日光温室后屋面优化研究
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摘要
温室在现代中国得到迅速发展,然而中国北方高纬地区冬季的温室生产多依赖于加温,从而导致了生产成本的提高和能源的浪费,提高温室的保温性能以充分利用太阳辐射的能量可以很好的解决这个问题,温室结构和材料优化是提高保温性能的关键。本试验通过对日光温室后屋面不同仰角、保温材料类型及厚度的研究,为保温材料的优选和温室结构优化奠定基础,以便更好保温节能。试验观测分析了不同保温材料聚苯板、挤塑板、玻璃棉及常规材料干草帘等的热工性能、不同保温材料后屋面的热量散失规律差异,采用生命周期耗费法计算了不同材料后屋面的最优厚度,并通过环境参数和作物生长情况评价了不同仰角及不同材料后屋面温室应用保温性能,试验主要结果如下:
(1)保温材料热性能
挤塑板尺寸稳定性好,传热系数值低,吸水率低,压缩强度高。以挤塑板为保温层的后屋面热惰性指标D为2.59,比同类其他保温材料较高,技术经济特征量A最低,仅为29.26元·W·m-4·K-1,聚苯板比其大0.35元·W·m-4·K-1,玻璃棉由于附加抗压层应用成本提高。
(2)后屋面不同保温材料应用性能
以挤塑板作为后屋面保温层的日光温室内气温、土温均较高,后屋面内外温差达19.3℃,为最大,外表面夜间放热总量602.92 kJ·m-2,比其他温室要少,其温室内西葫芦定植后前期各生长指标与常规后屋面材料温室都存在显著差异,其产量达38847kg·ha -1。聚苯板保温性能次之,常规材料温室保温性最差。
(3)保温层最优厚度
建立了后屋面采暖总耗费的数学模型,得出最优保温层厚度计算公式。当燃料为煤时,关中地区几种保温材料的保温层最优厚度取值分别应为干草帘114mm,聚苯板为52mm,挤塑板为40mm,玻璃棉为70mm。其符合国标中关于后屋面低限热阻下的厚度要求。
(4)不同后屋仰角下的环境性能
关中地区不同仰角温室的保温性能顺序为45°> 40°> 35°> 50°,45°温室1月中下旬的最低气温平均为9.3℃,平均气温为11.3℃,气温日较差平均为11.4℃;45°温室土温及后屋内表面温度也高于同期其它温室。方差分析表明,45°温室气温日较差与35°、50°温室差异显著。50°温室日最低气温最低,并与外界最低气温间极显著正相关(r=0.708>r0.01),且作物绝收。
综上所述,新型高效保温材料挤塑板因其良好的热工及保温性能,较适合用于日光温室后屋面保温层,有替代聚苯板的潜力;通过生命周期耗费法计算出的最优保温层厚度,符合国标中对后屋面最低厚度要求;在关中地区最优的后屋面仰角应该为45°。
The greenhouse has been developing rapidly in modern China, but its production were more depended on heating in winter in high-latitude area in north China, leading to the rising costs and a waste of energy. Improving the thermal insulation performance of greenhouse to take full advantage of solar radiation energy could well solve the problems. The optimization of greenhouse structure and material was the key factor of improving the thermal properties. The experiment could lay the foundations for thermal insulation materials selection and greenhouse structure optimization by researching on the back-roof elevation angles, thermal insulation materials and its thickness, in order to insulating heat and saving energy much better. During the periods of experiment, we analyzed the thermal properties of thermal insulation materials such as polystyrene compressed foam board, polystyrene board, glass wool and dry mat, and observed the difference of heat loss among the thermal insulation materials. We calculated the optimization thickness of different materials by using life cycle cost method. We also evaluated the thermal insulation performance relying on environmental parameter and crop growth at different back-roof elevation angles and various thermal insulation materials. The main results were as follows:
(1) The thermal properties of thermal insulation materials
All of thermal properties of polystyrene compressed foam board were the best, the greenhouse thermal inert index D was 2.59, it was higher than others’, the technical economic characteristic quantity A was 29.26 yuan·W·m-4·K-1, and the EPS’s was more than XPS’s, the difference was 0.35 yuan·W·m-4·K-1 between EPS’s and XPS’s, and the application cost of glass wool increased because of the additional compression resistance layer.
