材料硬度计测量系统
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摘要
本文主要是对基于数字图像处理技术的维氏硬度测量系统进行研究与实现。通过学习和研究国内外现有的维氏硬度测量系统,验证这些系统中的相关算法,发现了某些算法的不足之处,然后通过研究相关领域的算法,改进现有算法并提出了新的适用于维氏硬度测量系统的处理算法。
本文主要从四个方面对维氏硬度测量系统进行了研究和介绍：维氏硬度计原理、图像采集、压痕图像处理和系统实现。维氏硬度计原理中主要对实验方法和实验步骤应该注意的细节进行了介绍；图像采集中主要针对采集过程中需要使用到的算法进行了研究与分析,对现有的维氏硬度系统中的该类算法进行了改进；压痕图像处理算法为本文的重点,主要是对利用图像处理技术的维氏硬度系统中需要使用到的图像处理技术进行了介绍、验证和改进,如对已有压痕图像边缘检测方法改进,对Canny边缘检测方法改进等。后期的系统实现主要是实现了前期的各种算法,并且加入了对硬件平台的控制操作和用户界面处理等。
本系统最终通过Visual C++和Labview等开发工具,实现了全自动维氏硬度检测系统,本系统能够较好地满足用户的测量需求并且能够得到较为精确的硬度测量结果。
The major tasks of this paper are the research of Vickers hardness testing system based on the image processing and the implementation of it. Through of study of the existing Vickers hardness testing system, some disadvantages of those algorithms which are used in the existing system have been found. To solve these problems, this paper proposes some new solutions.
This paper will illustrate the major four parts of Vickers hardness testing system. They are the principle of Vickers hardness, image acquisition, image processing of the image of indentation, and the implementation of Vickers hardness testing system. The principle part introduces how to measure the Vickers hardness. The image acquisition part illustrates the algorithms about image acquisition, and proposes new solution used in this system, such as auto-focus algorithm. The image processing part is the important part of this system. In this part, this paper introduces some algorithms, for example edge detection of the indentation image, and enhances some algorithm, such as the improvement of canny algorithm. The last part is implementation of the system, including implementation of all algorithms, the controlling hardware of this system and the user interface of program.
The Vickers hardness testing system is developed by the Visual C++ and the Labview, and implements the all functions of Vickers hardness testing. This system can meet the needs of user and correctly measure the Vickers hardness value.
本文主要从四个方面对维氏硬度测量系统进行了研究和介绍：维氏硬度计原理、图像采集、压痕图像处理和系统实现。维氏硬度计原理中主要对实验方法和实验步骤应该注意的细节进行了介绍；图像采集中主要针对采集过程中需要使用到的算法进行了研究与分析,对现有的维氏硬度系统中的该类算法进行了改进；压痕图像处理算法为本文的重点,主要是对利用图像处理技术的维氏硬度系统中需要使用到的图像处理技术进行了介绍、验证和改进,如对已有压痕图像边缘检测方法改进,对Canny边缘检测方法改进等。后期的系统实现主要是实现了前期的各种算法,并且加入了对硬件平台的控制操作和用户界面处理等。
本系统最终通过Visual C++和Labview等开发工具,实现了全自动维氏硬度检测系统,本系统能够较好地满足用户的测量需求并且能够得到较为精确的硬度测量结果。
The major tasks of this paper are the research of Vickers hardness testing system based on the image processing and the implementation of it. Through of study of the existing Vickers hardness testing system, some disadvantages of those algorithms which are used in the existing system have been found. To solve these problems, this paper proposes some new solutions.
This paper will illustrate the major four parts of Vickers hardness testing system. They are the principle of Vickers hardness, image acquisition, image processing of the image of indentation, and the implementation of Vickers hardness testing system. The principle part introduces how to measure the Vickers hardness. The image acquisition part illustrates the algorithms about image acquisition, and proposes new solution used in this system, such as auto-focus algorithm. The image processing part is the important part of this system. In this part, this paper introduces some algorithms, for example edge detection of the indentation image, and enhances some algorithm, such as the improvement of canny algorithm. The last part is implementation of the system, including implementation of all algorithms, the controlling hardware of this system and the user interface of program.
