实时毛发动画
摘要
毛发建模、渲染绘制及运动模拟是毛发模拟中相互独立而又密切相关的三个方面。近年来,人们在毛发模拟方面取得了许多突破性的进展,特别是在渲染绘制算法及复杂发型建模方面提出了一些切实可行的新方案并得到了很多逼真的静态效果。与之不相称的是毛发运动模拟算法却没能取得很多进展,特别是在复杂发型的运动模拟方面更是毫无新意。本文是在总结前人对毛发模拟所做的工作的基础上,建立了一个实时发型动画模拟系统。
本文首先研究了毛发的力学机械模型。对于给定的初始发型,在头部和初始发型周围定义一个晶格。然后构建一个机械模型,为晶格提供包含在其中的毛发相关的机械行为。这一机械模型是基于一个建立在晶格结点上的粒子系统。一些特殊类型的粒子相互作用来表现晶格上的毛发串的机械行为。碰撞通过斥力直接作用于晶格结点,斥力来自于一个表现头部和肩膀的简单的元球。用元球模型处理毛发和身体表面之间碰撞。
然后是自由变形的研究。我们用自由变形模拟毛发。绘制的时候,毛发串的当前位置或任何其他表现特征最终由晶格结点的目前位置用线性或二次B样条插值得到。
算法实现是使用了OpenGL作为开发工具。具有较好的可移植性,算法简洁,效率高,能在普通的硬件配置上,实现高质量的发型设计和渲染输出。最后在毛发的渲染方面,使用了Kajiya的经典毛发光照模型对发型进行渲染。
One can conceive three main aspects in hair simulation-hair shape modeling, hair dynamics or animation, and hair rendering. Often these aspects are interconnected while processing hairs. In the last decade, remarkable progress has been made in hair simulation, especially in hair shape modeling and hair rendering, so that we have had a sea of impressive static hairstyle images. However, hair animation is still the knot blocking the progress of hair simulation. Base on the analysis by synthesis of the works made by other researchers, a hair real- time animation simulation system, is introduced in the paper.
Firstly, we research on a question of the hair mechanics. A lattice is defined around the head and the initial hairstyle. A mechanical model is then constructed to provide the lattice with a mechanical behavior related to the hair contained in it. This mechanical model is based on a particle system constructed on the lattice nodes. A particular kind of particle interaction has been developed to represent the mechanical behavior of a hair strand on the lattice. Collisions act directly on the lattice nodes through repulsion forces from a simple metaball representation of the head and shoulders. We deal with the collisions between the hair and the body surface with metaball model.
Then , research on a question of Free-Form Deformations. We use Free-Form Deformations to animate the hair . The current positions of the hair strands or any other rendered features are finally computed at rendering time using linear or quadratic B-Spline interpolation from the current position of the lattice nodes.
Finally,Open GL is used as a development tool,has good portability .so this Software features with high quality good portability,efficiency. It can archive hairstyles on an ordinary PC. Hair rendering,use the classic hair lighting model Kajiya illumination model for rendering Right hairstyle.
本文首先研究了毛发的力学机械模型。对于给定的初始发型,在头部和初始发型周围定义一个晶格。然后构建一个机械模型,为晶格提供包含在其中的毛发相关的机械行为。这一机械模型是基于一个建立在晶格结点上的粒子系统。一些特殊类型的粒子相互作用来表现晶格上的毛发串的机械行为。碰撞通过斥力直接作用于晶格结点,斥力来自于一个表现头部和肩膀的简单的元球。用元球模型处理毛发和身体表面之间碰撞。
然后是自由变形的研究。我们用自由变形模拟毛发。绘制的时候,毛发串的当前位置或任何其他表现特征最终由晶格结点的目前位置用线性或二次B样条插值得到。
算法实现是使用了OpenGL作为开发工具。具有较好的可移植性,算法简洁,效率高,能在普通的硬件配置上,实现高质量的发型设计和渲染输出。最后在毛发的渲染方面,使用了Kajiya的经典毛发光照模型对发型进行渲染。
One can conceive three main aspects in hair simulation-hair shape modeling, hair dynamics or animation, and hair rendering. Often these aspects are interconnected while processing hairs. In the last decade, remarkable progress has been made in hair simulation, especially in hair shape modeling and hair rendering, so that we have had a sea of impressive static hairstyle images. However, hair animation is still the knot blocking the progress of hair simulation. Base on the analysis by synthesis of the works made by other researchers, a hair real- time animation simulation system, is introduced in the paper.