(2) Application performance of greenhouse at various back-roof thermal insulation materials
The greenhouse which back-roof thermoinsulating layer was composed by polystyrene compressed foam board, had higher air temperature and soil temperature in the greenhouse, temperature difference between internal and external back-roof in the greenhouse reached to 19.3℃, and it was the largest one. The released heat of outer surface of back-roof was 602.92 kJ·m-2, and less than other greenhouse, the pumpkin growth indexes were significant differences comparing with common greenhouse’s at early growth stage after planting, its yield reached 38847 kg·ha-1. The thermal insulation performance of polystyrene board was slightly lower than polystyrene compressed foam board’s, and the thermal insulation performance of common greenhouse was the worst.
(3) The optimization thickness of thermal insulation layer
The mathematical model of total heating cost was built on back-roof, and then we got the computing formula for optimization thickness. When the fuel was coal in greenhouse, the optimization thickness values of thermal insulation layer for thermal insulation materials were as follows: 114mm for dry mat, 52mm for polystyrene board, 40mm for polystyrene compressed foam board, and 70 mm for glass wool. It complied with the state standard,which was about back-roof material thickness at low limits of thermal resistance.
(4) The environmental performance of greenhouse at various back-roof elevation angles
The thermal insulation property of various elevation angle greenhouse from high to low following in order as 45°>40°>35°>50°in central Shaanxi plain, 45°was optimal, its’mean minimum air temperature was 9.3℃, mean air temperature was 11.3℃, the average of air temperature daily range was 11.4℃, the soil temperature and back-roof inner surface temperature of 45°were higher than other greenhouse. the result of analysis of variance indicated that the average of air temperature daily range, there were significant differences between 45°and 35°, as well as between 45°and 50°. Mean minimum air temperature of 50°was lower than others’, and it high significantly correlated with outside air temperature(r=0.708>r0.01), and the crop field in 50°lost.
To sum up, the polystyrene compressed foam board was more suitable for application of solar greenhouse back-roof because of its excellent thermal insulation performance. It would be a substitute for polystyrene board. The optimization thickness of different materials which we calculated by using life cycle cost method could meet request of the lowest thickness. It was suggested that 45°is the optimum back-roof elevation angle in all back-roof elevation angles in central Shaanxi plain.
(1)保温材料热性能
挤塑板尺寸稳定性好,传热系数值低,吸水率低,压缩强度高。以挤塑板为保温层的后屋面热惰性指标D为2.59,比同类其他保温材料较高,技术经济特征量A最低,仅为29.26元·W·m-4·K-1,聚苯板比其大0.35元·W·m-4·K-1,玻璃棉由于附加抗压层应用成本提高。
(2)后屋面不同保温材料应用性能
以挤塑板作为后屋面保温层的日光温室内气温、土温均较高,后屋面内外温差达19.3℃,为最大,外表面夜间放热总量602.92 kJ·m-2,比其他温室要少,其温室内西葫芦定植后前期各生长指标与常规后屋面材料温室都存在显著差异,其产量达38847kg·ha -1。聚苯板保温性能次之,常规材料温室保温性最差。
(3)保温层最优厚度
建立了后屋面采暖总耗费的数学模型,得出最优保温层厚度计算公式。当燃料为煤时,关中地区几种保温材料的保温层最优厚度取值分别应为干草帘114mm,聚苯板为52mm,挤塑板为40mm,玻璃棉为70mm。其符合国标中关于后屋面低限热阻下的厚度要求。
(4)不同后屋仰角下的环境性能
关中地区不同仰角温室的保温性能顺序为45°> 40°> 35°> 50°,45°温室1月中下旬的最低气温平均为9.3℃,平均气温为11.3℃,气温日较差平均为11.4℃;45°温室土温及后屋内表面温度也高于同期其它温室。方差分析表明,45°温室气温日较差与35°、50°温室差异显著。50°温室日最低气温最低,并与外界最低气温间极显著正相关(r=0.708>r0.01),且作物绝收。
综上所述,新型高效保温材料挤塑板因其良好的热工及保温性能,较适合用于日光温室后屋面保温层,有替代聚苯板的潜力;通过生命周期耗费法计算出的最优保温层厚度,符合国标中对后屋面最低厚度要求;在关中地区最优的后屋面仰角应该为45°。