The Vickers hardness testing system is developed by the Visual C++ and the Labview, and implements the all functions of Vickers hardness testing. This system can meet the needs of user and correctly measure the Vickers hardness value.
引文
[1]聂军朝.检测技术及动态硬度计发展应用[J].金属加工,2009,(13)：10-12.
[2]Takao Sugimoto, Sagamihara. Indentation Hardness Tester [P]. United States Patent: 5146779, Sep.15,1992.
[3]吴黎明,周曲,邓耀华等.维氏硬度试验压痕图的小波分析与自动计算硬度[J].中国机械工程,2004,15(6)：498-500.
[4]GB／T 4340.1-1999,金属维氏硬度试验第1部分：试验方法[S].
[5]GB／T 4340.2-1999,金属维氏硬度试验第2部分：硬度计的检验[S].
[6]GB／T4340.3-1999,金属维氏硬度试验第3部分：标准硬度快的标定[S].
[7]梁佳毅,洪志良.适用于大动态范围场景的自动曝光控制算法[J].光电工程,2008,35(5)：89-91.
[8]T.Haruki, K.Kikuchi. Video camera system using fuzzy logic[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CONSUMER ELECTRONICS,1992,38(3):624-634.
[9]徐培凤,李正明.基于图像的自动曝光算法研究[J].光学仪器,2005,27(2)：59-61.
[10]Cho M, Lee S-G, Nam B-D. The fast auto exposure algorithm based on the numerical analysis[J]. SPIE,1999,3650(93):93-99.
[11]倪国瑜,黄昶.基于亮度直方图宽度的自动曝光方法研究[J].光学仪器,2009,31(6)：21-24.
[12]杨海涛,常义林.一种基于亮度直方图的自动曝光控制方法[J].光学学报,2007,27(5)：841-847.
[13]李奇.数字自动对焦技术的理论及实现方法研究[D].浙江：浙江大学信息学院光学工程,2004.
[14]毛邦福.显微镜自动对焦系统的设计与优化[D].浙江：浙江大学信息学院光学工程,2006.
[15]Wikipedia. Hill climbing[EB/OL]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_climbing,2010-2-8.
[16]周荣政,何捷,洪志良.自适应的数码相机自动白平衡算法[J].计算机辅助设计与图形 学学报,2005,17(3)：529-533.
[17]谷元保,付宇卓.一种基于灰度世界模型自动白平衡方法[J].计算机仿真,2005,22(9)：185.188.
[18]Wikipedia. Color temperature[EB/OL]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_temperature, 2010-4-2.
[19]Norihiko Nakano, Ryuji Nishimura, Hirotomo Sai. Digital Still Camera System for Megapixel CCD[J]. IEEE Transactions On Consumer Electronics,1998,44(3):581-586.
[20]John Canny. A Computational Approach to Edge Detection[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE,1986,8(6):679-698.
[21]吴一全,朱兆达.图像处理中阈值选取方法30年(1962-1992)的进展(一)[J].数据采集与处理,1993,8(3)：193-201.
[22]吴一全,朱兆达.图像处理中阈值选取方法30年(1962-1992)的进展(二)[J].数据采集与处理,1993,8(4)：268-282.
[23]NOBUYUKI OTSU. A Threshold Selection Method from Gray-Level Histograms[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS,1979,9(1):62-66.
[24]Pun T. A new method for gray-level picture thresholding using the entropy of histogram[J]. Signal Processing,1980,2(3):223-237.
[25]黄春艳,杨国胜,侯艳丽.基于熵的图像二值化方法比较研究[J].河南大学学报(自然科学版),2005,35(2)：76-78.