Firstly, we research on a question of the hair mechanics. A lattice is defined around the head and the initial hairstyle. A mechanical model is then constructed to provide the lattice with a mechanical behavior related to the hair contained in it. This mechanical model is based on a particle system constructed on the lattice nodes. A particular kind of particle interaction has been developed to represent the mechanical behavior of a hair strand on the lattice. Collisions act directly on the lattice nodes through repulsion forces from a simple metaball representation of the head and shoulders. We deal with the collisions between the hair and the body surface with metaball model.
Then , research on a question of Free-Form Deformations. We use Free-Form Deformations to animate the hair . The current positions of the hair strands or any other rendered features are finally computed at rendering time using linear or quadratic B-Spline interpolation from the current position of the lattice nodes.
Finally,Open GL is used as a development tool,has good portability .so this Software features with high quality good portability,efficiency. It can archive hairstyles on an ordinary PC. Hair rendering,use the classic hair lighting model Kajiya illumination model for rendering Right hairstyle.
引文
[1]孙家广,杨长贵.计算机图形学,北京:清华大学出版社,1995.
[2] Alan Watt著,包宏译.3D计算机图形学(原书第三版),北京:机械工业出版社,2005
[3] A Daldegan, T.Kurihara, and D.Thalmann. An Integrated System for Modeling, Animating and Rendering Hair[J]. Computer Graphics Forum, Proc. Eurographics 1993. 1993,12(3): 211-221
[4] LeBlanc A ,T urner R ,Thalmann D . Rendering Hair using Pixel Blending and Shadow Buffers. [J] The Journal of Visualization and Computer Animation 2,3, 1991,pp.92-97
[5] Daldegan.A, Magenat-Thalmann.N. Creating virtual fur and hairstyles for synthetic actors[R]. In Communicating with Virtual Worlds(1993).
[6] Gelder.A.V, Wilhelms.J. An interactive fur modeling technique[J]. Graphics Interface '97 (May1997),181-188.
[7] Bruderlin.A. A method to generate wet and broken-up animal fur. Pacific Graphics'99, 1999..
[8] K. Anjyo, Y. Usami, and T. Kurihara.A Simple Method for Extracting the Natural Beauty of Hair[J]. Computer Graphics, Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH '92, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 111-120, 1992.
[9] Rosenblum R., CarlsonW., Tripp E. Simulating the structure and dynamics of human hair: Modeling,rendering and animation[J]. The Journal of Visualization and Computer Animation, 1991,2(4):141一148
[10]Yizhou Yu. Modeling Realistic Virtual Hairstyles[R]. 9th Pacific Conference on Computer Graphics and Applications,2001.
[11]Y. Watanabe and Y. Suenaga. Drawing Human Hair Using the Wisp Model[R]. Proc. Computer Graphics Int’l Conf., pp. 691-700, 1989.
[12]J.T. Chang, J. Jin, and Y. Yu.A Practical Model for Hair Mutual Interactions[J]. Proc. SIGGRAPH Symp. Computer Animation, pp. 73-80, 2002.
[13]N. Magnenat-Thalmann, S. Carion, M. Courchesne, P. Volino, and Y. Wu. Virtual Clothes, Hair and Skin for Beautiful Top Models[J].Proc. Computer Graphics Int’l Conf. pp. 132-141, 1996.
[14]F. Bertalis, T.Y. Kim, M.P. Cani, and U. Neumann. Adaptive Wisp-Tree: A Multi- resolution Control Structure for Simulating Dynamic Clustering in Hair Motion[J].Proc. SIGGRAPH Syntp. Computer Animation, 2003.
[15]F. Bertalis, T.Y. Kim, M.P. Cani, and U. Neumann.Adaptive Wisp-Tree: A Multiresolution Control Structure for Simulating Dynamic Clustering in Hair Motion[J]. Proc. SIGGRAPH Syntp.Computer Animation, 2003.