The greenhouse has been developing rapidly in modern China, but its production were more depended on heating in winter in high-latitude area in north China, leading to the rising costs and a waste of energy. Improving the thermal insulation performance of greenhouse to take full advantage of solar radiation energy could well solve the problems. The optimization of greenhouse structure and material was the key factor of improving the thermal properties. The experiment could lay the foundations for thermal insulation materials selection and greenhouse structure optimization by researching on the back-roof elevation angles, thermal insulation materials and its thickness, in order to insulating heat and saving energy much better. During the periods of experiment, we analyzed the thermal properties of thermal insulation materials such as polystyrene compressed foam board, polystyrene board, glass wool and dry mat, and observed the difference of heat loss among the thermal insulation materials. We calculated the optimization thickness of different materials by using life cycle cost method. We also evaluated the thermal insulation performance relying on environmental parameter and crop growth at different back-roof elevation angles and various thermal insulation materials. The main results were as follows:
(1) The thermal properties of thermal insulation materials
All of thermal properties of polystyrene compressed foam board were the best, the greenhouse thermal inert index D was 2.59, it was higher than others’, the technical economic characteristic quantity A was 29.26 yuan·W·m-4·K-1, and the EPS’s was more than XPS’s, the difference was 0.35 yuan·W·m-4·K-1 between EPS’s and XPS’s, and the application cost of glass wool increased because of the additional compression resistance layer.
(2) Application performance of greenhouse at various back-roof thermal insulation materials
The greenhouse which back-roof thermoinsulating layer was composed by polystyrene compressed foam board, had higher air temperature and soil temperature in the greenhouse, temperature difference between internal and external back-roof in the greenhouse reached to 19.3℃, and it was the largest one. The released heat of outer surface of back-roof was 602.92 kJ·m-2, and less than other greenhouse, the pumpkin growth indexes were significant differences comparing with common greenhouse’s at early growth stage after planting, its yield reached 38847 kg·ha-1. The thermal insulation performance of polystyrene board was slightly lower than polystyrene compressed foam board’s, and the thermal insulation performance of common greenhouse was the worst.
(3) The optimization thickness of thermal insulation layer
The mathematical model of total heating cost was built on back-roof, and then we got the computing formula for optimization thickness. When the fuel was coal in greenhouse, the optimization thickness values of thermal insulation layer for thermal insulation materials were as follows: 114mm for dry mat, 52mm for polystyrene board, 40mm for polystyrene compressed foam board, and 70 mm for glass wool. It complied with the state standard,which was about back-roof material thickness at low limits of thermal resistance.
(4) The environmental performance of greenhouse at various back-roof elevation angles
The thermal insulation property of various elevation angle greenhouse from high to low following in order as 45°>40°>35°>50°in central Shaanxi plain, 45°was optimal, its’mean minimum air temperature was 9.3℃, mean air temperature was 11.3℃, the average of air temperature daily range was 11.4℃, the soil temperature and back-roof inner surface temperature of 45°were higher than other greenhouse. the result of analysis of variance indicated that the average of air temperature daily range, there were significant differences between 45°and 35°, as well as between 45°and 50°. Mean minimum air temperature of 50°was lower than others’, and it high significantly correlated with outside air temperature(r=0.708>r0.01), and the crop field in 50°lost.
To sum up, the polystyrene compressed foam board was more suitable for application of solar greenhouse back-roof because of its excellent thermal insulation performance. It would be a substitute for polystyrene board. The optimization thickness of different materials which we calculated by using life cycle cost method could meet request of the lowest thickness. It was suggested that 45°is the optimum back-roof elevation angle in all back-roof elevation angles in central Shaanxi plain.
引文
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