[26]Takao Sugimoto, Tadao Kawaguchi. Development of an Automatic Vickers Hardness Testing System Using Image Processing Technology[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS,1997,44(5):696-702.
[27]孙即祥.图像分析[M].北京：科学出版社,2005.
[28]段瑞玲,李庆祥,李玉和.图像边缘检测方法研究综述[J].光学技术,2005,31(3)：415-419.
[29]陈彦燕,王元庆.常用边缘检测算法的定量比较[J].计算机工程,2008,34(17)：202-204.
[30]樊娜,李晋惠.图像边缘检测的Prewitt算子的改进算法[J].西安工业学院学报,2005,25(1)：37-44.
[31]黄剑玲,邹辉.基于高斯Laplace算子图像边缘检测的改进[J].微电子学与计算机,2007,24(9)：155-161.
[32]雒涛,郑喜凤,丁铁夫.改进的自适应阈值Canny边缘检测[J].光电工程,2009,36(11)：106-117.
[33]倪国瑜,黄昶,何云东.维氏硬度计缺口图像边缘检测方法[J].信息技术,2010,(1)：95-96.
[34]Richard Duda, Peter Hart. Use of the Hough Transformation to Detect Lines and Curves in Pictures[J]. Comm.ACM,1972,15(1):11-15.
[35]Paul Hough. Method and means for recognizing complex patterns[P]. Unit States Patent 3069654, December 18,1962.
[36]Steven Miller. The Method of Least Squares[Z].
[37]刘元朋、张定华、桂元坤等.用带约束的最小二乘法拟合平面圆曲线[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2004,16(10)：1382-1385.
[38]北京微视新纪元科技有限公司.USB2.0高分辨率数字摄像机(MVC1000MF/3000F/5000F).
[39]北京和利时电机技术有限公司.步进电机如何分类,分几种?[EB/OL]. http://www.hollysys-electric.com/119/20060615@519.shtml.
[40]DBERGER LAHR. VRDM 3xx Technical Documentation[EB/OL].
[41]DBERGER LAHR. D921 Power Module for 3-Phase Steppingmotors Product manual[EB/OL].
[42]National Instrucment. PCI-6251 Data Sheet[EB/OL]. http://sine.ni.com/ds/app/doc/p/id/ds-22/lang/en.
[2]Takao Sugimoto, Sagamihara. Indentation Hardness Tester [P]. United States Patent: 5146779, Sep.15,1992.
[3]吴黎明,周曲,邓耀华等.维氏硬度试验压痕图的小波分析与自动计算硬度[J].中国机械工程,2004,15(6)：498-500.
[4]GB／T 4340.1-1999,金属维氏硬度试验第1部分：试验方法[S].
[5]GB／T 4340.2-1999,金属维氏硬度试验第2部分：硬度计的检验[S].
[6]GB／T4340.3-1999,金属维氏硬度试验第3部分：标准硬度快的标定[S].
[7]梁佳毅,洪志良.适用于大动态范围场景的自动曝光控制算法[J].光电工程,2008,35(5)：89-91.
[8]T.Haruki, K.Kikuchi. Video camera system using fuzzy logic[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CONSUMER ELECTRONICS,1992,38(3):624-634.
[9]徐培凤,李正明.基于图像的自动曝光算法研究[J].光学仪器,2005,27(2)：59-61.
[10]Cho M, Lee S-G, Nam B-D. The fast auto exposure algorithm based on the numerical analysis[J]. SPIE,1999,3650(93):93-99.
[11]倪国瑜,黄昶.基于亮度直方图宽度的自动曝光方法研究[J].光学仪器,2009,31(6)：21-24.
[12]杨海涛,常义林.一种基于亮度直方图的自动曝光控制方法[J].光学学报,2007,27(5)：841-847.
[13]李奇.数字自动对焦技术的理论及实现方法研究[D].浙江：浙江大学信息学院光学工程,2004.