[16]K.Ward and M.C. Lin, Adaptive Grouping and Subdivision for Simulating Hair Dynamics. Proc. Graphics, 2003.
[17].K. Ward, M.C. Lin, J. Lee, S. Fisher, and D. Macri, Modeling Hair Using Level-of-Detail Representations[R]. Proc. lnt'I Conf Computer Animation and Social Agents, Proc. Computer Animation, 2003.
[18]S. Hadap and N. Magnenat-Thalmann, interactive Hair Styler Based on Fluid Flow[J]. Proc. EuroGraphics Workshop Computer Animation and Simulation, nn. 87-100. 2000.
[19]Y. Guang and H. Zhiyong. A Method for Human Short Hair Modeling and Real-Time Animation [J]. Proc. Computer Graphics and Applications, pp. 435-438, 2002.
[20]Koh C K ,Huang Z .A simple physics model to animate human hair modeled in 2d strips in real time[J].In :Proceedings of the Eurographics workshop on Computer animation and simulation,Manchester:Springer,20 01,127-138
[21]Scheuermann T .Practical real-time hair rendering and shading[J].ACM SIGGRAPH Sketch,Los Angeles,2004
[22]M Koster,J Haber,HP Seidel.Real-Time Rendering of Human Hair Using Programmable Graphics Hardware[R].Proceedings of the Computer Graphics International(CGI'04) . pp.248一256. 2004
[23]Tae-Yong Kim,Ulrich Neumann.A Thin Shell Volume for Modeling Human Hair[R]. Computer Animation2000(CA'00),2000.
[24]Hadap S, Magnenat-Thalmann N. Modeling d ynamic hair as a continuum[J]. Computer Graphics Forum20(3),2001,329-338.
[25]Bando Y,ChenB-Y, NishitaT. Animating hair with loosely connected particles[J]. Computer Graphics Forum20(3),2003,411-418.
[26]Perlin K.Hoffert E .Hypertexture[R]. In :Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH Conference, Boston,1989,253一262.
[27] Kajiya J. T ,Kay T .L. Rendering fur with three dimensional textures[R]. In :Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH Conference, Boston,1989,271-280.
[28]杨刚,孙汉秋,吴恩华.基于GPU真实感毛发绘制[J].软件学报. 2006, 17(3):577?586.
[29]Goldman D .B .Fake fur rendering[R].In :Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPHConference, Los Angeles, 1997, 127-134
[30]Marschner S .R ,Jensen H .W ,CammaranoM .et al .:Light scattering from human hair fibers[R].In :Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH Conference, San Diego , 2003, pp780-791
[31]Lengyel J. Real-time fur.In :Proceedings of Eurographics Workshop on Rendering [J]. Bmo. pp.243-256. 2000,
[32]Lengyel J. ,PraunE .,Finkelstein A .,et al .Real-time fur over arbitrary surfaces [J]. In :Proceedings of ACM Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics, North Carolina. pp227-232. 2001.
[33]Scheuermann T .Practical real-time hair rendering and shading[R]. A CM SIGGRAPH Sketch, Los Angeles,2004.
[34]M Koster, J Haber, HP Seidel. Real-Time Rendering of Human Hair Using Programm-able Graphics Hardware. Proceedings of the Computer Graphics In ternational(CGI'04). PP248一256. 2 004.
[35]Tom Lokovic, Eric Veach. Deep Shadow Maps[J].In proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH, pp385-392. 2000.
