水较多、径流量增加的年份,进入渤海湾的污染物相对较多,海岸线附近海域水质污染相对更为严重。
针对渤海湾水质现状建立海域污染总量控制计算模型,按各个污染源(主要污染物COD)对总量控制区域内水质影响程度的大小来削减污染负荷,对水质影响大的污染源要多削减。体现出每个排污者平等共享水环境容量资源,同时也平等承担超过其允许负荷量的责任,还可以避免线性规划模型解的“极端化”现象,从而使求得陆源污染排海总量控制的空间优化分配的方案更趋于合理。计算结果表明,削减COD入海量为14.07万吨/年,而天津近岸海域的两个排污口应该是减污规划的重点控制对象。
提出缓解渤海湾生态环境压力的对策,并从渤海湾水量平衡和生态需水的角度简单分析了增流的可行性。但由于增流的实施需要大量的人力物力和多方面的效果评估,而且在增加入海流量的同时,入海污染物也不可避免的增加,还需要进一步的权衡其可行性。
For direct reasons of economic development, population growth as well as frequent human activities, Bohai coastal zone environmental "pressure" was produced and aggravated. Environment deterioration cause immeasurable losses to coastal zone, which are characterized by high population density and high economic development level. Under these circumstances, good countermeasures basing on“pressure-respond”analysis ought to be developed and integrated in coastal zone environmental management.
This paper explored the current status of environmental pressures and regional responses through collecting and analyzing history data about resource, environment, and socio-economy of Bohai Bay. Through analysis of regional response, Bohai Gulf was diagnosed as being confronted with an important and severe problem i.e. the decrescent runoff and the increased fluxes of pollutants.
In order to analyze the main environmental pressure of Bohai Gulf - aquatic environmental problem deeply, analysis of space variation model has been build up. The results show that there is generally a trend that the pollution gets worse from north to south and year after year in Bohai coastal zone, and heavily polluted areas usually gather around estuaries that are main outlets for pollution. This overlaps functional planning of sea, and the main pollutants include inorganic nitrogen, active phosphate, chemical oxygen consumer, oil and heavy metal (mainly lead). In those years that have relatively more rainfall and river flow, the pollution in those area is relatively more serious.
Due to the water condition in Bohai Gulf, the computation model to control the total mass of the pollutants in the sea area was developed.With combination of effect from contribution of pollution sources, we could work out the maximum pollution quantity that the Bohai Sea could put up with, and then we could cut the pollution material in proportion with their contribution. This can best manifest the principle that everyone should share water resources equally and share their responsibility for their extra discharges equally too, and it also could avoid extreme situation caused by the linear planning variation. At last it reaches a reasonable plan that allots pollution discharging and curtails the COD quantity of 140,700 ton per year. Two outlets near Tianjin should be controlled for pollution reduction with priority.
In this paper, the countermeasure for relieving environment pressure of Bohai Bay has been put forward and the feasibility of increasing the stream has been analyzed from different angles - water balance and ecological environment water demand. To finally increase the stream needs plenty of manpower and material resources and various effect evaluations. And increasing the stream would, in the meantime, increase the fluxes of pollutants. So it needs to go a step further to balance those feasibility.
为了更深入的分析渤海湾生态环境的主要压力-水环境问题,本文采用空间变异模型分析渤海湾近岸海域水质。分析结果显示总体上渤海湾近岸海域污染状况有从北到南递增并逐年增加的趋势;污染状况严重的海域一般都集中在重点排污河口以及入海口附近。这与海洋功能区规划中指出的排污区以及排污口外海区基本吻合,主要污染物质包括无机氮、活性磷酸盐、化学耗氧量、油类以及重金属(以铅为主)。在雨水较多、径流量增加的年份,进入渤海湾的污染物相对较多,海岸线附近海域水质污染相对更为严重。
针对渤海湾水质现状建立海域污染总量控制计算模型,按各个污染源(主要污染物COD)对总量控制区域内水质影响程度的大小来削减污染负荷,对水质影响大的污染源要多削减。体现出每个排污者平等共享水环境容量资源,同时也平等承担超过其允许负荷量的责任,还可以避免线性规划模型解的“极端化”现象,从而使求得陆源污染排海总量控制的空间优化分配的方案更趋于合理。计算结果表明,削减COD入海量为14.07万吨/年,而天津近岸海域的两个排污口应该是减污规划的重点控制对象。
提出缓解渤海湾生态环境压力的对策,并从渤海湾水量平衡和生态需水的角度简单分析了增流的可行性。但由于增流的实施需要大量的人力物力和多方面的效果评估,而且在增加入海流量的同时,入海污染物也不可避免的增加,还需要进一步的权衡其可行性。
For direct reasons of economic development, population growth as well as frequent human activities, Bohai coastal zone environmental "pressure" was produced and aggravated. Environment deterioration cause immeasurable losses to coastal zone, which are characterized by high population density and high economic development level. Under these circumstances, good countermeasures basing on“pressure-respond”analysis ought to be developed and integrated in coastal zone environmental management.
This paper explored the current status of environmental pressures and regional responses through collecting and analyzing history data about resource, environment, and socio-economy of Bohai Bay. Through analysis of regional response, Bohai Gulf was diagnosed as being confronted with an important and severe problem i.e. the decrescent runoff and the increased fluxes of pollutants.
In order to analyze the main environmental pressure of Bohai Gulf - aquatic environmental problem deeply, analysis of space variation model has been build up. The results show that there is generally a trend that the pollution gets worse from north to south and year after year in Bohai coastal zone, and heavily polluted areas usually gather around estuaries that are main outlets for pollution. This overlaps functional planning of sea, and the main pollutants include inorganic nitrogen, active phosphate, chemical oxygen consumer, oil and heavy metal (mainly lead). In those years that have relatively more rainfall and river flow, the pollution in those area is relatively more serious.
Due to the water condition in Bohai Gulf, the computation model to control the total mass of the pollutants in the sea area was developed.With combination of effect from contribution of pollution sources, we could work out the maximum pollution quantity that the Bohai Sea could put up with, and then we could cut the pollution material in proportion with their contribution. This can best manifest the principle that everyone should share water resources equally and share their responsibility for their extra discharges equally too, and it also could avoid extreme situation caused by the linear planning variation. At last it reaches a reasonable plan that allots pollution discharging and curtails the COD quantity of 140,700 ton per year. Two outlets near Tianjin should be controlled for pollution reduction with priority.
In this paper, the countermeasure for relieving environment pressure of Bohai Bay has been put forward and the feasibility of increasing the stream has been analyzed from different angles - water balance and ecological environment water demand. To finally increase the stream needs plenty of manpower and material resources and various effect evaluations. And increasing the stream would, in the meantime, increase the fluxes of pollutants. So it needs to go a step further to balance those feasibility.
引文
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[6] Brown M.T. Ulgiati S. Emery-based indices and ratios to evaluate sustainability: monitoring economies and technology toward environmentally sound innovation[J]. Ecological Engineering 1991,9(1-2):51～69.
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[11]王红瑞,蔡越虹,王岩,赵玉霞,人口、能源消费、经济发展对环境影响的定量分析[J],北京师范大学学报(自然科学版),1999,35(1):123～126.
[12] B. Janosova, P. Hlavinek et al, Gis as a tool for integrated concepts for reuse of upgraded wastewater, 6th International Conference on Hydro informatics, 2004, 1～5.
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