[14]毛邦福.显微镜自动对焦系统的设计与优化[D].浙江：浙江大学信息学院光学工程,2006.
[15]Wikipedia. Hill climbing[EB/OL]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_climbing,2010-2-8.
[16]周荣政,何捷,洪志良.自适应的数码相机自动白平衡算法[J].计算机辅助设计与图形 学学报,2005,17(3)：529-533.
[17]谷元保,付宇卓.一种基于灰度世界模型自动白平衡方法[J].计算机仿真,2005,22(9)：185.188.
[18]Wikipedia. Color temperature[EB/OL]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_temperature, 2010-4-2.
[19]Norihiko Nakano, Ryuji Nishimura, Hirotomo Sai. Digital Still Camera System for Megapixel CCD[J]. IEEE Transactions On Consumer Electronics,1998,44(3):581-586.
[20]John Canny. A Computational Approach to Edge Detection[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE,1986,8(6):679-698.
[21]吴一全,朱兆达.图像处理中阈值选取方法30年(1962-1992)的进展(一)[J].数据采集与处理,1993,8(3)：193-201.
[22]吴一全,朱兆达.图像处理中阈值选取方法30年(1962-1992)的进展(二)[J].数据采集与处理,1993,8(4)：268-282.
[23]NOBUYUKI OTSU. A Threshold Selection Method from Gray-Level Histograms[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS,1979,9(1):62-66.
[24]Pun T. A new method for gray-level picture thresholding using the entropy of histogram[J]. Signal Processing,1980,2(3):223-237.
[25]黄春艳,杨国胜,侯艳丽.基于熵的图像二值化方法比较研究[J].河南大学学报(自然科学版),2005,35(2)：76-78.
[26]Takao Sugimoto, Tadao Kawaguchi. Development of an Automatic Vickers Hardness Testing System Using Image Processing Technology[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS,1997,44(5):696-702.
[27]孙即祥.图像分析[M].北京：科学出版社,2005.
[28]段瑞玲,李庆祥,李玉和.图像边缘检测方法研究综述[J].光学技术,2005,31(3)：415-419.
[29]陈彦燕,王元庆.常用边缘检测算法的定量比较[J].计算机工程,2008,34(17)：202-204.
[30]樊娜,李晋惠.图像边缘检测的Prewitt算子的改进算法[J].西安工业学院学报,2005,25(1)：37-44.
[31]黄剑玲,邹辉.基于高斯Laplace算子图像边缘检测的改进[J].微电子学与计算机,2007,24(9)：155-161.
[32]雒涛,郑喜凤,丁铁夫.改进的自适应阈值Canny边缘检测[J].光电工程,2009,36(11)：106-117.
[33]倪国瑜,黄昶,何云东.维氏硬度计缺口图像边缘检测方法[J].信息技术,2010,(1)：95-96.
[34]Richard Duda, Peter Hart. Use of the Hough Transformation to Detect Lines and Curves in Pictures[J]. Comm.ACM,1972,15(1):11-15.
[35]Paul Hough. Method and means for recognizing complex patterns[P]. Unit States Patent 3069654, December 18,1962.
[36]Steven Miller. The Method of Least Squares[Z].
[37]刘元朋、张定华、桂元坤等.用带约束的最小二乘法拟合平面圆曲线[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2004,16(10)：1382-1385.
[38]北京微视新纪元科技有限公司.USB2.0高分辨率数字摄像机(MVC1000MF/3000F/5000F).
[39]北京和利时电机技术有限公司.步进电机如何分类,分几种?[EB/OL]. http://www.hollysys-electric.com/119/20060615@519.shtml.
[40]DBERGER LAHR. VRDM 3xx Technical Documentation[EB/OL].
[41]DBERGER LAHR. D921 Power Module for 3-Phase Steppingmotors Product manual[EB/OL].
[42]National Instrucment. PCI-6251 Data Sheet[EB/OL]. http://sine.ni.com/ds/app/doc/p/id/ds-22/lang/en.
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