[36]T.Kim and U.Neumann. Interactive Multiresolution Hair Modeling and Editing[J]. ACM Trans.Graphic(Siggraph 2002),vol.21,no.3,pp620-629,July 2002
[37]Florence Bertails, C1’ement M’enier ,Marie-Paule Cani. A Practical Self- Shadowing Algonthm for Interactive Hair Animation[J]. Graphics Interface. May.2005.71-78
[38]劳文俊,尹宝才.头发的模拟[D]:[硕士学位论文]北京:北京工业大学,2003
[39]Ichi Anjyo K.,Usami Y.,Kurihara T.A simple method for extracting the natural beauty of hair[J]. In:Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH Conference, Chicago, PP111-120, 1992
[40]Daldegan A., Thalmann N.M.,Kurihara T. An integrated system for modeling animating and rendering hair[J]. In:Proceedings of Eurographics, Barcelona, pp211-221, 1993
[41]Kurihama T,Anjyo K,Thalmann D.Hair animation with collision detection[R]. Eurographics'93 State-of-the-Atr Repotrs, Barcelona:Springer, 1993
[42]Koh C K, Huang Z.A simple physics model to animate human hair modeled in 2d strips in real time. In:Proceedings of the Eurographics workshop on Computer animation and simulation,Manchester: ,PP127-138, 2001
[43]Ward K,Lin M-C.Adaptive grouping and subdivision for simulating hair dynamics [J]In:Proc. Pacific Graphics2003,Alberta:IEEE Press,2003
[44]Daldegan A,Thalmann,N .M, Kurihara T..An integrated system for modeling, animating and rendering hair[R].Computer Graphics Forum(Eurographics'93)12, 3(1993),pp 211-221.Held inOxford,UK.
[45]Hadap S,Magnenat-Thalmann N.Modeling dynamic hair as a continuum[J]. Computer Graphics Forum 20(3),PP329-338 ,2001
[46]Bando Y,Chen B-Y,Nishita T.Animating hair with loosely connected particles[J]. Computer Graphics Forum20(3),PP411-418,2003
[47] P. Volino and N. Magnenat-Thalmann. Animating Complex Hairstyles in Real- Time[J]. Proc. ACM Symp. Virtual Reality Software and Technology (VRST), 2004.
[48]李凌丰,谭建荣,陈远朋.基于Metaball的曲面约束变形模型及应用[ J ].计算机研究与发展. 2006,43(4):688～694.
[49]Gravesgl.The magic of Metaballs [J ]. ComputerGraphicsWorld, : pp27- 32. 1993, (5)
[50]Nishitmura T , Nakamae E. A method for displaying metaballs by using Bezier clipping [J ]. Computer Graphics Forum, 13 (3) pp271- 280. 1998.
[51]Parry S. Free-Form Deformations in a Constructive Solid Geometry Modeling System[D] PhD thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, Brigham Young University, Utah, U .S.A., Apr. 1986.
[52]Griessmair J ,Purgathofer W .Deformation of Solids with Trivariate B-Splines[J]. Proc . Eurographics89' . 21:PP137- 148.1989,
[53] Kalra P ,Mangili A ,Thalmann N .Simulation of Facial Muscle Actions Based on Rational Free-Form Deformation. Computer Graphics Forum, 2( 3):pp59-69, 1992.
[54]Lamousin H J, Waggenspack W N. NURBS-based Free-Form Deformation[J]. IEEE Computer Graphics and Application, 14(6):59-65,1994
[55]Coquillart S. Extended Free-Form Deformation:A Sculpturing Tool for 3D Geometric Modeling[J]. Computer Graphics,24(4):pp187—192,1990
[56] Hsu W M, Hughes J F, Kaufman H. Direct manipulation of Free-Form Deformation[J]. Computer graphics,26 (2):pp177-184,1992
[57]MacCracken R, Joy K L. Free-Form Deformation with Latices of Arbitrary Topology[J]. Computer Graphics,30 :pp181-189,1996
[58]Kenneth L. Joy and Ron Mac Cracken. The refinement rules for Catmull- Clark solids[R]. Technical Report CSE-96-1, Department of Computer Science, University of California, Davis, January 1996.
[59]Bechmann D, Bertrand Y, Thery S. Continuous free form deformation[J]. Computer Networks and ISDN System,29 :1715-1725,1997
[60]Hagenlocker M ,Fujimura K .CFFD:A Tool for Designing Flexible Shapes[J]. The Visual Computer ,14 :pp271 -287, 1998
[61]Rappoport A, Shefer A, Bercovier M. Volume-Preserving Free-Form Solids[J]. Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 2(1):pp19-27, 1996
[62]Coquillart S, Jancence P. Animated Free-Form Deformation: An Interactive Animation Techniques[J]. Computer Graphics, 25(4):pp23-26, 1991
[63]Kalra P ,Mangili A ,Thalmann N .Simulation official Muscle Actions Based on Rational Free-Form Deformation[J]. Computer Graphics Forum,2( 3):pp59-69, 1992
[64]美国安杰尔. OpenGL程序设计指南.北京:清华大学出版社, 2005
[65]段文慧,李际军.发型设计及效果展示算法的研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].浙江:浙江大学,2007
[66] Wenqi Liang and Zhiyong Huang . An Enhanced Framework for Real-time Hair Animation [J]. 11th Pacific Conference on Computer Graphics and Applications (PG’03),2003
[67]刘镪,吕梦雅.火焰和头发的动态模拟算法研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].河北:燕山大学,2006.
[2] Alan Watt著,包宏译.3D计算机图形学(原书第三版),北京:机械工业出版社,2005
[3] A Daldegan, T.Kurihara, and D.Thalmann. An Integrated System for Modeling, Animating and Rendering Hair[J]. Computer Graphics Forum, Proc. Eurographics 1993. 1993,12(3): 211-221
[4] LeBlanc A ,T urner R ,Thalmann D . Rendering Hair using Pixel Blending and Shadow Buffers. [J] The Journal of Visualization and Computer Animation 2,3, 1991,pp.92-97
[5] Daldegan.A, Magenat-Thalmann.N. Creating virtual fur and hairstyles for synthetic actors[R]. In Communicating with Virtual Worlds(1993).
[6] Gelder.A.V, Wilhelms.J. An interactive fur modeling technique[J]. Graphics Interface '97 (May1997),181-188.
[7] Bruderlin.A. A method to generate wet and broken-up animal fur. Pacific Graphics'99, 1999..
[8] K. Anjyo, Y. Usami, and T. Kurihara.A Simple Method for Extracting the Natural Beauty of Hair[J]. Computer Graphics, Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH '92, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 111-120, 1992.
[9] Rosenblum R., CarlsonW., Tripp E. Simulating the structure and dynamics of human hair: Modeling,rendering and animation[J]. The Journal of Visualization and Computer Animation, 1991,2(4):141一148
[10]Yizhou Yu. Modeling Realistic Virtual Hairstyles[R]. 9th Pacific Conference on Computer Graphics and Applications,2001.
[11]Y. Watanabe and Y. Suenaga. Drawing Human Hair Using the Wisp Model[R]. Proc. Computer Graphics Int’l Conf., pp. 691-700, 1989.
[12]J.T. Chang, J. Jin, and Y. Yu.A Practical Model for Hair Mutual Interactions[J]. Proc. SIGGRAPH Symp. Computer Animation, pp. 73-80, 2002.
[13]N. Magnenat-Thalmann, S. Carion, M. Courchesne, P. Volino, and Y. Wu. Virtual Clothes, Hair and Skin for Beautiful Top Models[J].Proc. Computer Graphics Int’l Conf. pp. 132-141, 1996.
[14]F. Bertalis, T.Y. Kim, M.P. Cani, and U. Neumann. Adaptive Wisp-Tree: A Multi- resolution Control Structure for Simulating Dynamic Clustering in Hair Motion[J].Proc. SIGGRAPH Syntp. Computer Animation, 2003.
[15]F. Bertalis, T.Y. Kim, M.P. Cani, and U. Neumann.Adaptive Wisp-Tree: A Multiresolution Control Structure for Simulating Dynamic Clustering in Hair Motion[J]. Proc. SIGGRAPH Syntp.Computer Animation, 2003.
[16]K.Ward and M.C. Lin, Adaptive Grouping and Subdivision for Simulating Hair Dynamics. Proc. Graphics, 2003.
[17].K. Ward, M.C. Lin, J. Lee, S. Fisher, and D. Macri, Modeling Hair Using Level-of-Detail Representations[R]. Proc. lnt'I Conf Computer Animation and Social Agents, Proc. Computer Animation, 2003.
[18]S. Hadap and N. Magnenat-Thalmann, interactive Hair Styler Based on Fluid Flow[J]. Proc. EuroGraphics Workshop Computer Animation and Simulation, nn. 87-100. 2000.
[19]Y. Guang and H. Zhiyong. A Method for Human Short Hair Modeling and Real-Time Animation [J]. Proc. Computer Graphics and Applications, pp. 435-438, 2002.
[20]Koh C K ,Huang Z .A simple physics model to animate human hair modeled in 2d strips in real time[J].In :Proceedings of the Eurographics workshop on Computer animation and simulation,Manchester:Springer,20 01,127-138
[21]Scheuermann T .Practical real-time hair rendering and shading[J].ACM SIGGRAPH Sketch,Los Angeles,2004
[22]M Koster,J Haber,HP Seidel.Real-Time Rendering of Human Hair Using Programmable Graphics Hardware[R].Proceedings of the Computer Graphics International(CGI'04) . pp.248一256. 2004
[23]Tae-Yong Kim,Ulrich Neumann.A Thin Shell Volume for Modeling Human Hair[R]. Computer Animation2000(CA'00),2000.
[24]Hadap S, Magnenat-Thalmann N. Modeling d ynamic hair as a continuum[J]. Computer Graphics Forum20(3),2001,329-338.
[25]Bando Y,ChenB-Y, NishitaT. Animating hair with loosely connected particles[J]. Computer Graphics Forum20(3),2003,411-418.
[26]Perlin K.Hoffert E .Hypertexture[R]. In :Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH Conference, Boston,1989,253一262.
[27] Kajiya J. T ,Kay T .L. Rendering fur with three dimensional textures[R]. In :Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH Conference, Boston,1989,271-280.
[28]杨刚,孙汉秋,吴恩华.基于GPU真实感毛发绘制[J].软件学报. 2006, 17(3):577?586.
[29]Goldman D .B .Fake fur rendering[R].In :Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPHConference, Los Angeles, 1997, 127-134
[30]Marschner S .R ,Jensen H .W ,CammaranoM .et al .:Light scattering from human hair fibers[R].In :Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH Conference, San Diego , 2003, pp780-791
[31]Lengyel J. Real-time fur.In :Proceedings of Eurographics Workshop on Rendering [J]. Bmo. pp.243-256. 2000,
[32]Lengyel J. ,PraunE .,Finkelstein A .,et al .Real-time fur over arbitrary surfaces [J]. In :Proceedings of ACM Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics, North Carolina. pp227-232. 2001.
[33]Scheuermann T .Practical real-time hair rendering and shading[R]. A CM SIGGRAPH Sketch, Los Angeles,2004.
[34]M Koster, J Haber, HP Seidel. Real-Time Rendering of Human Hair Using Programm-able Graphics Hardware. Proceedings of the Computer Graphics In ternational(CGI'04). PP248一256. 2 004.
[35]Tom Lokovic, Eric Veach. Deep Shadow Maps[J].In proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH, pp385-392. 2000.
[36]T.Kim and U.Neumann. Interactive Multiresolution Hair Modeling and Editing[J]. ACM Trans.Graphic(Siggraph 2002),vol.21,no.3,pp620-629,July 2002
[37]Florence Bertails, C1’ement M’enier ,Marie-Paule Cani. A Practical Self- Shadowing Algonthm for Interactive Hair Animation[J]. Graphics Interface. May.2005.71-78
[38]劳文俊,尹宝才.头发的模拟[D]:[硕士学位论文]北京:北京工业大学,2003
[39]Ichi Anjyo K.,Usami Y.,Kurihara T.A simple method for extracting the natural beauty of hair[J]. In:Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH Conference, Chicago, PP111-120, 1992
[40]Daldegan A., Thalmann N.M.,Kurihara T. An integrated system for modeling animating and rendering hair[J]. In:Proceedings of Eurographics, Barcelona, pp211-221, 1993
[41]Kurihama T,Anjyo K,Thalmann D.Hair animation with collision detection[R]. Eurographics'93 State-of-the-Atr Repotrs, Barcelona:Springer, 1993
[42]Koh C K, Huang Z.A simple physics model to animate human hair modeled in 2d strips in real time. In:Proceedings of the Eurographics workshop on Computer animation and simulation,Manchester: ,PP127-138, 2001
[43]Ward K,Lin M-C.Adaptive grouping and subdivision for simulating hair dynamics [J]In:Proc. Pacific Graphics2003,Alberta:IEEE Press,2003
[44]Daldegan A,Thalmann,N .M, Kurihara T..An integrated system for modeling, animating and rendering hair[R].Computer Graphics Forum(Eurographics'93)12, 3(1993),pp 211-221.Held inOxford,UK.
[45]Hadap S,Magnenat-Thalmann N.Modeling dynamic hair as a continuum[J]. Computer Graphics Forum 20(3),PP329-338 ,2001
[46]Bando Y,Chen B-Y,Nishita T.Animating hair with loosely connected particles[J]. Computer Graphics Forum20(3),PP411-418,2003
[47] P. Volino and N. Magnenat-Thalmann. Animating Complex Hairstyles in Real- Time[J]. Proc. ACM Symp. Virtual Reality Software and Technology (VRST), 2004.
[48]李凌丰,谭建荣,陈远朋.基于Metaball的曲面约束变形模型及应用[ J ].计算机研究与发展. 2006,43(4):688～694.
[49]Gravesgl.The magic of Metaballs [J ]. ComputerGraphicsWorld, : pp27- 32. 1993, (5)
[50]Nishitmura T , Nakamae E. A method for displaying metaballs by using Bezier clipping [J ]. Computer Graphics Forum, 13 (3) pp271- 280. 1998.
[51]Parry S. Free-Form Deformations in a Constructive Solid Geometry Modeling System[D] PhD thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, Brigham Young University, Utah, U .S.A., Apr. 1986.
[52]Griessmair J ,Purgathofer W .Deformation of Solids with Trivariate B-Splines[J]. Proc . Eurographics89' . 21:PP137- 148.1989,
[53] Kalra P ,Mangili A ,Thalmann N .Simulation of Facial Muscle Actions Based on Rational Free-Form Deformation. Computer Graphics Forum, 2( 3):pp59-69, 1992.
[54]Lamousin H J, Waggenspack W N. NURBS-based Free-Form Deformation[J]. IEEE Computer Graphics and Application, 14(6):59-65,1994
[55]Coquillart S. Extended Free-Form Deformation:A Sculpturing Tool for 3D Geometric Modeling[J]. Computer Graphics,24(4):pp187—192,1990
[56] Hsu W M, Hughes J F, Kaufman H. Direct manipulation of Free-Form Deformation[J]. Computer graphics,26 (2):pp177-184,1992
[57]MacCracken R, Joy K L. Free-Form Deformation with Latices of Arbitrary Topology[J]. Computer Graphics,30 :pp181-189,1996
[58]Kenneth L. Joy and Ron Mac Cracken. The refinement rules for Catmull- Clark solids[R]. Technical Report CSE-96-1, Department of Computer Science, University of California, Davis, January 1996.
[59]Bechmann D, Bertrand Y, Thery S. Continuous free form deformation[J]. Computer Networks and ISDN System,29 :1715-1725,1997
[60]Hagenlocker M ,Fujimura K .CFFD:A Tool for Designing Flexible Shapes[J]. The Visual Computer ,14 :pp271 -287, 1998
[61]Rappoport A, Shefer A, Bercovier M. Volume-Preserving Free-Form Solids[J]. Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 2(1):pp19-27, 1996
[62]Coquillart S, Jancence P. Animated Free-Form Deformation: An Interactive Animation Techniques[J]. Computer Graphics, 25(4):pp23-26, 1991
[63]Kalra P ,Mangili A ,Thalmann N .Simulation official Muscle Actions Based on Rational Free-Form Deformation[J]. Computer Graphics Forum,2( 3):pp59-69, 1992
[64]美国安杰尔. OpenGL程序设计指南.北京:清华大学出版社, 2005
[65]段文慧,李际军.发型设计及效果展示算法的研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].浙江:浙江大学,2007
[66] Wenqi Liang and Zhiyong Huang . An Enhanced Framework for Real-time Hair Animation [J]. 11th Pacific Conference on Computer Graphics and Applications (PG’03),2003
[67]刘镪,吕梦雅.火焰和头发的动态模拟算法研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].河北:燕山大学,2006.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |